
Class _H±L_ 
Book ?U 



Gopyiight^°_lM2 



COPYRIGHT DEPOStT. 



TABULAR VIEWS 



OF 



UNIVERSAL HISTORY 



A SERIES OF CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES PRESENTING, IN PARALLEL 

COLUMNS, A RECORD OF THE MORE NOTEWORTHY EVENTS 

IN THE HISTORY OF THE WORLD FROM THE 

EARLIST TIMES DOWN TO 1907 



COMPILED BY 

GEORGE PALMER PUTNAM, A.M 

AND CONTINUED TO DATE BY 

LYNDS E. JONES and SIMEON STRUNSKY 



G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS 

NEW YORK LONDON 

27 WEST TWENTY-THIRD STREET 24 BEDFORD STREET, STRAND 

Zbe fsnfcfeerbocfeer press 
1907 



LIBRARY of CONGRESS 
Ont •)":■■ Received 

NO'* 22 '^ 

AW if*,'* 6 ! 

CLA3t4 AAt, No. 

COPY B. 



Xm 

\3o1 



Copyright, 1890, by 
G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS 

Copyright, 1Q07, by 
G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS 



Ube IfcnfCRerbocIicr press, flew Jffotft 



PUBLISHERS' NOTE 

In 1832, the late George P. Putnam published, under the 
title of Th e World's P rogress, a cyclopaedia of facts and events 
that had been compiled by himself, and that had originated 
in notes taken as a guide for his own historical reading. The 
work was reprinted in successive editions during the ensuing 
forty years, and the entries were added to and expanded 
until the three hundred pages of the original issue had 
developed into a portly volume of twelve hundred pages. 
A demand continuing through more than a third of a century 
may be accepted as evidence that the plan of The World's 
Progress and the material presented in it had been found of 
service by students of history and by readers generally. 
The cyclopaedia portion of the compilation came, necessarily, 
to be superseded by works of reference of later origin, and 
The World's Progress was, therefore, allowed to go out of 
print. There continued, however, to be demand for the 
historical tables (the plan of which was, it is believed, original 
with Mr. Putnam), and since 1870 this division of the work 
has, with material corrections and additions, been issued in 
successive editions under the title of Tabular Views of 
Universal History. 

In the edition now presented, while the scheme and arrange- 
ment of the original editor have been left unchanged, the 
entries have been carefully revised and in part rewritten, 
and the record has been brought down to date. The changes 

iii 



iv publishers' note 



decided upon were in fact so considerable as to necessitate the 
resetting of the entire volume. 

Under the scheme devised by Mr. Putnam (a scheme 
which made his volume practically unique), the events occur- 
ring throughout the world at the same period of time are 
recorded in parallel columns. This arrangement calls in the 
powerful assistance of association in enabling the memory to 
grasp and to retain a hold of important dates by showing at a 
glance simultaneous occurrences in different countries. It 
also helps in teaching the lesson that the history of any one 
nation is only a part of the history of the world, and that 
the proper way to study history is to trace the relations with 
each other of the peoples scattered over the face of the globe. 

As the wiser instructors do not fail to emphasize, the 
precise date of an event is in itself a detail of minor impor- 
tance, which has value chiefly in serving to trace its relations 
to other events and in indicating the influence of one upon the 
other. The student, for instance, who reads that, in 1492, 
under the patronage of Isabella of Spain, Columbus accom- 
plished his historic voyage to the Western Hemisphere, 
may properly be interested in noting, by carrying his eye 
across the columns of two pages, what rulers were at that 
time in control of other European States, some one of whom 
might possibly have secured for his own realm the prestige 
of the great discovery. In like manner, it is essential for a 
right understanding of the Protestant Reformation of the 
sixteenth century, for the student to keep before him the 
personalities of the monarchs and other leaders of men who 
were contemporary with Pope Leo X. and with the Emperor 
Charles V. 

The Tabular Views may, therefore, be safely commended 



publishers' note V 

to teachers as valuable in the practical work of historical 
instruction. The tables will also be found of distinctive 
service for the general reader. The writer of these lines has 
for many years found an advantage in keeping the volume 
at his elbow for constant reference in connection either 
with reading or with writing. 

It has been the intention of the revisers, in the several 
instances in which events or dates have become a matter of 
controversy, to follow the authorities most generally accepted. 
It may easily, of course, be the case, however, that an oc- 
casional date or statement has been retained which some 
reader may find ground to question; such a critic can only be 
referred back to the latest investigators for the authoritative 
decision that seems to him to be important, and that can 
not be attempted in a condensed summary such as that in the 
present volume. 

The study of history is, as stated, a study of the relations 
of events to each other, made with the view of securing, as far 
as practicable, an understanding of the causation of these 
events and of the influence exercised upon them by historic 
characters. For such a study it is believed that The 
Tabular Views will continue to be found of service by 
instructors and students, and also by the more painstaking 
and thorough of the so-called general readers. 

New York, August, 1907. 



PART I 
ANCIENT CHRONOLOGY 

FROM THE EARLIEST RECORDS TO THE CHRISTIAN ERA 



TABULAR VIEWS 



5000 B.C.- 



B.C. 



Progress of Society, etc 




Africa. 



5000 



(about). At this date 

flourishing city states 
appear in the Mesopo 
tamian region, indicat- 
ing an antiquity for 
Babylonian civilization 
that may be carried 
back approximately to 
the eighth or ninth 
millennium b. c. — In 
Egypt the latest re 
search has brought the 
sixth millennium b. c 
within the scope of his- 
tory. 



3700 



The Great Pyramid at Gi 
zeh, erected by Khufu 
(Cheops). 



2300 



The Code of Khammurabi, 
in Babylon, one of the 
most important bodies 
of ancient legislation. 



5000 (about). The rule of 
pre-dynastic kings whose 
tombs at Abydos reveal 
an advanced state of 
civilization (De Morgan, 
Am^lineau, Flinders- Pe- 
trie). 



4500 (about). Struggle 
among the kings of 
Kengi, Kish, Shirpurla, 
and Gishban, in Baby- 
lonia. 



3800 (about). Sargon I. of 
Akkad extends his power 
over the Mediterranean 
coast and Elam. 



4400 (about). Menes, the 
first king of united 
Egypt (Brugsch; Budge, 
1902). 



3733. Reign of Khufu 
(Cheops), pyramid 
builder. 



3000 (about). The kings of 
Ur extend their sway 
over Akkad and Shu- 



2450 (about). Beginning 
of Arabian and Elam- 
itic irruptions into Baby- 
lonia. 

2400 (about). Babylon first 
appears as a city of 
prominence. 

2300-2250 (about). Kham- 
murabi, ruler of Baby- 
lon, unites Babylonia 
under his sway and en- 
acts a code of laws. 



3666. Reign of Khafra 

(Chephren) pyramid 

builder. 
3633. Reign of Menkaura 

(Mycerinus), pyramid 

builder. 



2500 Reign of Seankh- 
kara, who despatches an 
expedition to the land 
of Punt for spices. 



2300. Amenemhat III. re- 
claims the province of 
Fayyum by diking off 
Lake Moeris, and builds 
the celebrated Laby- 
rinth. 



IIOO B.C. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



B.C. 



Progress of Society, etc 




Africa. 



4000 



2000 



1400 



-2000. Babylonian lan- 
guage, commerce, and in- 
stitutions predominant 
in the Mediterranean re- 
gions of Asia. 

Industry _ flourishes in 
Babylonia under the 
Kassite kings ; manu- 
factures largely in the 
hands of Phoenicians. 



1330 



The Tell-el-Amarna Let- 
ters revaal the close con- 
nection between Egyp- 
tian and Babylonian 
civilization, and show 
the latter language to 
have been the common 
medium of commerce 
and diplomacy in the 
lands of the Mediter- 



The epic poem of Pentaur 
celebrates the exploits 
of Rameses II. in Asia. 
— Erection of the Ra 
messeum and the temple 
at Luxor (in part). 



2000-1700 (about). Baby- 
lonia conquered by the 
Kassites ; Assyria ap- 
pears under its priest- 
kings. 



2200-1700. Egypt ruled 
by the Hyksos, or 
"shepherd" kings. 



1450-1300. Height of the 
Hittite power in Asia 
Minor and Syria. 



1300 (about). Shalmaneser 
I. reigns in Assyria, with 
Calah as the capital. 

1250. The Phoenicians ap- 
pear as a race of colo 
nizers. 

1140 (about). The Kass- 
ites expelled from Baby 
Ionia. 

1100 (about). Tiglathpil 
eser I. of Assyria wages 
war successfully against 
Babylonia, Elam, and in 
Syria._ 

Tyre rises to primacy 
among the Phoenician 
cities. 



1700. Aahmes I. expels 
the Hyksos and begins 
series of conquests in 
Asia. 

1600. Queen Hatshepset 
(Hatasu) despatches an 
expedition to Punt. — 
Thothmes III. conquers 
Palestine, Phoenicia, and 
part of Asia Minor. 

1466. Amenhotep IV. 
(Amenophis) attempts 
to substitute the worship 
of the sun for the old re- 
ligion of the country; 
he fails. 



1333. Rameses II. carries 
on war against the Hit- 
tites; greatest of royal 
monument builders. 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1582 B.C.- 



b.c. Progress op Society, etc. 



The Jews. 



Western Asia. 



1100 



993 



930 



880 



(about). The Mycenean 
art flourishes in Greece 
and the Aegean. 



(about) The temple of 
Solomon built with the 
aid of Phoenician work- 



(about) . The beginning of 
the Homeric poems. 



(about). The Lycurgan 
legislation in Sparta. 



1270 (about). The Exodus 
(Budge). 



1055 x (1080 '). Saul be- 
comes king. 

1033 • (1047 '). Accession 
of David. 

993 l (1017 s ). Accession of 
Solomon. 



953 » (978 2 , 930 s ). Sepa- 
ration of Judah and 
Israel. 



949 « (973 *). Shashank I 
of Egypt plunders Je- 
rusalem. 



929 • (958 3 ). Asa be 
comes king in Judah. 

899 • (931 3 ). Omri be- 
comes king in Israel. 



950 (about). Tiglathpileser 
II., beginning of Assyr- 
ian greatness. 



885. Accession of Asshur- 
nasirpal, who wages suc- 
cessful campaigns in the 
north and the east and 
advances to the Medi- 
terranean. 



1 Duncker, History of Antiquity. 2 J. Oppert, " Chronology " in the Jewish Encyclo- 
pedia. 3 Karl Marti, " Chronology " in Cheyne's Encyclopedia Biblica. 



88o B.C. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



B.C. 



1250 



Africa. 



Egypt: reign of Meneph- 
thah the supposed Pha- 
raoh of the Exodus. — 
The country is invaded 
by pirates from the 
north whose names 
would indicate a possible 
Grecian origin. 



966 



Accession of Shashank I. 
(Sheshonk, Shishak), 
who invades Palestine 
in the time of Reho- 
boam. 



Greece and Rome. 



1582. The earliest date in 
the Parian chronicle 
preserved in the Arun- 
delian marbles. 



1100. Age of the Dorian 
migration into the Pelo- 
ponnesus, and the plant- 
ing of Dorian and ^Eolian 
colonies in Asia Minor. 



The World Elsewhere. 



1 1 23. The beginning of the 
Chow dynasty in China, 
which retained the 
throne for nearly nine 
hundred years. 

1100. Cadiz (Gadir) found- 
ed by the Phoenicians. 



880. The age of Lycurgus. 



TABULAR VIEWS 



873 B.C.- 



B.C. 



Progress of Society.etc. 



The Jews. 



Western Asia. 



747 



Beginning of the Babylon- 
ian Chronicle and the 
Canon of Ptolemy. 



873 » (917 2 ). Jehoshaphat 
becomes king in Judah. 



853 « (900 »). Death of 
Ahab of Israel. 



843 » (887, ' 841 3 ). Jehu 
seizes power in Israel. 

792 » (81 1, 2 789 s ). Uzziah 
begins rule in Judah. 

790 * (825, 2 782 s ). Jero- 
boam II. succeeds 
Israel. 



860. Accession of Shal- 
maneser II., who con- 
tinues the process of 
conquest. 



700\(about). In Greece lyric 
poetry flourishes : Kal- 
linus, Archilochus, Si- 
monides of Samos. — 
Nineveh beautified and 
strengthened by Sen- 
nacherib; it becomes the 
most celebrated capital 
of Assyria. 



728* (727. 2 720 s ). Heze- 
kiah succeeds in Judah. 



722 > (721 *■ 3). Samaria 
taken by Sargon II. of 
Assyria; end of king- 
dom of Israel. 



701 *. • (700 s ). Sennach- 
erib's failure in Pales- 
tine. 



747. Nabonassar ruler in 
Babylon. 

745. Accession of Tiglath- 
pileser III. of Assyria, 
who wages war against 
Chaldaea, Syria, and the 
kingdom of Israel. 



727. Accession of Shal- 
maneser IV., who be- 
sieges Samaria (722). 

722. Assyria attains its 
highest development 
under Sargon II. 

705. Accession of Sen- 
nacherib, who makes 
his capital at Nineveh. 



1 Duncker, History of Antiquity, 
ptedia. 3 Karl Marti, " Chronology ' 



J. Oppert, "Chronology" in the Jewish Encyclo- 
in Cheyne's Encyclopaedia Biblica. 



700 B.C. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



B.C. 



Africa. 



Greece and Rome. The World Elsewhere. 



850 



(about). Foundation of 
Carthage by the Phoeni- 



cians. 



776. The First Olympiad 
accepted starting point 
for the period of au 
thentic history. 

770. Sinope on the Black 

Sea founded. 
753 (754). Foundation of 

Rome (legendary). 



743-724. First Messenian 
War; Sparta triumph 
ant. 

734. Foundation of Syra- 
cuse. 



8 



TABULAR VIEWS 



693 B.C.- 



B.C. 



Progress of Society, etc. 



The Jews. 



Western Asia. 



G10 



600 



Alcaeus, Sappho, Stesicho 
rus, Greek poets. — Necho 
II. of Egypt attempts to 
connect the Nile and the 
Red Sea by a canal; his 
sailors circumnavigate 
Africa. 



Thales, first of Ionian 
philosophers. 



681. Accession of Essar- 
haddon; who conquers 
Egypt in 670. 



668. Assyrian Empire di- 
vided between sons of 
Essarhaddon ; Asshur - 
banipal rules in Assyria; 
Shamashshumukin, in 
Babylonia. 



622. « Reformation of Jo- 
siah in Judah. 



648. Assyrian Empire re- 
united. 

645. Elam conquered by 
Assyria. 

626. Babylon independ- 
ent under Nabopolassar. 
founder of the Chaldsan 
dynasty. 



606 (607). Nineveh de- 
stroyed by Nabopol- 
assar and Cyaxares, king 
of the Medes. 

605. Nebuchadrezzar II., 
king of Babylonia; he 
overthrows the Egyp- 
tians at Carchemish. 



1 Duncker, History of Antiquity. 



6oo B.C. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



B.C. 



Africa. 



Greece and Rome. The World Elsewhere. 



693 Taharka (Tirhaka) en 
gages in conflict with 
Assyria. 



670 Essarhaddon of Assyria 
conquers Egypt. 



663 (666). Psammetichus I. 
liberates Egypt from 
the Assyrians and unites 
the country under his 
sway. 



650 Naucratis founded. 



685. Outbreak of Second 
Messenian War. 



660. Foundation of By- 
zantium. 

655. Cypselus, tyrant of 
Corinth. 



610 



(612). Necho II.; invades 
Syria and defeats Josiah, 
king of Judah, at Me- 
giddo (609). 



625. Periander, tyrant of 
Corinth. 



620. (about). Traditional 
legislation of Draco in 
Athens. 



660. Jimmu Tenno, first 

Mikado of Japan, leader 
of the invading forces 
that conquered the isl- 
ands. 



600. Foundation of Mas 
salia (Marseilles) by the 
Phocaeans. 



10 



TABULAR VIEWS 



597 B.C.- 



B.C. 



Progress of Society, etc. 



The Jews. 



Western Asia. 



594 



580 



570 



560 



Solon noted as a writer of 
political elegies and gno- 
mic poetry. 



597 1 (598 "). First taking 
of Jerusalem by Nebu- 
chadrezzar II. 



The philosophers Anaxi- 
mander, Anaximenes, 
and the sage Cleobulus 



{about). First comedy 
acted at Athens on a 
cart, by Susarion and 
Dolon (traditional). 



(.about). Birth of Gau- 
tama (Buddha), founder 
of Buddhism. 



586 *■ 3 (587 3 ). Final de- 
struction of Jerusalem 
by Nebuchadrezzar II. 
and end of kingdom of 
Judah. 



586. Nebuchadrezzar sup- 
presses the Palestinian 
uprising and destroys 
Jerusalem. 



573. Tyre taken by Nebu- 
chadrezzar after a siege 
that is said to have 
lasted thirteen years. 



561. Evil-Merodach, king 
of Babylon. 

560. Croesus, king of Ly- 
dia. Solon at his court. 



556. Neriglissar succeeded 
by Labashi Marduk at 
Babylon. 

Asia Minor subjected to 
Croesus. 

555. Nabonidus overthrows 
Chaldsan dynasty in 
Babylon. 



1 Duncker, History of Antiquity. 3 J. Oppert, "Chronology" in the Jewish Eticyclo- 
pmdia. 3 Karl Marti, "Chronology" in Cheyne's Encyclopaedia Biblica. 



555 b.c. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



II 



B.C. 



Africa. 



Greece. 



Rome, etc. 



589 



(591). Apries (Hophra) 
joins with the king of 
Judah against Nebuch- 
adrezzar, but he does 
not succeed in prevent- 
ing the destruction of 
Jerusalem. 



594. Legislation of Solon 
in Athens. 



585. Death of Periander, 
tyrant of Corinth. 

584. Corinth overthrows 
tyranny of the Cypsel 
ida. 



570 



570 



508 



(572). Amasis II. over- 
throws Apries. 

-530 (about). Amasis es- 
tablishes close connec- 
tion between Greece and 
Egypt, and grants the 
Greeks living in Egypt 
extensive privileges. 

Egypt invaded by Nebu- 
chadrezzar. 



578. Servius Tullius, king 
of Rome (legendary). 
To him is ascribed the 
introduction of the cen- 
sus and the division of 
the citizens into cen- 
turies. 



560. Pisistratus, tyrant of 
Athens. 



12 



TABULAR VIEWS 



550 B.C.- 



B.C. 



Progress of Society, etc. 



The Jews. 



Western Asia. 



550 



530 



520 



515 



510 



505 



500 



{about). Thespis performs 
the first tragedy at 
Athens, (.traditional) 
Pythagoras, his travels 
and emigration to Mag 
na Graecia. 

Learning encouraged at 
Athens by Pisi stratus, 
who makes a large col- 
lection of Greek authors. 



Simonides, 
poets. 



Anacreon, 



Confucius, the Chinese 
philosopher. 



(509). Abolition of the 
Regal Government, and 
establishment of Repub 
lie at Rome. 



Heraclitus of Ephesus and 
Parmenidesof Elea, phi- 
losophers. 

{about). The Carthagin 
ians make voyages of 
exploration and coloni 
zation down the western 
coast of Africa. 



538. Edict of Cyrus for 
the Return of the 
Jews. 

Joshua, Zerubbabel 



520 (519). Rebuilding of 
the temple begins. 
Zechariah, Haggai. 

516 (515). Dedication o 
the second temple. 



546. Sardis taken by Cy- 
rus. — Crcesus made pris- 
oner. — The Lydian 
Kingdom ended. 



538. BABYLON TAKEN 
by Cyrus. PERSIAN 
EMPIRE founded. 



529. Cambyses, king of 
Persia. 

525 (527). Cambyses in- 
vades Egypt. 



521. Darius Hystaspes, 
king of Persia. 



508. (about) . Darius leads a 
vast expedition into 
Scythia and accom- 
plishes the subjection of 
Thrace in the following 
years. 



500. The Ionians revolt 
from Persia and burn 
Sardis (499). 



500 B.C. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



13 



B.C. 



Africa. 



Greece. 



Rome and Italy. 



525 



500 



Psammetichus III., last 
king of Egypt. — Inva- 
sion of Cambyses, who 
defeats the Egyptians at 
Pelusium, and takes 
Memphis. 

Egypt becomes aPersian 
Province. 



(about) . Voyage of Hanno 
the Carthaginian down 
the western coast of 
Africa, related in the 
" Peri pi us." 



548. Temple of Apollo at 
Delphi burnt. 

546. The Spartans over 
throw the Argives. — 
The Greeks in Asia Mi 
nor are subjected by the 
Persians. 



534 (about). Polycrates, 
tyrant of Samos. 



527. Pisistratus dies. 



514. _ Hipparchus, son of 
Pisistratus, killed by 
Harmodius and Aris- 
togiton. 

510. The Pisistratidee ex- 
pelled. — Democracy es- 
tablished at Athens. 



500. The Athenians and 
Eretrians give aid to the 
Greeks of Asia Minor 
against Persia, and 
thereby arouse the hos- 
tility of that power. 



534. Tarquinius Superbus, 
king of Rome (legend- 
ary). 



510 (.509). The Tarquins- 
expelled from Rome. 

Brutus and Collatinus, 
first Consuls of Rome. 

508. War against the Tar- 
quins and their ally Por- 
senna (legendary). 



H 



TABULAR VIEWS 



500 B.C.- 



B.C. 



Progress of Society, etc. 



The Jews. 



Asia. 



500 



Beginning of historical 
writing in Greece in the 
persons of Hecatams and 
Dionysius of Miletus. 



480 



Phrynichus. ^Ischylus 
Pindar, and Bacchylides, 
dramatic and lyric poets. 



478 History of Herodotus ends 



468 



Sophocles defeats ^Eschy- 
lus for the tragic prize. 



492. Persian army de- 
spatched against Greece ; 
its failure. 



490. Darius sends a second 
army against Greece. 



486. Xerxes, king of Per- 
sia. 



481. The expedition 
Xerxes into Greece. 



of 



478. Death of Confucius. 
; — China distracted by 
internal wars. 



466. Persians defeated by 
sea and land at the 
Eurymedon. 

465. Xerxes assassinated; 
Artaxerxes I. (Longima- 
nus) king of Persia. 



460 B.C. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



15 



B.C. 



Africa. 



Greece. 



480 



Rome and Italy. 



494. Miletus reduced by 
the Persians. 



490. Invasion of the Per- 
sians under Datis and 
Artaphernes. 

Battle of MARA- 
THON. 

489. Miltfades disgraced. 



Hamilcar Barca invades 
Sicily at the head of a 
Carthaginian army; de- 
feated by Gelo in battle 
of Himera, and slain. 



460 



483. Aristides banished. - ■ 



480. Battle of Thermopy- 
lae. 

Athens burnt by 
Xerxes. 

Battle of Salamis. ~4- 
479. Mardonius a second 
time takes Athens. 

Defeat of the Persians 

at Platea and Mycale on 

the same day. 

478-477. Athens rebuilt. 

— The Piraeus fortified. 



496. Victory of Lake Re- 
gillus gained over the 
Latins with the aid of 
Castor and Pollux. 

494 (493). The secession of 
the Plebs and the crea- 
tion of the tribunate. 



491. Coriolanus banished 
(legendary). 



486. Spurius Cassius 
arouses the hostility of 
the Patricians by his 
agrarian agitation, and 
on the expiration of his 
consulate is put to death . 

485. Gelo becomes tyrant 
of Syracuse. 



480. The Carthaginians de- 
feated by Gelo at Hi- 
mera in Sicily. 



Egypt, under Inarus, re- 
volts from Persia. 



478. Hiero becomes 
rant of Syracuse. 



ty- 



477-449. The campaigns 477 {about). The legendary 



of Cimon, son of*Milti->. 
ades. 
471. Themistocles ban 
ished. 



466. The Persians twice 
defeated at the Eury 
medon by Cimon. 



464. 3d Messenian War. 
461. Ostracism of Cimon 

— Pericles rises to 

power. 



war against Veii and the 
fall of the Fabii. 
471. The Publilian Laws 
vest the election of the 
tribunes in the comitia 
of the tribes.' 



465. Democracy in Syra- 
cuse. 



i6 



TABULAR VIEWS 



458 B.C. 



B.C. 


Progress of Society, etc. 


The Jews. 


Asia. 






458> (398 2 ). Ezra goes to 
Jerusalem. 




450 


Callimachus, traditional 
inventor of Corinthian 
order of architecture. 




449. Persians defeated at 
Salamis in Cyprus, and 
in the peace of Callias 
recognize the indepen- 
dence of the Asiatic 
Greeks. 

447. Revolt of Megabyzus, 
satrap in Syria, forces 
Artaxerxes to conces- 


445 


Zeno, Anaxagoras Prota- 
goras, and Empedocles, 
philosophers: Phidias, 
the finest sculptor of an- 
tiquity; Euripides, tra- 
gic poet; Crates and 
Cratinus, comic poets; 
Herodotus, father of 
Greek history; Polygno- 
tus, painter. 


445. Walls of Jerusalem 
built by Nenemiah 
Sect of Samaritans. 


sion. 


435 
432 


Socrates, the greatest of 
ancient moralists. 

(433). Meton begins his 
lunar cycle. 

Thucydides, historian. 




425. Xerxes II., king of 

Persia. 
424. Darius II., king of 

Persia. 



1 Graetz. 



2 Oppert. 



421 B.C. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



17 



B.C. 



Africa. 



Greece. 



Rome, etc. 



454 



Greeks in Egypt defeated 
by Megabyzus. 



458. War between Athens 

and Corinth. 
456. Cimon recalled. 

Completion of the 

Long Walls of Athens. 
454. Achaia joins the 

Athenian alliance. 



449. Renewal of war 
against Persians, who are, 
defeated at Salamis 
Cyprus. 



458. Cincinnatus, Dictator. 



451. The Decemvirs and 
the laws of the 12 tables. 
The legend of Vir- 
ginia. 



449. Qiuestorship estab- 
lished. 



447. Athenians defeated 
at Coroneia by the 
Boeotians. 



440. Pericles takes Samos 



437. Amphipolis in the 
Thracian Chersonesus 
founded by Athenians. 

435. Corinth at war with 
Corcyra. 

432. Revolt of Potidaea 
from the Athenian con^ 
federacy. 



431. The Peloponnesian 

War. 

Invasion of Attica. 
430. The Plague at Athens. 
429. Pericles dies, after 

enjoying power for more 

than 30 years. 



424. Exile of Thucydides. 
Brasidas invades 

Thrace with a Spartan 
force. 

421. Peace of Nicias be- 
tween Athens and 
Sparta. 



445. Lex Canuleia permits 
intermarriage between 
Patricians and Ple- 
beians. 



444. Military Tribunes and 
office of Censor insti- 
tuted. 

439. Spurius Maelius killed 
because suspected of 
royal ambitious. 



431. The JEqviians and 
Volscians defeated at 
Mount ^Egidus. 



426. Fidense revolts, 
taken and destroyed. 



i8 



TABULAR VIEWS 



420 B.C.- 



b.c. Progress of Society.etc. 



Asia. 



Hippocrates, of Cos, the 
father of medicine. 
Democritus, the laughing 
philosopher. 

415 Aristophanes, prince of 
Ancient Comedy. 



411 Thucydides' history ends 
and Xenophon's begins. 



405 



Plato, comic poet. 



399 



From Socrates proceed the 
great schools of Greek 
philosophy, the Megaric 
school founded by Eu- 
clid, the Cynic by Antis- 
thenes, the Cyrenaic 
(Hedonistic or Epicu 
rean) by Aristippus 
and the Academic by 
Plato. 



390 



Plato flourishes. 

The historians Xenophon, 
Ktesias of Knidus, and 
Philistus of Syracuse. 



408. Medes make an un- 
successful attempt to 
throw off Persian yoke. 



405 Persians driven out 
of Africa for a time. 



404. Artaxerxes II. (Mne- 
mon), king of Persia. 



401. Cyrus the younger 
defeated at Cunaxa; re- 
treat of the 10,000 under 
Xenophon. 

399. Outbreak of war 
between Persia and 
oparta. 



396. Agesilaus invades 
Asia Minor and repeat- 
edly defeats the Persians. 



39Q b.c. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



19 



B.C. 



Africa. 



Greece. 



Rome, etc. 



414 



410 



393 



Amyrtaeus, king of Egypt, 
shakes off the yoke of 
Persia. 



The Carthaginians invade 
Sicily. 



420. Alcibiades effects a 
treaty between the 
Athenians and Argives 



415. _ Athenians invade 
Sicily and besiege Syra- 



413. The army in Sicily 

destroyed. 

Archelaus, king of 

Macedon. 
411. Athens governed by 

the 400. _ 

Alcibiades at the 

court of Tissaphernes. 
410. Alcibiades defeats 

the Spartans at Cyzicus. 



408. Capture of Byzan- 
tium by Athenians. 



405. Lysander defeats the 
Athenians at ^Egospota- 
mi; 404, takes Athens, 
and establishes the 30 
tyrants. 

End of the Pelopon 
nesian War. 



403. Thrasybulus expels 
the 30 tyrants. 



399. Death of Socrates. 



Accession of Akhoris, who 
engages in war against 
Persia as an ally of 
Agesilaus of Sparta; he 
also aids Evagoras of 
Cyprus. 



420. The Campanians 
make themselves mas- 
ters of the Greek city of 
Cumae. 



409. Plebeians first hold 
the quaestorship. 



406. Beginning of a ten 
years' war against Veii; 
pay for the first time 
given to soldiers. 



396. Agesilaus invades 

Asia. 
395. War between Sparta 

and Thebes. 
394. Battle of Coronea. 



396. CXmillus takes Veii, 
after a siege of ten years. 



390. The Roman army 
overwhelmed on the Al- 
lia and Rome taken and 
burnt by the Gauls,'* 
under Brennus. 



20 



TABULAR VIEWS 



387 B.C. 



b.c, Progress of Society, etc, 



Asia. 



370 



Diogenes, the cynic; Iso- 
crates and Isseus.orators 
Antiphanes and Alexis 
representatives of the 
Middle Comedy; Scopas 
and Praxiteles, sculp 
tors. 



387. The Greek cities of 
Asia tributary to Persia 
by the peace of Antal- 
cidas. 



383. BITHYNIA becomes 
a kingdom. 

Mithridates I., king 
of PONTUS. 



379. Evagoras of Cyprus 
recognized by Persia as 
sovereign in return for 
the payment of tribute. 



376. Persia makes an un- 
successful attempt to 
reconquer Egypt. 



362. Ariobarzanes, king of 
Pontus. — Revolt of the 
Persian governor in Asia 
Minor. 



360. CAPPADOCIA be- 
comes a kingdom under 
Ariarathes I. 

359. Accession of Arta- 
xerxes III. in Persia. 

356. Artabazus, satrap in 
Asia Minor, rises in re- 
bellion, and being de- 
feated seeks refuge with 
Philip of Macedon. 



356 B.C. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



21 



Africa. 



378 



Greece. 



Rome and Italy. 



Nectanebus I. repels a 
Persian army command- 
ed by Pharnabazus 
which invaded Egypt 
and took Pelusium. 



382. Thebes taken by the 

Spartans under Phoebi- 

das. 
379. Thebes delivered by 

Pelopidas and Epami- 

nondas. 



376. Spartan fleet de 
feated at Naxos by the 
Athenians. 



384. M. Manlius Capito- 
linus accused of royal 
ambitions and thrown 
from the Tarpeian rock. 



371. Battle of Leuctra- 
Spartans defeated by% 
Thebans under Epami- 
nondas. 

Predominance of 
Thebes. 



376. Beginning of the ten 
years' struggle over the 
Li c i n i a n Rotations; 
Plebs prevent election of 
curule magistrates. 

371. Curule magistrates 
appointed. 



361 Tachos, king of Egypt. 

Agesilaus, the Spartan, 
aids the Egyptians in 
their revolt against Per- 



364. Pelopidas killed in 

battle. 
362. Battle of Mantinea. 

death of Epaminondas. 



367. The Licinian Roga- 
tions passed, providing 
for agrarian relief and 
assigning one consul to 
the Plebeians. 



361. Renewed invasion of 
the Gauls. 



357. Philip II. of Mace- 
don takes Amphipolis. 
356. Philip conquers 
Thrace and Illyria. 

The Temple of Diana 
at Ephesus burnt. 

ALEXANDER "thei 
Great" born. 



356. Dionysius the young- 
er expelled from Syra- 
cuse. 

First Plebeian dic- 
tator at Rome. 



22 



TABULAR VIEWS 



355 B.C. 



B.C. 



Progress of Society, etc. 



The Jews. 



Asia. 



352 



343 



340 



Philippics of Demosthenes 
Mencius, Chinese sage. 



Aristotle appointed tutor 
of Alexander the Great. 



^schines, Demosthenes, 
orators; Theopompus 
and Ephorus, historians; 
Speusippus, academic 
philosopher. 



335 



330 



340 (346). Artaxerxes in 
person achieves the re- 
conquest of Egypt. 



Pyrgoteles practises the 
art of stone-engraving 
and die-sinking. 



Apelles, the painter; Cal- 
listhenes, philosopher. 

Alexander attempts the 
fusion of Asia and 
Europe through inter- 
marriage, perfected com- 
munications, etc. 



338. Assassination of Ar- 
taxerxes and accession 
of Arses. 

336. Assassination of Arses 
and accession of Darius 
Codomannus. 



332. Jerusalem submits to 
Alexander the Great. 



334. Battle of the Gran- 
icus. 



333. Battle of Issus.— 
Alexander the Great 
overthrows the Persian 
army. 

332. Tyre subdued after 
seven months' siege. 

331. Battle of Arbela. — 
The Persian army to- 
tally defeated. 

330-328. CONQUEST of 
the PERSIAN EM- 
PIRE. 



327. Alexander invades 
India. 



327 B.C. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



23 



B.C. 



Africa. 




Rome, etc. 



340 



The Carthaginians de- 
feated by Timoleon on 
the Crimesus in Sicily. 

Artaxerxes III. invades 
Egypt with an immense 
army, overruns the 
country and plunders 
the temples; Egypt is 
once more a province of 
Persia. 



332 Egypt conquered by Alex 
ander. 



355. The 2d Sacred War. 



352. Philip II. takes the 
Athenian port of Me- 
thone in Macedonia. 

The Phocians defeated by 
Philip at Pagasas in 
Thessaly. 

348. Philip takes Olyn- 
thus. 

346. Philip admitted to 
the Amphictyonic Coun- 
cil. 



341. Philip makes wai 
upon Athens. 

340. — lays siege to Byzan- 
tium. 



338. Philip defeats the 
Greeks at Chacronea. 



336. Philip is murdered by 
Pausanias. 

ALEXANDER III., 
sumamed the Great. — 
He pacifies Greece, de- 
stroys Thebes, sparing 
the house of Pindar. 

335. — is chosen generalis 
simo of Greece against 
Persia. 

334. — invades Persia, and 
after several great bat 
ties (see "Asia") sub- 
dues the Persian empire 
and Egypt, and marches 
into India. 



353. Dion put to death, 
and Syracuse ruled by 
tyrants. 



351. First Plebeian censor. 



343 7 341. The 
nite War. 



first Sam- 



340. The Latins defeated 
at Mount Vesuvius and 
reduced to virtual sub- 
jection by Rome. 



337. First Plebeian praetor. 



332. Treaty between Rome 
and Alexander of Epirus. 



330. Spartans under Agis 
defeated by Antipater 
of Macedon. 



2 4 



TABULAR VIEWS 



326 B.C. 



B.C. 



Progress of Society, etc. 



The Jews. 



Asia. 



325 



315 



312 



307 



The voyage of Nearchus 
from the Indus to the 
Euphrates. 



320. Ptolemy carries away 
a large number of pris- 
oners into Egypt. 
Onias I. 



Menander, founder of New 
Comedy. 



Appius Claudius Caecus 
Censor, completes con- 
struction of the Appian 
aqueduct and begins 
Appian Way. 



Museum and Library at 
Alexandria begun under 
Ptolemy Soter. 



311. Judea subject to An 
tigonus. 



323. Alexander dies a,t 
Babylon; his empire 
partitioned among his 
generals. 



321. War among the suc- 
cessors of Alexander. 



320. Eumenes defeated by 
Antigonus. 



317 (about). The empire of 
Magadha in northern 
India founded by Chan- 
dragupta(Sandrocottus) . 

316. Eumenes put to death 
by Antigonus. 

315. Formation of a league 
against Antigonus by 
Ptolemy, Cassander, Se- 
leucus, and Lysimachus. 



312. SYRIA ruled by Se- 
leucus Nicator; he takes 
Babylon. 
Era of the Seleucidse. 



305. Seleucus Nicator in- 
vades India and wages 
war against Chandra- 
gupta. 



304 B.C. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



25 



B.C. 



Africa. 



Greece. 



Rome, etc. 



323 



320 



Ptolemy I. (Soter, son of 
Lagus) ; becomes ruler of 
Egypt after the death 
of Alexander the Great 
and the partition of his 
empire ; assumes regal 
title in 305. 



Ptolemy makes himself 
master of Cyprus and 
Syria. 



308 
307 

306 



Ptolemy _ establishes his 

power in Cyrene. 
Agathocles is defeated by 

the Carthaginians at 

Tunes in Africa. 
-305. Antigonus invades 

Egypt, but meets with 

no success. 



ban- 



324. Demosthenes 
ished. 

323. Death of Alexander. — )v 
The Grecian cities revolt 
from Macedon. — Demos- 
thenes recalled. 

322. The Greeks defeated 
by Antipater at Crannon 
in Thessaly. 
Death of Demosthenes. 

321. Antipater, regent of 
the empire. 



319. Polysperchon suc- 
ceeds Antipater, and 
proclaims liberty to the 
Grecian cities. 

317. Phocion put to death 
by the Athenians. 

Demetrius Phalereus 
governs Athens. 



315. Cassander rebuilds 
Thebes. 



307. Demetrius Phalereus 
expelled from Athens by 
Demetrius Poliorcetes. 



305-304. Demetrius Poli 
orcetes besieges Rhodes 
in vain. 

303. Demetrius Poliorcetes, 
general of the Grecian 
states. 



326. Outbreak of second 
Samnite War. 



321. The Samnites defeat 
the Romans at the Cau- 
dine Forks and send 
them under the yoke. 

320. The Samnites de- 
feated at Luceria. 



317. Syracuse seized by 
Agathocles. 



314. Insurrection of the 
Campanians suppressed. 



309. Fabius Maximus de- 
feats the Etrurians at 
the Vadimonian lake. 



307. The Carthaginians 
Hefeat Agathocles, and 
besiege Syracuse. 



304. End of the 
Samnite War. 



second 



26 



TABULAR VIEWS 



301 B.C.- 



B.C. 



Progress of Society.etc. 



The Jews. 



Asia. 



300 



293 



286 



285 



284 



283 



Euclid, of Alexandria, the 
celebrated mathemati 
cian. — Zeno, founder of 
the Stoics; Pyrrho, of 
the Skeptics: Epicurus 
of the Epicureans. 



The first sun-dial erected 
at Rome by Papirius 
Cursor, and the time 
first divided into hours 



280 



At Rome full equality 
between the Plebeian 
and Patricianj finally 
established 

Theocritus, the father of 
pastoral poetry; Bion, 
bucolic poet. 

The Septuagint translation 
of the Old Testament, 
begun at Alexandria, by 
order of Ptolemy Phila- 
delphus. 

The Pharos built at Alex- 
andria, the most famous 
of lighthouses. 



{about). Philetsrus, of 

Pergamus, patron of the 

arts. 
Alexandria, the resort of 

the learned, and centre 

of trade. 
The Colossus of Rhodes, 

the work of Chares of 

Lindus, erected. 

Manetho, Egyptian priest 
and chronologist. 



301. Judea again under 
the dominion of the 
Ptolemies. 



301 Battleoflpsus. — An- 
tigonus killed. 

ALEXANDER'S 
EMPIRE DIVIDED in 
four parts. — Ptolemy, 
Seleucus, Cassander.Ly- 
simachus. 



299. Seleucus begins the 
building of Antioch. 



287. Seleucus defeats De- 
metrius Poliorcetes and 
keeps him prisoner. 



281. Lysimachus defeated 
and killed by Seleucus in 
the battle of Korupedion. 
— The kingdom of PER- 
GAMUS founded by 
Philetaerus. 

280. Antiochus I. succeeds 
Seleucus. 



279 B - c - 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



27 



B.C. 



Africa. 



Greece. 



Rome, etc. 



285 



283 



Ptolemy Soter practically 
abdicates, and is sue 
ceeded by his son, 
Ptolemy II. Philadel 
phus. 



Death of Ptolemy Soter. 



297. Death of Cassander. 
295. Siege of Athens, by 
Demetrius. 

294. Demetrius seizes the 
throne of Macedon. 



287. Athens revolts from 
Demetrius. 



300. Plebeians admitted 
to the priestly colleges. 



298. Outbreak of third 
Samnite War; Samnites 
defeated at Bovianum. 

295. Samnites and Etrus- 
cans defeated at Sen- 
tinum. 



290. End of third Samnite 
War. 



286. Law of Hortensius, 
by which the decrees of 
the Plebs are made abso- 
lute in the state. The 
end of the long struggle 
between Patricians and 
Plebeians. 



281. The Achaean League 
created. 

Lysimachus defeated and 
slain by Seleucus in the 
battle of Korupedion. 

280. Irruption of the Gauls 
into Macedonia; Ptol 
emy Ceraunus slain. 



282j Outbreak of hostili- 
ties between Rome and 
Tarentum ; the latter 
seeks the aid of Pyrrhus, 
king of Epirus. 

281. Pyrrhus lands in It- 
aly. 



280. Pyrrhus defeats the 
Romans at Pandosia 
(Heraclea) and at 

279 — Asculum. 



28 



TABULAR VIEWS 



279 B.C. 



B C 



Progress of Society.etc 



Asia. 



269 



Silver money first coined 
at Rume. 



264 



The Parian Chronicle com- 
posed. 

Gladiators first exhibited 
at Rome. 



260 



(.about). Berosus, the his' 
torian of Babylon. 



275. Antiochus I. defeats 
the Gauls, gaining the 
surname of Soter (Sa- 
vior). 



270 (about). Asoka, de- 
scendant of Chandra- 
gupta, reigns in Magad- 
ha; he is a friend of 
Buddhism. 



266. AriobarzanesIL.king 
of Pontus. 



262. Antiochus Soter de- 
feated at Sardis by Eu- 
menes. 

261. Antiochus defeated 
and slain by the Gauls 
in a battle near Ephesus; 
he is succeeded by An- 
tiochus II. Theos. 



255. Kingdom of PAR- 
THIA founded by Arsa- 
ces. The Tsin dynasty in 
China commences, under 
whom the construction 
of the Chinese Wall is 
begun. 



255 B.C. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



2 9 




Greece. 



Rome, etc. 



273 



Ptolemy sends an embassy 
to Rome and enters into 
friendly relations with 
the Senate ; grain trade 
between Egypt and 
Rome developed; _ re- 
fuses the Carthaginians 
aid against the Romans. 



279. Irruption of the Gauls 

under Brennus into 

Greece. 
278. — they are defeated 

near Delphi. 
277. Antigonus Gonatus, 

king of Macedon. 



274. Pyrrhus invades Ma- 
cedon, defeats Antigo- 
nus, and is proclaimed 
king. 



272. Pyrrhus besieges 
Sparta and Argos — is 
slain, and Antigonus is 
restored. 



264 



256 



Outbreak of the first war 
between Carthage and 
Rome. 



Regulus invades Africa, 
and is defeated by 
Xanthippus, a Spartan 
general. 



268. Athens taken by An 
tigonus Gonatus. 

Second incursion of 
the Gauls into Macedon 



278. Pyrrhus invades Sic- 
ily. 



275. Pyrrhus defeated at 
Beneventum, and leaves 
Italy. 



272. Fall of Tarentum. 



271. Fall of Rhegium. 



255. Antigonus liberates 
Athens. 

Athens joins the 
Achaean League. 



266. With the conquest 
of the Sallentines the 
Roman subjugation of 
Italy is completed. 

264. The first PUNIC 
WAR. — Appius Claud- 
ius defeats Hiero of 
Syracuse at Messana. 



260. Duilius gains a vic- 
tory over the Carthagin- 
ian fleet at Mylas. 

256. Regulus gains a vic- 
tory over the Carthagin- 
ian fleet at Ecnomus. 

255. The Lacedemonians 
assist Carthage. — Xan- 
thippus defeats Regulus, 
and takes him prisoner. 



3Q 



TABULAR VIEWS 



254 B.C.- 




253 



245 



240 



235 



225 



The Alexandrian schol- 
ars and poets, Aratus, 
Kallimachus, Lyco- 

phron, and Apollonius. 



(about). Eratosthenes, 

celebrated geometer and 
geographer, head of the 
Alexandrian Library, 
makes first measurement 
of circumference of the 
earth. Chrysippus, 

Stoic philosopher. 



Comedies of Livius An- 
dronicus, first acted at 
Rome. — Archimedes, 
the mathematician. 



Naevius, Roman poet, 
flourishes. 



Fabius Pictor, the 
Roman historian. 



first 



253. Arsaces II. (Tiridates 
I.) succeeds to the 
throne in Parthia. 



246. Antiochus II. Theos 
killed by his wife; suc- 
ceeded by his son Seleu- 
cus II. Callinicus. 

245. War breaks out be- 
tween Seleucus II. and 
Ptolemy Euergetes, in 
which the latter for a 
time is master of almost 
the entire Seleucian 
kingdom. 



241. Attalus I., king of 
Pergamus. 



237. Seleucus defeated by 
the Parthians. 



226. Seleucus II. (Cerau- 
nus), king of Syria. 



223. Antiochus III. the 
Great, king of Syria. 



222 B.C. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



31 



B.C. 



Africa. 



Greece. 



Rome, etc. 



251 



247 



245 



241 



238 



228 



222 



Metellus defeats Hasdru 
bal at Panormus in 
Sicily. 



Hamilcar Barca takes 
command of Carthagin- 
ian forces in Sicily.- — 
Accession of Ptolemy 
III. Euergetes in Egypt. 

PtolemyEuergetes subdues 
Syria. 



251. Prosperity of Achaean 
League under Aratus, 
who liberates Sicyon 
and joins it to the 
League. 



-238. War with the Mer- 
cenaries in Carthage. 



243. Corinth taken by 
Aratus and united to 
Achaean League. 

241. Agis IV., king of 
Sparta, put to death for 
attempting to establish 
agrarian reform and re- 
introduce the Lycurgan 
constitution. 



Hamilcar begins establish- 
ment of Carthaginian 
power in Spain. 



Carthagena in Spain, 
founded by Hasdrubal. 



228. Roman ambassadors 
first appear at Athens 
and Corinth. 

226. Cleomenes, king of 
Sparta, defeats the 
Achaeans. 

225. Cleomenes re-estab- 
lishes the constitution 
of Lycurgus at Sparta. 

224. Cleomenes conquers 
Argos and is joined by 
Corinth. 



Ptolemy IV. Philopater, 
king of Egypt. 



254. Panormus (Palermo) 
taken by the Romans. 



249. Romans defeated in 
naval battle of Drepana. 

247. Hamilcar holds Herc- 
te against the Romans. 



241. The Roman fleet 
under Catulus defeats 
the Carthaginians off 
the jEgatian Islands. — 
End of the first Punic 
War; resulting in the 
acquisition of Sicily, the 
first Roman province. 



238. Sardinia seized by 
Rome. 



225. The Gauls defeated 
near Telamon in Etru- 



na. 
224. The Romans 
cross the Po. 



first 



223. The Insubres de- 
feated. 



32 



TABULAR VIEWS 



221 B.C.- 



B.C. 



Progress of Society, etc. 



The Jews. 



Asia. 



220 



210 



204 



200 



Plautus, Roman comic 
poet. 

The Alexandrian gram- 
marians and editors, 
Zenodotus and Aristo- 
phanes. 



{about). The Great Chinese 
Wall begun. 



Ennius, Roman 
comes to Rome. 



poet, 



Moschus, bucolic poet. 



203. Judea submits 
Antiochus the Great. 



to 



198. The Jews assist Anti 
ochus in expelling Sco 
pas and the Egyptian 
troops from Jerusalem 
final establishment of 
the Syrian power 
Palestine. 



217. Antiochus III de- 
feated by Ptolemy Phil- 
opater in the battle of 
Raphia. 

216. Arsaces III., king of 
Parthia. 



213. Antiochus defeats the 
Parthians and takes 
their capita], Hecatom- 
pylos. 



206. The dynasty of Han 
in China founded; it 
lasts until 221 a.o., and 
forms one of the most 
brilliant periods in the 
history of China. 



198 Antiochus defeats the 
Egyptians under Scopas 
in a great battle in Pal- 
estine, which now defi- 
nitely comes under the 
Syrian rule. 

197 Eumenes II., king of 
Pergamus. 



196. Arsaces IV., king of 

Parthia. 
195. Hannibal flees to 

Antiochus II L 



195 B.C. 



OF UxNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



33 



B.C. 



Africa. 



Greece. 



Rome, etc. 



221 



213? 



209 



205 



203 



202 



198 



Beginning of conquests of 
Hannibal in Spain. 



War between Egypt and 
Syria resulting in the 
loss of Palestine by the 
Ptolemies. 






Rebellion of the Egyptian 
peasantry against the 
Macedonian oppression. 



Ptolemy V. associated in 
the crown. 



Ptolemy V. Epiphanes, 
king of Egypt. 



Scipio Africanus besieges 
Utica and burns the 
camps of Hasdrubal and 
Syphax. 

Hannibal recalled from 
Italy. 

Hannibal defeated at Za- 
ma. — End of the 2d 
Punic War. 



Egypt loses her Syrian pos- 
sessions. 



221. Cleomenes of Sparta 
defeated by Antigonus 
Doson at Sellasia. 

220. The Social War be- 
tween Aohseans and 
Italians.— Philip V. of 
Macedonia assists the 
Achasans. 



215. Alliance of Philip V 
with Hannibal. 



211. The .<32tolians secure 
the alliance of Rome 
against the Achasans and 
the Macedonians. 

207. Battle of Mantinea: 
Philopcemen, the gen- 
eral of the Achaean 
League, defeats the 
Spartans. 



200. Siege of Abydos by 
Philip V. of Macedonia; 
outbreak of war between 
Macedonia and Rome. 

198. The Achasans and 
Spartans join the Ro- 
mans against Macedonia. 



197. Philip V. defeated at 

Cynoscephalae by the 

Romans under Flamin- 
inus. 

196 Macedonian Greece 

declared free by the 
Romans. 



219. Hannibal takes Sa- 
guntum and crosses the 
Alps 

218. The 2 d Punic War.— 
The Romans defeated by 
Hannibal at the Ticino 
and the Trebbia. 

217. Flaminius over- 
whelmed at Trasi- 
mene. 

216. Romans at Cannae 
totally defeated by Han- 
nibal. 

Fabius Maximus, Dic- 
tator. 

212. Syracuse taken by 
Marcellus. Archimedes 
killed. 

211. Capua taken by the 
Romans. 

209. Publius Scipio takes 
New Carthage. 

207. Nero and Livy defeat 
Hasdrubal at the Met- 
aurus— Hasdrubal killed. 

206. The Carthaginians de- 
feated in the battle of 
Ilipa and driven out of 
Spain. 

204. Scipio carries the war 
into Africa. 



202. Final victory over 
Carthage at Zama. 

200. Outbreak of war with 
Macedonia. 



197. Flamininus victorious 
in Macedonia. 



195. Cato in Spain 



34 



TABULAR VIEWS 



194 B.C.- 



B.C. 



Progress of Society, etc 



The Jews. 



Asia. 



194 



Apollonius of Rhodes head 
of the Alexandrian li- 
brary. 



180 1 Statius 
poet. 

2d J 
cen- > 
tury ) 



170 



Caecilius, comic 
Paper made in China. 



Polybius, historian 
Greece and Rome. 



of 



167 



166 



161 



Greek learning comes to 
Rome as a result of con 
quest of Macedonia. 

Terence, comic poet. 



Philosophers and rhetor- 
icians banished from 
Rome. 



174. Jason obtains the 
high priesthood by cor- 
ruption. 



171. Jason supplanted by 
Menelaus. 

170. The temple plundered 
by Antiochus Epi- 
phanes. 

168. Jerusalem again plun- 
dered by Antiochus; the 
temple desecrated, the 
Law suppressed. 

167. Mattathias the Has- 
monean, leads an insur- 
rection against the Syr- 
ians. 



192. Syria at war with 
Rome. 

190. Scipio Asiaticus de- 
feats Antiochus III, at 
Magnesia and compels 
him to cede all of Asia 
Minor excepting Cilicia; 
the conquered territory 
is allotted by Rome to 
Pergamus. 

189. Armenia revolts from 
the Seleucid rule and 
establishes its indepen- 
dence. 

187. Antiochus III. killed; 
succeeded by Seleucus 
IV. Philopator. 



183. Pharnaces I., king of 
Pontus, conquers Sin- 
ope. 

181. Phraates I., king of 
Parthia. 



176. Antiochus IV. Epi- 
phanes, king of Syria. 

174. Mithradates I., king 
of Parthia, founds the 
greatness of that power. 
He conquers Bactria, 
Persia, Susiana, and 
Babylonia. 

171. Antiochus IV. de- 
clares war against Ptol- 
emy Philometor. 



165. Judas Maccabeus ex- 164. Antiochus V. Eu 

pator, king of Syria. 



pels the Syrians and 
purifies the temple. 



161. Judas defeats the 
Syrians under Nicanor 
at Adasa. 

First treaty with the 
Romans. 



162. Demetrius Soter 
seizes throne of Syria. 

Ariarathes Philopator, 
king of Cappadooa. 



161 B.C. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



35 



B.C. 



Africa. 



193 



Masinissa, king of Numidia, 
harasses the Carthagin- 
ians, and injures their 
commerce. 



189 



Formidable insurrection in 
upper Egypt owing to 
oppressive taxation. 



182 



170 



163 



Ptolemy VI., Philometor, 
king of Egypt. 



-163. Joint reign of Phi 
lometor and Physcon in 
Egypt. 



Greece. 



Rome, etc. 



189. The ^Etolian League 
crushed by the Romans. 

188. Philopcemen abro- 
gates the laws of Lycur- 
gus in Sparta. 



183. Philopcemen defeated 
and killed by the Mes- 
senians 



179. Perseus, king of 
Macedonia. 



Ptolemy VI. is driven out 
by his brother but is 
restored by the Roman 
senate, Physcon being 
given Cyrene. 



171. War between Mace 
donia and Rome. 



168. Perseus defeated at 
Pydna, by Emilius 
Paulus. 



167. Achaean hostages 
transported to Italy in 
large numbers. 



191. Antiochus III. de- 
feated at Thermopylae. 

190. Antiochus III. is to- 
tally defeated by L. C. 
Scipio at Magnesia. 



185. Disgrace and volun- 
tary exile of Scipio Afri- 
canus. 

184. Cato, the elder, cen- 
sor. 

183. Death of Scipio Afri- 
canus. 

181. Pseudo writings of 

Numa found in a stone 

coffin at Rome. 
179. Celtiberians in Spain 

subjugated by Tiberius 

Gracchus. 
176. Sardinians subdued 

by Gracchus. 



171. War against Mace- 
donia. 



36 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1 60 B.C.- 



B.C. 



Progress of Society, etc. 



The Jews. 



Asia. 



160 



159 



1.55 



150 



146 



145 



(.about). Hipparchus of 
Nicaea makes important 
astronomical discoveries 
and lays the foundation 
of Trigonometry. 

The clepsydra or water 
clock introduced by 
Scipio Nasica 



Pacuvius, Latin tragic 
poet, flourishes 



Aristarchus, of Alexandria, 

grammarian, greatest of 
rreek scholars, editor of 
Homer and the drama- 
tists. 



The fall of Corinth and the 
transplantation of its 
art treasures to Rome 
marks an important 
epoch in the conquest of 
the Roman world by 
Greek thought. 

Hipparchus, mathemati- 
cian and astronomer, 
flourishes. 



160. Death of Judas Mac- 
cabeus 



158. Jonathan compels the 
Syrians under Bacchides 
to withdraw. 



143 Jonathan is slain by 
Trypho. 

142. Simon, high priest. 
Demetrius II. of Svria 
acknowledges Jewish in- 
dependence. 



135. John Hyrcanus, high 
priest. 

133. Jerusalem taken by 
Antiochus VII. 



160. Mithradates IV. (V.), 
king of Pontus. 



151 . Alexander Balas over- 
throws Demetrius Soter, 
and takes the throne. 



149. Prusias II. of Bithy- 
nia, killed by his son, 
Nicomedes. 



146. Demetrius II. 
ator, king of Syria. 



Nic- 



140. Demetrius II. is de- 
feated by Mithradates 
I. of Parthia and re- 
tained in captivity for a 
number of years. 



137. Antiochus VII. (Si- 
detes), king of Syria. 



133. Antiochus takes Jer- 
usalem. 



133 B.C. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



37 



B C. 


Africa. 


Greece. 


Rome, etc. 


157 


Cato's embassy to Car- 
thage. 


155. Athenian embassy of 
Diogenes, Carneades. 
and Critolaus to Rome. 


155. War with the Lusi- 
tanians and 

153. with the Celtiberians. 


152 


Masinissa defeats the Car- 
thaginians. 


152. Andriscus attempts 
to raise Macedonia 
against Rome. 


151. Defeat of Galba in 
Spain by the Celtiber- 
ians. 

150. The Lusitanians 

crushed. 


147 


Ptolemy VI. joins with 
Demetrius Nicator 
against Alexander Balas 
of Syria and is crowned 
kina; at Antioch. 


148. He is defeated by 
Metellus and 


149. Third Punic War 
begins. 

The Lex Calpurnia 
seeks to restrain the mal- 
practice of provincial 
governors. 


146 


Carthage taken and de- 
stroyed. 

Ptolemy VII., Physcon, 
becomes sole king of 
Egypt. 


146. Macedonia becomes a 
Roman province. 

War between the Achaean 
League and Sparta and 
Rome; Corinth taken 
and destroyed by 
Mummius. 


146. Conquest of Carthage 
and of Corinth. 






Roman Empire. 




In the East. 


In Europe. 






143. Numantine War 
begins. 








140. Romans cause assas- 
sination of Viriathus, 
leader of the Lusitanians 
in Spain. 

139. Servile insurrection 
in Sicily. 






133. Pergamus bequeath- 
ed to the Romans by 
Attalus III. 


133. Numantia destroyed 
by Scipio. 

Acts and death of 
Tiberius Gracchus. 



38 



TABULAR VIEWS 



132 B.C.- 



b.c. Progress of Society.etc. 



The Jews. 



Asia. 



130 



Lucius Accius, tragic poet. 



125 



Lucilius the first Roman 
satirist. 



129. John Hyrcanus be 
gins task of delivering 
Judea from the Syrian 
yoke; reduces Samaria 
and Idumea. 



100 



Lucius Afranius, comic 
writer. 



109. Hyrcanus destroys 
Samaria. 



105. Hyrcanus succeeded 
by his son Aristobulus, 
who first assumes the 
title of king. 

104. Alexander Jannaeus 
succeeds to the throne; 
in a war against Ptolemy 
VIII.. Lathyrus, the 
exiled ruler of Egypt, he 
is assisted by Cleopatra, 
the reigning queen, and 
expels Ptolemy from 
Palestine. 



129. Antiochus VII. de- 
feated and killed in a 
war with Parthia. 

Demetrius II. regains 
Syria. 

126. Demetrius is over- 
thrown and there follow 
the parallel reigns of 
Alexander II. (till 122) 
and Antiochus VIII. 
Grypus (till 114). 



120. Mithradates V. (VI.) 
the Great, king of 
Pontus. 



112. Mithradates begins 
career of conquest in the 
kingdom of Bosporus 
(Crimea), Lesser Ar- 
menia, Colchis, and part 
of Scythia to the Dnies- 
ter. 



IOO B.C. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



39 



B.C. 



Africa. 



Roman Empire. 



130 



127 



123 



118 

116 
112 
107 

106 



Ptolemy Physcon driven 
from his throne for his 
cruelty. 



Physcon restored. 



Carthage rebuilt. 



Death of Micipsa, king of 
Numidia, and the assas- 
sination of Hiempsal by 
Jugurtha. 

Ptolemy VIII., Lathyrus, 
king of Egypt. 

Jugurthine War begins. 



Ptolemy VIII. exiled and 
Alexander I. king of 
Egypt. 

Jugurtha is defeated by 
Marius. 



In the East. 



131. War with Aristonicus, 
pretender to the crown 
of Pergamus. 

130. Aristonicus defeated. 

129. Pergamus organized 
as the province of Asia. 



In Europe. 



132. Servile War ended. 



111. Outbreak of war with 
Jugurtha who had us- 
urped the royal power 
in Numidia. 

106. Jugurtha defeated 
and taken; he perishes in 
prison at Rome. 



123. Tribunate of Caius 
Gracchus; he brings for- 
ward the Leges Senrpro- 
nial involving far-reach- 
ing reforms. 

121. Caius Gracchus slain. 



113. War begun against 
the Cimbri and the Teu- 
tones. 



104. The Teutones defeat 
the Romans onthebanks 
of the Rhone, inflicting 
a loss of 80,000 men. 

102. Marius victorious 
over the Teutones and 
Ambrones at Aquae Sex- 
tise. 

101. Marius and Catulus 
defeat the Cimbri at 
Vercellae. 



100. Marius attains 
sixth consulate. 



his 



Banishment of Metel- 
lus Numidicus. 

Birth of Julius Ca:sar. 



40 



TABULAR VIEWS 



99 B.C. 



B.C 



Progress of Society.etc. 



The Jews 



Asia. 



90 



86 



80 



89. The Roman franchise 
granted to the Italians. 



Libraries of Athens sent to 
Rome by Sulla. 

Posidonius, stoic philoso- 
pher, at Rome. 



Quintus Hortensius, orator . 



86. Alexander Jannaeus re- 
turning from exile, where 
he has been driven by 
the Pharisees, wreaks 
cruel vengeance on that 
party. 



78. Alexandra, widow of 
Jannaeus, governs Judea. 



69. Hyrcanus II. in con- 
flict with his brother 
Aristobulus. 



96. Seleucus V. succeeds 
Antiochus VIII but is 
assassinated in the fol- 
lowing year. 

94. Cappadocia declared 
free from the rule of 
Mithradates of Pontus 
by Rome. 

93. Ariobarzanes elected 

king. 
Tigranes, king of Armenia, 

expels Ariobarzanes, 

who is restored in the 

following year. 



88. Pontus at war with 
Rome; Italians in Asia 
massacred. 

87. Mithradates sends 
army into Greece. 

86. Pontic forces defeated 
by Sulla at Chajronea. 

84. Peace concluded be- 
tween Pontus and Rome. 

83. Second Mithradatic 
war begins. 

81. — war terminated. 



74. Beginning of 
Mithradatic war. 



third 



71. Mithradates 
at Cabira. 



defeated 



69. Tigranes of Armenia 
defeated bv Lucullus at 
Tigranocerta. 

66 Mithradates defeated 
by Pompey at Nicopolis. 

65. The race of the Seleu- 
cidae deposed. 

64. Syria becomes a 
Roman province. 



6\ B.C. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



41 



B.C. 



Africa. 



Roman Empire. 



96 



By the death of 
Apion, Cyrene 
Roman. 



Ptolemy 
becomes 



88 



Second reign of Ptolemy 
Lathyruo. Ptolemy IX. 



84? 



81 



Thebes destroyed by Lath- 
yrus. 



Alexander II. (Ptolemy 
X). king of Egypt. 

Ptolemy XI. Auletes, king 
of Egypt. 



65 



Crassus, as censor, pro- 
poses that Egypt be 
made a Roman province ; 
he is opposed by his 
colleague Catulus. 



In Asia and Africa. 



96. Annexation of Cyrene, 
bequeathed to the Ro- 
mans by its king, Ptol- 
emy. 



92. A Parthian embassy 
visits Sulla in Asia, the 
first act of intercourse 
between the two em- 
pires. 



88. Mithradatic War; Sulla 
commands the Roman 
army. 

The Athenians seek 
assistance from Mithra- 
dates against Rome. 



86. Athens, 
famine, is 
Sulla. 



reduced 
taken 



by 
by 



74. Nicomedes III. of Bi- 
thynia bequeaths his 
kingdom to the Ro- 



In Europe. 



99. End of Second Servile 
War in Sicily, begun in 
102. 



91. The tribune M.Livius 
proposes the bestowal of 
the Roman franchise on 
the Italian allies: he is 
slain. 

90. Social War in Italy. 



88. Sulla puts an end to 
the Social War. 

Civil War between 
Marius and Sulla. 



66. Metellus subdues Crete. 



64. Syria a Roman pro- 
vince- 



82. Sulla defeats Marius, 
and is created perpetual 
dictator. 

79. Sertorius revolts in 
Spain and defeats Me- 
tellus and Pompey. 

73. War of Spartacus, the 
gladiator. 

72. Sertorius assassinated. 

71. Spartacus defeated by 
Crassus. 

70. Pompey and Crassus 
consuls. 



42 



TABULAR VIEWS 



63 B.C. 



B.C. 



Progress of Society, etc. 



The Jews. 



Asia. 



60 



Cicero, statesman and ora- 
tor; Sallust, historian; 
Lucretius and Catullus, 
poets; Andronicus, of 
Rhodes, peripatetic 

philosopher. 



46 



Caesar reforms the Calen- 
dar. 

Cornelius Nepos and Dio- 
dorus Siculus, histor- 
ians; Vitruvius, writer 
on architecture; M. 
Terentius Varro, writer 
on agriculture. » 



63. Pompey makes an end 
of Jewish independence, 
confirming Hyrcanus in 
possession of the High 
Priesthood. 



47. Antipater, the Idu- 
mean, is made procura- 
tor of Judea by Casar. 



63. Pharnaces king of 
part of Pontus. 



60. (about). By the absorp- 
tion of Syria, Rome 
comes into touch with 
the Parthian power. 



57. (about). India; war of 
the natives under Vikra- 
maditya against Scyth- 
ian invaders. 

55. Outbreak of war be- 
tween Rome and Par- 
thia. 



53. The Romans defeated. 
— Crassus slain at Car- 
rhae. 

52. Parthians overrun Sy- 
ria and threaten An- 
tioch. 



47. Battle of Zela. — Phar- 
naces II. of Pontus con- 
quered by Caesar. 



a6 B.C. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



43 



B.C. 



Africa. 



Roman Empire. 



58 



55 



In Asia and Africa 



Ptolemy XI., Auletes, flees 
to Rome, Berenice reigns 
in his absence. 



Ptolemy XI. restored by 
a Roman army under 
Gabinius and Marcus 
Antonius. 



63. Pompey takes Jer- 
usalem. 



East. 



In Europe. 

63. M. T. Cicero, consul, 
detects and suppresses 
Catiline's Conspiracy. 



60. First Triumvirate: — • 
Pompey, Crassus, and 
Julius Caesar. ; 

58. Clodius procures the 
banishment of Cicero. — :' 
The Helvetii defeated by I 
Julius Cassar. 

57. Cicero recalled. 



55. Caesar passes the 
Rhine, defeats the Ger- 
mans, and invades Brit- 
ain. 



53. Crassus defeated 
killed in Parthia. 



and 



51 



48 



Death of Ptolemy XI.; by 
will he appoints Cleo- 
patra and her brother, 
Ptolemy XII., to reign 
jointly. 



Pompey, defeated, arrives 
in Egypt and is slain. 



47 



46 



Ptolemy XII. drowned. 



The African War. — Caesar 
gains battle of Thapsus. 
— Cato kills himself at 
Utica. 

Cassar contemplates re- 
building of Carthage. 



48. Caesar defeated by 
Pompey at Dyrrhach- 
ium. — Thessaly becomes 
the seat of war. — The 
Athenians declare for 
Cassar against Pompey 

Battle of Pharsalia: — 
Pompey, defeated by 
Caesar, flees into Egypt, 
and is slain there. 

47. Cassar takes Alexandria 
and conquers Egypt. 
Cassar victorious at Zela 
in Asia over Pharnaces 
II. of Pontus. 

46. The Pompeians in Af- 
rica under Sextus Pom- 
peius, Cato of Utica, and 
Juba are defeated at 
Thapsus by Caesar. 



54. Caesar's second 
sion of Britain. 



mva- 



52. Pompey sole consul. 

51. Cassar completes the 
conquest of Gaul. 

50. Sallust expelled from 
the Senate. 

49. Caesar passes the Ru- 
bicon, and in sixty days 
makes himself master 
of Italy — marches into 
Spain and forces Pom- 
pey 's troops to surrender. 



46. Cassar crushes the 
Pompeians at Thapsus. 



44 



TABULAR VIEWS 



45 B.C.- 



b.c. Progress of Society, etc. 



The Jews. 



Asia. 



30 



29 



27 
25 



22 



43. Antipater poisoned. 



40. Herod the Great, son 
of Antipater, defeats his 
rival, Antigonus, and 
Parcorus, the Parthian — 
and is made king by the 
Romans. 



37. Herod with Roman aid 
takes Jerusalem which 
upholds the rause of the 
Hasroonean family. 



Direct trade of Rome with 
India. — Silk and linen 
manufactories in the 
empire. 

Temple of Janus at Rome 
closed — there being now 
a general peace. 

The Pantheon built. 

Golden age of Roman lit- 
erature Horace, Virgil, 
Tibullus, Propertius, 
poets; Livy, historian; 
Maecenas, minister of 
Augustus, patron of lit- 
erature; Strabo, geogra- 
pher; ^milius Macer, of 
Verona, poet; Dionys- 
ius, of Halicarnassus, 
historian; Agrippa, 
warrior, and patron of 
the arts. 

Pantomimic dances intro- 
duced on the Roman 
Stage. 



30. Augustus 
increase of 
Herod. 



bestows an 
territory on 



29. Herod kills 
Mariamne. 



his wife. 



5. (about). Herod begins 
extensive building oper- 
ations in Judea. founds 
Csesarea, ' rebuilds Sa- 
maria, reconstructs the 
temple at Jerusalem 
(20-19) 



40. Parthians under Par- 
corus invade Syria, take 
Antioch and Sidon, plun- 
der Jerusalem, and ad- 
vance as far as the 
Mediterranean. 

39-38. Parthians defeated 
by Ventidius. 

36. Marcus Antonius in- 
vades Parthia but iscom- 
pelled to retreat with 
loss. 

34. Antony subdues Ar- 
menia. 



23. Parthian 
Rome. 



embassy at 



20. Parthians restore the 
standards captured from 
Crassus. 



20 B.C. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



45 



B.C. 



Africa. 



Roman Empire. 



45 



41 



36 



34 



31 



30 



Cleopatra poisons her bro- 
ther and reigns alone. 



Marcus Antonius, capti- 
vated by Cleopatra, 
takes up his residence 
in Alexandria, whence 
he administers Eastern 
affairs. 



Cleopatra obtains from 
Antony a grant of 
Phoenicia, Ccele-Syria, 
and Cyprus. 

Marcus Antonius divides 
Asia among his sons by 
Cleopatra. 

Marcus Antonius and 
Cleopatra defeated by 
Octavius, at Actium. 

Antonius and Cleopatra 
destroy themselves. — 
Egypt becomes a Roman 
province under the per- 
sonal rule of Augustus. 



45. Caesar perpetual dicta- 
tor — the remnants of the 
Pompeians crushed at 
Munda in Spain. 

44. Caesar assassinated, 

43. Second Triumvirate:— 
Octavius Ca?sar, Marcus 
Antonius, and Lepidus. 
— Cicero proscribed and 
murdered. 

42.The battle of Philippi: 
- — Antony and Octav- 
ius defeat Brutus and 
Cassius. 



36. Sextus Pompeius de- 
feated in Sicily. 



33. Antony quarrels with 
Octavius. 

31. By the battle of Ac- 
tium Octavius acquires 
sole rule in the Roman 
world. 



29. Octavius's 3 days tri- 
umph at Rome. 

Temple of Janus shut. 

27. The titles of Augustus 
and Emperor conferred 
on Octavius for 10 years ; 
the end of the Republic. 

23. Augustus receives tri- 
bunician power for life. 



22. Conspiracy of Murena. 

21. Augustus visits Greece 
and Asia. 



4 6 



TABULAR VIEWS 



19 B.C.- 



B.C. 



Progress of Society, etc. 



The Jews. 



8. 



The Calendar corrected by 
Augustus. 



4 ' ( 7-6 2 ). Jesus Christ born. 
The birth of Jesus 
Christ was made a start- 
ing point in chronology 
by the monk Dionysius 
Exiguus who lived in the 
sixth century; it was 
adopted by the Church 
in Rome soon after, was 
popularized by Bede in 
the eighth century, and 
came into common use 
in the tenth. Dionysius 
identified the birth of 
Christ (incarnation) with 
the year 754 of the Ro- 
man era, but modern 
research has shown that 
the great event must be 
placed from four to 
seven years before the 
date assumed by Dio- 
nysius. 

Archelaus succeeds 
Herod with the title of 
Ethnarch. 



Asia. 



19. Armenia; on the death 
of Artaxias II. the Ro- 
mans place on the throne 
Tigranes II.; Armenia 
becomes a pawn between 
Rome and Parthia. 

16. Agrippa is in Asia 
where he regulates the 
affairs of Palestine. 

14. Polemon of Pontus 
conquers Bosporus. 



1 Cheyne, Encyclopedia Biblica. 2 Hastings, Dictionary of the Bible. 



4 B.C. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



47 



B.C. 



Roman Empire. 




19. The Cantabri in Spain 
subjugated; conquest of 
Spain complete. 

16. Lollius defeated by the 
Germans. 

15. Rhaetians and Vindeli- 
cians subdued by Ti- 
berias and Drusus. 

12. Augustus assumes the 
title of Pontifex Maxi- 
mus. 

Pannonia conquered 
by Tiberias. 

11. Victories of Drusus in 
Germany. 



4 8 



TABULAR VIEWS 



2 A.D.- 



A.D. 



Progress of Society, etc. 



Sacred. 



10 



Ovid publishes his Ars Amatoria. 



Celsus, the physician; Phaedrus, the 
fabulist; Velleius Paterculus, Roman 
historian. 



40 



Philo, Alexandrian Jew, discipleof Plato ; 
Seneca, moral philosopher; Apion of 
Alexandria, grammarian, called the 
" Trumpet of the World." 



50 Columella, writer on husbandry. 



26. Pontius Pilate becomes procurator 

of Judea. 
28-29' (26-27 2 ). Baptism of Jesus Christ 

and beginning of His public work. 
30" (292). Crucifixion of Jesus Christ. 



35-362 (3i or 35i). St. 

to Christianity. 



Paul converted 



47. 2 First missionary journey of Paul. 
49. 2 Council of the Apostles at Jeru- 

s 3.1cm 
50. 2 Paul at Corinth. 



52. 2 Third missionary journey of Paul. 
55. Paul at Ephesus. 



'Cheyne, Encyclopedia Biblica. 
^Hastings, Dictionary of the Bible. 



55 A.D. 



OF UiNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



49 



Roman Empire. 



17 
19 



24 



42 



46 



East. 

Caius Caesar makes peace with the Par- 
thians. 



The subjugation of the Dalmatians 
completed. 



Germanicus takes command in the East. 
Germanicus poisoned at Antioch. 



Uprising of Tacfarinas in Numidia 
suppressed. 



Mauretania conquered and divided into 
two provinces, Mauretania Tingitana 
and Mauretania Caesariensis. 



Thrace made a Roman province. 



West. 



4. Death of Caius Caesar, son of 
Agrippa; Tiberius renews his cam- 
paigns in Germany. 

9. Roman legions under Varus de- 
stroyed by the Germans under 
Arminius in the Teutoburg Forest. 
Ovid is banished to Tomi on the 
Black Sea. 



14. Augustus dies and Tiberius be- 
comes emperor. 

The Pannonian and German legions 
revolt. 

19. The Jews banished from Italy. 

23. Sejanus poisons Drusus, son of 

Tiberius. 



2G. Tiberius retires to Capreae (Capri). 



31. Sejanus disgraced and put to death 



37. Tiberius dies. 

Caligula (.Caius Caesar) becomes 
emperor. 



41. Caligula assassinated. 

Claudius becomes emperor. 



43. — invades Britain with his general, 
Plautius. 



51. Caractacus, the chief of the Trino- 
bantes in Britain, defeated and 
brought to Rome. 



54. Nero becomes emperor. 

55. — poisons Britannicus, son of 
Claudius. 



50 



TABULAR VIEWS 



56 A.D.- 



A.D. 



Progress of Society, etc. 



Sacred and Ecclesiastical. 



60 



01 



70 



80 



Persius, satirist. 



Nero's golden house built. The build- 
ings in Rome more regular after the 
fire. 



Pliny, the elder, author of comprehen- 
sive natural history; Josephus, the 
Jewish historian. 

The destruction of Jerusalem marks 
the end of the Jews as a nation; from 
that time they enter on their historic 
role of wanderers. 



Colosseum completed. 

Quintilian, orator; Valerius Flac- 
cus, poet; Martial, epigrammatist; 
Apollonius of Tyana, Pythagorean 
philosopher; Epictetus, stoic; Dio 
Chrysostom, Greek rhetorician and 
philosopher. 



56. ' Paul arrested in Jerusalem. 
59. l Paul arrives in Rome. 

61. * Acts closed. 



64. First traditional persecution of 

Christians, by Nero. 
64-65. 1 Martyrdom of Peter and Paul. 

66. Outbreak of Jewish war. 

67. Pope Linus. 2 Vespasian despatched 
against the Jews. 



70. The destruction of Jerusalem by 
Titus. 



72. Conquest of Judea completed. 



79. Pope Anacletus. 



90. Pope Clemens. 



95. Second traditional persecution of 
the Christians, by Domitian. 



1 Hastings, Dictionary of the Bible. 

2 The word Pope is used in accordance 
with the Roman Catholic usage, though 
the name was not adopted by the Pon- 
tiffs till several centuries after. 



95 a.d. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



51 



Roman Empire. 



60 



63 



66 



69 



70 



East. 



Corbulo subdues Armenia. 



Tiridates placed on the throne of Ar- 
menia by Nero. 



Tiridates visits Rome. 



Vespasian declared emperor at Alex- 
andria. 



Jerusalem destroyed by Titus. 



West. 



59. Nero's mother, Agrippina, put to 
death by his order. 

61. Revolt of the Britons under queen 
Boadicea; they burn London. The 
queen, defeated by Suetonius, poisons 
herself. 



64. Burning of Rome and Christians 
accused of the crime. 

65. Seneca and Lucan put to death. 



68. Galba proclaimed emperor by the 
soldiers in Spain ; he reigns 8 months, 
and is put to death by the Praetorians. 



69. Otho becomes emperor; acknowl- 
edged by the Senate; (3 months) 
defeated by 

Vitellius, who becomes emperor 
(8 months) ; he is overthrown by the 
army of 

70. Vespasian, commander in the East, 
who becomes emperor. 



78. Agricola assumes command in 
Britain. 

79. Titus becomes emperor. 
Herculaneum and Pompeii de- 
stroyed by an eruption of Vesuvius. 



86 War with the Dacians under Decebalus. 



90 



Roman reverses against the Quadi and 
the Marcomanni; peace with the 
Dacians bought. 



81. Domitian becomes emperor. 



86. Romans defeated by the Dacians on 

the Danube. 
88. The secular games celebrated. 



52 



TABULAR VIEWS 



96 A.D.- 



A.D. 



Progress of Society, etc. 



Ecclesiastical. 



96 



100 



130 



132 



160 



Tacitus, historian; Juvenal, satirist; 
Statius, poet; Plutarch, moralist and 
biographer; the younger Pliny. 



Jurisprudence flourishes ; Rome adorned 
with the Trajan Forum; Pillar of 
Trajan, and baths; stone bridge 
built over the Danube. 



The great buildings of Palmyra. — Tem- 
ple of the Sun at Baalbec. 



Jurisprudence improved by the pro- 
mulgation of Hadrian's perpetual 
code. 

Ptolemy, the celebrated Egyptian 
astronomer and geographer; Arrian 
and Appian, Greek historians; Paus- 
anius, traveller. 



Lucian, satirist; Hermogenes, rhetor- 
ician. 



99. Pope Evaristus. 

100. Christian assemblies prohibited by 
Trajan. 

100 (about) Composition of the "Shep- 
herd" of Hermas. 



107. Pope Alexander I. 

108. St. Ignatius put to death. 
112-113 (100?). Third traditional per- 
secution, by Trajan. 

116. Pope Xystus (Sixtus I). 



125. Pope Telesphorus. 



136. Pope Hyginus. 



140. Pope Pius I. 

Heresy of Valentine. 
14.5 (about). Rise of the Marcionites. 
154. Pope Anicetus. 

Canon of Scripture fixed about this 

time. 

154 (about). Justin Martyr publishes 
his apology for the Christians. 

155 (about). Martyrdom of Polycarp; 
appearance of Montanus. 



163 (about). Martyrdom of Papias. 
165. Pope Soter. 

Death of Justin Martyr. 



175 A - D - 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



53 



Roman Empire. 



103- 
104 



114 
116 
117 



112- 
127 
130 



131 



East. 



Pliny, propraetor in Bithynia, sends 
Trajan his account of the Christians. 



Traj an begins war against the Parthians. 

Capture of Ctesiphon. 

Revolt of the Jews in Cyrene and 

Egypt. Trajan dies at Selinus in 

Cilicia. 



Hadrian in the East for five years. 

Hadrian rebuilds Jerusalem, under the 
name of .i^Elia Capitolina, and erects 
there a temple to Jupiter. 

Revolt of the Jews under Bar Cochba. 



136 Jewish war ended. 



162 



West. 

96. Domitian assassinated. 
Nerva becomes emperor. 



98. Trajan becomes emperor; a great 
sovereign and a warrior, under 
whom the Roman Empire attained 
its greatest extent. 



101. Trajan begins his Dacian cam- 
paigns. 

107. Dacia made a province. 



117. Hadrian becomes emperor; under- 
takes extensive travels throughout 
the provinces of the empire. 

121. Erection of Hadrian's wall in 
Britain. 



132. The Edictum Perpetuum, compris- 
ing the edicts of the Roman praetors, 
collected and published. 



138. Antoninus Pius becomes emperor; 
(eminent for his virtues and love of 
peace). 



War with the Parthians, lasts 4 years 
and ends in the confirmation of Ro- 
man authority in Armenia. 



161. Marcus Aurelius (Antoninus) be- 
comes emperor. 



167-175. War with the Marcomanni 
and the Quadi. 



54 



TABULAR VIEWS 



170 A.D.- 



A.D. 



Progress of Society, etc. 



Ecclesiastical. 



170 



180 



206 
210 



215 



220 



230 



Galen, Greek physician; Diogenes 
Laertius, Greek historian. 



The Meditations of Marcus Aurelius em- 
body some of the loftiest thoughts of 
antiquity. 



Baths of Caracalla begun. 

Papinian, jurist. 



Caracalla grants the right of Roman 
citizenship to all the provinces, that 
they may become liable to additional 
taxes. 

Dio Cassius, historian. 



174. Pope Eleutherus. 

177. Fourth traditional persecution, by 

Marcus Aurelius — Irenaeus becomes 

bishop of Lyons. 

180. Age of Theophilus and Tatian. 
Hegesippus writes against the Gnostics. 

189. Pope Victor I. 



198. Pope Zephyrinus; strife between 
Zephyrinus and Hippolytus as to the 
restoration of those who had fallen 
away from the Church under perse- 
cution. 

202. Fifth persecution of the Christians, 
under Severus. — Tertullian, an able 
defender of Christianity.— Clement 
of Alexandria, and Minucius Felix. 



217. Pope Calixtus I. 



220 (about). Death of Clement of 

Alexandria. 
221. Julius Africanus, first of Christian 

chronologists. 



Ammonius Saccas, founder of the 
Neo-Platonic school of philosophy at 
Alexandria. 

Herodian, Greek historian. 

Censorinus, critic and grammarian. 



222. Pope Urban I. 



230. Pope Pontianus.— Death of Ter- 
tullian. 



232 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



55 



A.D. 



Roman Empire. 



East. 



197 



Severus invades the Parthian empire, 
captures Seleucia and Babylon, and 
acquires Adiabene (northern Assyria). 



226 



Fall of the Parthian empire and estab- 
lishment of the new Persian kingdom 
under the dynasty of the Sassanids. 



West. 



178. Renewal of war with the Marco- 
manni. 

180. The emperor dies at Sirmium: 
Commodus becomes emperor, 
makes peace with the Germans. 

191. Rome nearly destroyed by fire. 

192. Commodus assassinated. 

193. Pertinax proclaimed emperor 
by the Praetorian guards; murdered 
after a reign of 3 months. 

The empire bought by Didius 
Julianus, who reigns for 2 months 
and is put to death. 

Septimius Severus proclaimed 
emperor by the Pannonian legions. 

194. — defeats his competitor, Pescen- 
nius Niger, at Issus; besieges 
Byzantium. 

197. — defeats rival emperor Albinus 
in Gaul. 



202. — persecutes the Christians. 



208. — invades Britain and makes 
war on the Caledonian tribes. 

The wall of Severus between the 
Forth and the Clyde built. 

211. Severus dies at "York, in Britain. 
Caracalla and Geta become em- 
perors. 

212. Caracalla slays his brother Geta; 
general proscription; among others. 
Pacinian put to death. 

214. Wars against the Alemanni. 

217. Caracalla is assassinated. 
Macrinus becomes emperor. 

218. Macrinus defeated by the Parth- 
ians and slain by his soldiers. 

Heliogabalus becomes emperor. 



222. Heliogabalus slain. 

Alexander Severus becomes em- 
peror. 



232. The victory of Severus over the 
Persians in Mesopotamia. 



56 



TABULAR VIEWS 



235 A.D.- 



A.D. 



Progress of Society, etc. 



250 



260 



271 



Plotinus, Neo-Platonic philosopher. 



Longinus, philosopher, 
statesman. 



critic, and 



Aurelian begins wall around Rome. 



Sacred and Ecclesiastical. 



235. Pope Anterus. 
Origen. 

Sixth persecution of the Christians, 
under Maximinus. 

236. Pope Fabianus. 

240. Gregory Thaumaturgus becomes 
bishop of Neo-Ccesarea. 



247. Dionysius 
Alexandria. 



becomes bishop of 



248. Cyprian becomes bishop of Car- 
thage. — Monastic life originates about 
this time. 

Dispute between the churches of 
Rome and Africa about baptism. 

Novatian, opponent of Roman 
bishop. 

249. Pope Cornelius. 

251. Seventh persecution of the Chris- 
tians, under Decius. 



257. Eighth persecution, under Valerian. 

259. Pope Dionysius. 

260. Paul, of Samosata. bishop of 
Antioch, denies the divinity of Jesus 
Christ. 



269. Pope Felix I. 

270 (about). Manes advocates his doc- 
trines in Persia. 



273 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



57 



A.D. 



Roman Empire. 



242 



East. 



Gordian defeats the Persians under 
Sapor. 



258 War between Rome and Persia. 



260 

261- 
262 

267 



269 



273 



Valerian taken prisoner by Sapor, 

of Persia. 
Sapor takes Antioch, Tarsus, 

Ca?sarea. 



king 
and 



Odenatus, ruler of Palmyra, dies — he is 

succeeded by his wife, 
Zenobia, who reigns with the titles of 

' 'Augusta"and "Queenofthe East." 



Zenobia attempts to conquer Egypt. 



Zenobia defeated at Emesa by Aurelian, 
who destroys her magnificent capital, 
and carries her to Rome. 



West. 

235. Severus murdered in a mutiny of 
the army. 

Maximinus _ becomes emperor; is 
victorious against the Germans. 

238. Maximinus assassinated by his 
troops near Aquileia; Gordian I. and 
II. proclaimed emperors in Africa 
and slain; Senate nominates Pupienus 
and Balbinus emperors; Pupienus and 
Balbinus slain by the Praetorians. 
Gordian III. becomes emperor. 

244. Gordian put to death by Philip 
(the Arabian), who becomes emperor; 
makes peace with Sapor. 

248. The secular games celebrated in 
commemoration of the thousandth 
anniversary of the founding of the 
city. 

249. Decius becomes emperor; perse- 
cutes the Christians. 

251. — slain by the Goths, who invade 
the empire by crossing the Danube. 

Gallus becomes emperor; purchases 
a peace with the Goths. 

252. A great pestilence prevails in the 
empire. 

253. ^Emilianus proclaimed by troops in 
Moesia; Valerianus proclaimed em- 
peror in Rhaetia. 

Gallus and ./Emilianus slain. 

254. Valerian becomes emperor; is 
successful against the Germans and 
Goths. 

256. Franks invade Spain. 
256-69. Great piratical expeditions of 
the Goths into Asia Minor and Greece. 



260. Gallienus becomes emperor. 
Period of the 30 tyrants. 

264. Alliance with Odenatus. 



268. Gallienus killed at Milan. 
Claudius II. becomes emperor; 

defeats the Alemanni. 

269. — defeats Goths at Nissa.in Moesia. 

270. Aurelian becomes emperor. 

271. — defeats the Marcomanni and 
Alemanni. 

273. — reduces Palmyra after an heroic 
resistance, and takes queen Zenobia 
I prisoner, 



58 



TABULAR VIEWS 



274 A.D.- 



A.D. 



Progress of Society, etc. 



Ecclesiastical. 



275 



284 



290 



300 



320 



330 



335 



Porphyry, Neo-Platonic philosopher. 



Diocletian's Oriental form of govern- 
ment — the monarchy considered 
hereditary — nomination of Caesars as 
co-rulers. 

Diocletian's baths, containing 3000 
benches of white marble. 

The Gregorian code of civil law. 



Spartianus, Vopiscus, and Trebellius 
Pollio, historians. 



Iamblichus, Neo-Platonic philosopher. 



Constantinople becomes the capital of 
the Roman Empire and the seat of art 
and literature. 

Hermogenianus, jurist. 



274. Ninth persecution, under Aurelian. 

275. Pope Eutychianus. 



2S3. PopeCaius. 



296. Pope Marcellinus. 



303. Tenth persecution of the Christ- 
ians, by Diocletian. 

304. Arnobius of Africa converted. 

305. Persecution of the Christians 
stopped by Constantius Chlorus. 



310. Pope Eusebius. 

311. Pope Miltiades._ 
Constantine issues Edict of Tolera- 
tion. 

314. Pope Sylvester I. 

320. Strife of the Donatists in Africa. 



325. The Council of Nice, consisting of 
318 bishops, who condemn Arianism. 
— Eusebius, bishop of Caesarea, 
ecclesiastical historian. — Lactantius, 
Athanasius, Arius, flourish in the reign 
of Constantine. 

337. Pope Julius I. 



337 A -D- 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



59 



A.D. 



Roman Empire. 



276 



283 



297 
298 



314 
323 

325 

330 
333 
334 

337 



East. 



Florianus, brother of Tacitus, pro- 
claimed emperor; is slain at Tarsus. 



Cams invades Persia but dies near 
Ctesiphon. 



Egypt subdued. 

Galerius defeats Narses of Persia. 



Constantine defeats Licinius at Adri- 

anople. 
Constantine defeats Licinius a second 

time at Adrianople and again at 

Chalcedon. 
The first general council at Nice. 

Constantinople solemnly dedicated. 
Great famine and pestilence in Syria. 
Sarmatians receive settlements in the 

empire. 
Death of Constantine, and the accession 

of his three sons. 



West. 

274. Gaul, Spain, and Britain reduced 
to obedience. 

Dacia given up to the barbarians. 

275. Aurelian killed. 

An interregnum of 6 months. 

Tacitus (a descendant of the his- 
torian) becomes emperor; reigns 6 
months and is slain. 

276. Probus becomes emperor; ob- 
tains several victories over the bar- 
barians and restores borders of the 
empire. 

282. Probus slain by his soldiers. 

Cams becomes emperor. 

283. Cams overruns Persia and dies. 
Carinus and Numerianus become 

emperors. 

284. Numerianus slain; Diocletian pro- 
claimed emperor. 

Diocletian makes Maximianus his 
colleague. 

285. Diocletian and Carinus at war; 
Carinus slain. 

287. Britain usurped by Carausius, who 
reigns 7 years. The empire attacked 
by the northern barbarians, and 
several provinces usurped by tyrants. 
Diocletian divides the administra- 
tion of the Roman Empire among the 
two Augusti and the two Caesars. 

296. Britain regained by Constantius. 



305. Diocletian and Maximian resign 
the empire to Constantius and 
Galerius. 

306. Constantine the Great becomes 
emperor; Licinius, Maximian, Maxen- 
tius, Galerius, Maximinus, his col- 
leagues. 

Constantine defeats the Franks. 

310. Death of Maximian. 

311. Death of Galerius. 

312. Maxentius defeated and killed. 

313. Defeat and death of Maximinus. 

314. Civil war with Licinius. 



323. Constantine defeats 
becomes sole emperor. 



Licinius, and 



6o 



TABULAR VIEWS 



34O A.D. 



A.D. 




Ecclesiastical. 



360 



Eutropius, Ammianus Marcellinus, and 
Aurelius Victor, historians, ^Elius 
Donatus, grammarian. 



380 



Eunapius, historian. 

Symmachus, orator and pagan advocate. 



390 



395 



Ausonius and Prudentius, Latin poets; 
Pappus and Theon, of Alexandria, 
mathematicians. 



Claudian, Latin poet. 



340. Christianity propagated in Ethopia 
by Frumentius. — Gothic version of 
Bible by Wulfila (Ulfilas). 



352. Pope Liberius. 

Hilary of Poitiers. — Cyril, bishop of 
Jerusalem. 



366. Pope Damasus. 

370. Basil, bishop of Caesarea; Ephraim 
Syrus. 



375. Ambrose of Milan; 
Tours. 



Martin of 



381. The second general council of 
Constantinople.— Gregory of Nazian- 
zus made patriarch of Constantino- 
ple. 

384. Symmachus pleads in the Roman 
Senate for Paganism against St. 
Ambrose. 

Pope Syricius. 



400. Chrysostom, patriarch of Con- 
stantinople; Jerome; St. Augustine. 



400 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



61 



A D 



Roman Empire. 



340 
350 
354 



361 
363 



364 
374 

378 
379 



384 
388 
394 

395 



East. 



West, 



Constantius, Constans, and Constantine become emperors. 



150 Greek and Asiatic cities destroyed 
by an earthquake. 

Hermanric, king of the Ostrogoths, 
founds an extensive empire in South 
Russia. 

The Caesar Gallus put to death by Con- 
stantius. 



Constantius dies at Tarsus. 
A disadvantageous peace with 
Persians concluded by Jovian. 



the 



EASTERN EMPIRE 
extending from the lower Danube to 
the confines of Persia. 
Valens becomes emperor. 



The Huns advance into central Europe ; 
the Visigoths, expelled by the Huns, 
are allowed by Valens to settle in 
Thrace. 

Valens defeated and slain by the Goths 
near Adrianople. 

Theodosius the Great becomes em- 
peror; named Augustus by Gratian; 
a zealous supporter of Christianity. 



Armenia partitioned by Rome and 
Persia. 

Theo osius defeats Maximus, the 
usurper of the Western Empire. 

Theodosius defeats Eugenius, the 
usurper of the West, and Arbogastes, 
the Gaul. Final division of the em- 
pire between the sons of Theodosius. 

Arcadius becomes emperor. 



340. Constantine, the younger, defeated 
and killed by Constans at Aquileia. 

350. Constans killed by emissaries of 
Magnentius who maintains himself 
in Gaul till 353. 

356-360. Campaigns of Julian in Gaul 
and Germany. 



361. Julian, the Apostate, becomes 
emperor. 

363. — attempts in vain to rebuild the 
temple at Jerusalem. — Is slain in a 
war with the Persians. 

Jovian becomes emperor. 

364. Death of Jovian, and the accession 
of Valentinian and Valens, under 
whom the EMPIRE is DIVIDED. 

WESTERN EMPIRE 
extending from the Caledonian 
ramparts to the foot of Mount Atlas. 
364. Valentinian I. becomes emperor. 

367. The Picts and Scots invade Britain 
but are defeated by Theodosius. 
Gratian made Augustus. 

375. Gratian becomes emperor; asso- 
ciates with himself Valentinian II.; 
gains a victory over the Germans. 



383. Maximus is proclaimed emperor 
in Britain; Gratian is slain; the West 
shared between Maximus and Valen- 
tinian II. 



388. Overthrow of Maximus and sole 

rule of Valentinian II. 
392. Valentinian II. slain and succeeded 

by Eugenius. 



395. Honorius becomes emperor. 






400. Italy invaded by Alaric. 



62 



TABULAR VIEWS 



401 A.D.- 



A.D. 


Progress of Society, etc. 


Ecclesiastical. 






402. Pope Innocent I. 


410 


Macrobius, grammarian. 


412. Cyril, bishop of Alexandria; Socra- 
tes, ecclesiastical historian; Orosius, 
a Spanish disciple of St. Augustine; 


415 


Death of Hypatia of Alexandria. 


and Pelagius, a British monk, who 
denied original sin, &c. 

416. The Pelagian heresy condemned by 
the African bishops. 

417. Pope Zosimus. 

418. Pope Boniface I. 

422. Pope Celestine I. 


425 


Zosimus and Olympiodorus, Greek his- 
torians. 


428. Nestorius, bishop of Constantino- 
ple, acknowledges two persons in 
Jesus Christ. 

431. Third general council at Ephesus 
condemns Nestor. 

432. Pope Xystus (Sixtus) III. 

St. Patrick preaches the Gospel in 
Ireland. 
435. Nestor banished. 


438 


The Theodosian code published. 


440. Pope Leo I. (the Great) greatly 
extends the power of the bishop of 
Rome. 

Sozomen and Theodoret, ecclesias- 






tical historians. 

449. Flavian, patriarch of Constanti- 
nople , and Eusebius, bishop of 
Dorylasum, deposed by the "Robber 
Synod" at Ephesus, which justifies 
the teachings of Eutyches regarding 
the existence of one nature in 


450 


Proclus, Neoplatonist philosopher. 
Sidonius Apollinaris, poet, statesman, 


Christ. 




and ecclesiastic. 


451 . The fourth general council _ at 




Legislation of the Visigoths in Spain 


Chalcedon, at which Eutychianism 




under Euric. 


and Nestorianism are solemnly con- 
demned. 



455 a.d. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



63 



A.D. 



Eastern Empire. 



Western Empire. 



408 



414 



421 
425 



450 



152 



Theodosius II., a child, becomes em- 
peror; Anthemius, minister. 



The emperor's sister, Pulcheria, pro- 
claimed co-empress. ' 



Persian war. 

Pannonia, Dalmatia, and Noricum 
gained from the Western Empire. 



Marcian becomes emperor. 



Victory over the Arabs near Damascus. 



402. Alaric defeated by Stilicho at 
Pollentia. 

Radagaisus invades Italy and is 
defeated by Stilicho. 

406. The Vandals invade Gaul. 

407. Britain evacuated by the Romans. 

409. The Vandals enter Spain. 

410. Rome sacked by the Goths under 
Alaric. 

412. The Visigoths enter Gaul. 



415-418. The Visigoths begin the con- 
quest of Spain. 



418. The Alani defeated and extirpated 
by the Goths. 

425. Valentinian III. becomes emperor. 

428(429). The Vandals enter Africa. 



433. Attila, "The scourge of God," 
becomes ruler of an immense empire 
from China to the Atlantic. 

439. The Vandals, under Genseric, 
take Carthage. 



443. Burgundians establish themselves 

in Sapaudia (Savoy). 
446. The famous embassy from Britain 

soliciting aid against the Picts and 

Scots, "the groans of the Britons." 
449 (450). The arrival of the Jutes in 

Britain, under Hengist and Horsa. 



451. Attila invades Gaul and is de- 
feated by ^Jtius and Theodoric at 
M6ry-sur-Seine (near Chalons). 1 

452. The origin of Venice; founded by 
refugees from the Hunnist invasion. 

455. Valentinian is assassinated by 
Petronius Maximus who becomes 
emperor and is also assassinated 
some months later. — Genseric, the 
Vandal king, sacks Rome. 

Avitus becomes emperor through in- 
fluence of the Goths. 



64 



TABULAR VIEWS 



456 A.D.- 



A.D. 



Progress of Society, etc. 



Ecclesiastical. 



476 



480 

486 
490 

493 



511 



The accession of Odoacer is taken 
generally as marking the end of 
ancient history and the beginning of 
the medieval period, though in reality 
it brought no sharp change in the con- 
dition of Italy and the West. 

The conquest of Rome by the Germanic 
tribes and the subsequent interblend- 
ing of the Latin and Teutonic spirit 
gives rise to the characteristic Euro- 
pean spirit of later days. 

The Salic law developed among the 
Franks before Clovis. 



The victory of Clovis marks the triumph 
of the Germanic over the Roman 
civilization in Gaul. 

{about'). Burgundian laws collected by 
Gundoband. 



Theodoric, the Ostrogoth, seeks to en- 
graft the Roman civilization on the 
Goths. 



Clovis' s acceptance of Catholic Chris- 
tianity prepares the way for the 
historic connection between the 
Frankish empire and the papacy. 



461. Pope Hilarus. 



468. Pope Simplicius. 

Strife for supremacy among the 
bishops of Rome, Constantinople, 
Alexandria, Antioch, and Jeru- 
salem, resulting in the steady growth 
of the power of Rome as the champion 
of Catholicity. 



477. Hunneric, King of the Vandals, in 
Africa, persecutes the Catholics. 



482. The emperor Zeno publishes the 
Henoticon. 

483. Pope Felix III. 

— excommunicated by Acacius, bishop 
of Constantinople. 



492. Pope_ Gelasius I.; he advances 
bold claims to authority. 



496. Christianity introduced among the 
Franks, whose king, Clovis, accepts 
baptism. — Pope Anastasius II. 

498. Pope Symmachus, opposed by the 
Emperor Anastasius, against whom he 
upholds a lofty conception of the 
priestly dignity. ' 



512 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



65 



A.D. 



Eastern Empire. 



Western Empire. 



456 

457 



461 
466 



474 



477 



483 

488 

491 

492 



Successful campaign against Persians 
Leo I. (the Thracian), becomes em 
peror. 



Theodoric, the Goth, a hostage at the 

Byzantine court. 
Huns defeated at Sardica. 



Leo II. succeeds Leo I., and dies in the 
same year. 

Zeno becomes emperor. 

Theodoric becomes chief of the Ostro- 
goths. 



Zeno overthrows the rival emperor 
Basiliscus. 



503 



512 



Peace between Theodoric and Zeno. 



Zeno induces Theodoric to undertake the 
conquest of Italy. 



Anastasius I. becomes emperor. 
Appearance of the Green and Blue 

factions. 
Outbreak of rebellion in Isauria. 



War with Kobad of Persia; concluded 
in s°S. 



Long walls built to protect Constanti- 
nople from the Bulgarians. 



457. Majorian becomes emperor. 

458. Franks :-Childeric I., father of 
Clovis, becomes king of the Franks. 

461. Severus becomes emperor. 

465. Death of Severus. 

466. Euric becomes king of the Visi- 
goths; he completes the conquest of 
Spain. 

467. Anthemius becomes emperor. 



472. Olybrius becomes emperor. 

473. Glycerius becomes emperor. 

474. Julius Nepos becomes emperor. 

475. Romulus Augustulus becomes em- 
peror. 

476. Romulus Augustulus deposed by 
Odoacer. leader of the Mercenaries. 
END of the WESTERN EMPIRE. 

477. Foundation of the kingdom of 
Sussex by JElla.. 

Western Europe. 



481. Clovis I., founder of the Frankish 
power, succeeds his father Childeric 
as king. 



4S6. Battle of Soissons — the Roman 
power in Gaul overthrown by Clovis. 

490. Britain: — Capture of Anderida by 
.Ella. 

491 . Franks : — Clovis subdues the Ripu- 
arian Franks. 



493. Italy: — Conquered by Theodoric, 
king of the Ostrogoths. — Odoacer put 
to death. 



496. Conversion of Clovis.- 
the Alamanni. 



-He defeats 



500. Franks : — Btirgundians subjected. 

507. — Clovis defeats Alaric near Poic- 
tiers, and wrests Aquitaine from the 
Visigoths. 

510. —Clovis makes Paris his capital. 

511. — Clovis dies. — His kingdom par- 
titioned among his four sons. 



66 



TABULAR VIEWS 



514 A.D.- 



Progress of Society, etc. 



Ecclesiastical. 



525 



529 



Boethius, the Roman statesman and 
philosopher. 



The schools of Athens closed by Jus- 
tinian. 



533 



537 



Completion of Justinian's Code, 
dects, and Institutes. 



Pan- 



550 



560 



563 



568 



570 



The church of St. Sophia dedicated at 
Constantinople. 



(about). The Christian era introduced by 

Dionysius Exiguus. 
The fables of Pilpay translated into 

Persian. 
Cassiodorus, Italian historian. 



Procopius, a Byzantine historian; Gil- 
das, British historian. 



(565) Christianity introduced in Scot- 
land by Columba. 



The old Roman municipal system in 
Italy overthrown by the invasion of 
the Lombards. 

Evagrius, church historian. 



514. Pope Hormisdas. 

518. The accession of Justin marks the 

downfall of the Monophysites ; the 

Henoticon withdrawn. 



523. Pope John I. 

526. Pope Felix IV. 

527. Separation of the Armenian from 
the Greek Church. 

529. The Order of Benedictine monks 
instituted at Monte Cassino, near 
Naples. 

530. Pope Boniface II, 



533. Pope John II. 

535. Pope Agapetus. 

536. Pope Silverius. 



537. Pope Vigilius. 



544. In the Edict of the Three Chapters. 
Justinian largely repudiates the work 
of the Council of Chalcedon (451). 

550. Vigilius excommunicated by a 
council at Carthage. 

553. The fifth general council at Con- 
stantinople. 
555. Pope Pelagius I. 



560. Pope John III. 

The Tritheists maintain the sepa- 
rate existence of the persons of the 
Trinity. 

The pope vindicates his authority 
against the Frankish clergy by order- 
ing the restoration of bishops deposed 
by a council at Lyons. 



57i A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



6 7 



A.D. 



Eastern Empire. 



Western Europe. 



514 
518 

518- 
565 



527 



530 



532 

533- 
534 
535 
536 



537- 
540 
540 



542 
543 
546 

553 

558 

562 



563 
565 

568 



Rebellion of Vitalian. 

Justin I., of Illyria becomes emperor. 

Brilliant period of the B yzantine empire , 



Justinian I . becomes emperor ; cele- 
brated for his code of laws and the 
victories of his generals, Belisarius 
and Narses. 

Belisarius defeats the Persians at Daras. 



— Suppresses the Nika riot in the Hippo- 
drome of Constantinople. 
— Overthrows the Vandals in Africa. 

— -subdues Sicily. 

— takes Naples and Rome. 



— overruns Italy. 

Witiges surrenders Ravenna to the 

Byzantines. — Antioch sacked by the 

Persians. 
Plague in the empire — during three 

months from 5,000 to 10,000 die daily 

at Constantinople. 
Totila, king of the Ostrogoths, begins 

the reconquest of Italy. 

Totila takes Rome. 



Narses defeats and kills Totila and 
overthrows Gothic kingdom in Italy. 



The Cotrigur Huns overrun Thrace and 
threaten Constantinople but are de- 
feated by Belisarius. 



Belisarius disgraced by Justinian. 



Belisarius restored: — he quells a con- 
spiracy. 
Death of Belisarius and Justinian. 
Justin II. becomes emperor. 

The exarchate of Ravenna established. 



519. Britain: — The Britons defeated 
at Charford by Cerdic and Cynric 
who begin the third Saxon kingdom 
of Wessex. 

520. — West Saxons defeated at Mount 
Badon. 



530. — Isle of Wight conquered by 
Jutes. 

531. Spain: — Theudis succeeds Amal- 
aric as king of the Visigoths. 



536. Witiges, king of the Ostrogoths, 
surrenders his possessions in Gaul to 
the Franks. 

537. Witiges besieges Belisarius in 
Rome. 

540- Byzantine power established in 
Italy. 



554. Franks invade Italy but are de- 
stroyed by Narses. Italy is utterly 
desolated. 

558 . The Frankish power reunited under 
Clotaire I., who becomes king. 

560. Britain: — The kingdom of Deira 
established. 

561. Franks: — Death of Clotaire and 
partition of his dominions among his 
four sons. 



567. Beginning of the strife between 
Austrasia and Neustria. 

568. Italy conquered by the Lombards, 
under Alboin. He later fixes his 
capital at Pavia. 

571. Britain:— Battle of Bedford. — 
East Anglia formed into a kingdom. 



68 



TABULAR VIEWS 



574A.D.- 



A.D. 



Progress of Society, etc. 



Ecclesiastical. 



580 



587 



590 



600 



610 



618 
622 



632 



The Latin language ceases to be spoken 
in Italy, while it supersedes the 
Gothic in Spain. 



The Roman Catholic faith established 
in Visgothic Spain and the Germanic 
influence in that country greatly 
strengthened thereby. 

Gregory of Tours, the father of French 
history. 



The Saxons having conquered England 
it relapsed, in a great measure, into 
the state of barbarism, from which it 
had been partially raised by the 
Romans. 

Ethelbert draws up the first code of laws 
in England. 

Rites and superstitions increase in all 
Europe. — Relics sought for and 
worshipped. — Litanies addressed to 
the Virgin. — The burning of candles 
by day. — Exorcisms, etc. 

Isidorus, of Seville, Spanish historian. 

Mohammed begins the promulgation of 
his teachings. 



Beginning of the Tang dynastyin China 
the Golden Age of literature. 

The year of the Hegira, the starting- 
point of the Mohammedan calendar. 



Islamism and the power of the caliphs 
established in the East. In the 
caliphs were united the highest 
spiritual and regal authority. 



575. Pope Benedict I. 



579. Pope Pelagius II.; he denies the 
right of the patriarch of Constanti- 
nople to assume the title of ecumen- 
ical bishop. 



590. Pope Gregory I., called The Great; 
he adoots the title Servus Servorum 
Dei. He advances greatly the claims 
of the bishops of Rome and is prac- 
tically ruler of that city. 

597. St. Augustine introduces Chris- 
tianity into Britain. 

604. Pope Sabinian. 
607. Pope Boniface III. made supreme 
head of the church by Phocas. 
Pope Boniface IV. 
The Pantheon at Rome dedicated 
to God, the Virgin, and the Saints. 



615. Pope Deusdedit. 



618. Pope Boniface V. 



625. Boniface V. makes Canterbury 
the metropolitan see of Britain. 
Pope Honorius I. 
Monasteries increase. 



633. Rise of the Monothelite heresy. 
Africa and Asia, with the churches 
of Jerusalem, Alexandria, and Antioch, 
lost to the Christian world by the 
progress of Mohammedanism. 



634 A - D - 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



69 



Eastern Empire. 



Western Europe. 



574 

578 
582 



585- 
600 



602 



610 
613 

614 

616 
617 
618 

622 



622- 
627 

626 



632 



634 



Tiberius associated with Justin in the 
government. 

Tiberius II. becomes emperor. 
The Slavs appear in Thrace. 

Maurice, the Cappadocian, succeeds. 



The Avars and Slavs invade the East : 
ern empire. 



Phocas, a centurion, made emperor by 
the armv. The empire invaded by 
the Persians. 



Heraclius overthrows Phocas, and 

makes himself emperor. 
The Persians overrun Syria and take 

Damascus. 



Jerusalem taken by the Persians. 

The Persians conquer Egypt. 
The Persians overrun Asia Minor. 
Constantinople threatened by the Avars. 

The HEGIRA or Mohammed's flight 
from Mecca to Medina. 

Heraclius defeats the Persians repeat- 
edly, and wins the final battle at 
Nineveh. 

Constantinople besieged by the Per- 
sians and Avars. 



Death of Mohammed. 
Abubeker succeeds him as caliph. 



Omar, caliph. 

The battle of Yermu gives Syria to the 
Arabs. 



576. Spain: — The Visigothic kingLeovi- 
gild breaks the Roman power in the 
peninsula and upholds the royal 
power against the nobles. 

583. Italy: — the Lombards, under 
Authari, successful against the Greeks 
and Franks. 

584. Britain : — the kingdom of Mercia 
founded. 

586. Spain: — Recared king of the Visi- 
goths. 

587. Recared embraces Catholicism and 
enter:; upon the persecutionof Arians 
and Jews. 

588. Britain : — Bernicia and Deira unite 
to form the kingdom of Northumbria. 



597. — Christianity introduced by St. 
Augustine. 

604. Ethelbert of Kent begins the 
conversion of the East Saxons and 
founds the church of St. Paul in 
London as a bishop's seat. 



613. Britain : — E t h e 1 f r i t h, king of 
Northumbria, defeats the Britons, 
and conquers Cheshire and Lan- 
cashire. 

614. Clotaire II. reunites the Frankish 
dominions. 

617. Beginning of Northumbrian su- 
premacy in England. 



627. Edwin of Northumbria converted 
to Christianity. 

628. Franks :— Dagobert I. becomes 
king. 



633. Northumbria overthrown by Penda 
of Mercia. 



7o 



TABULAR VIEWS 



636 A.D.- 



A.D. 



Progress op Society, etc. 



Ecclesiastical. 



636 



680 



695 



700 



711 



(about). Nestorian Christianity intro- 
duced into China. 

In England, improvement in ecclesiasti- 
cal architecture ; circular arches intro- 
duced; churches built at Canterbury, 
Glastonbury, St. Albans, Winchester, 
etc. 

In civil architecture, forts and castles 
— Conisborough Castle in Yorkshire; 
Castletown in Derbyshire, etc. 

Some of the monasteries of Europe con- 
tinue to be the repositories of learning 
and the arts. 

In Japan during the seventh century 
comes the rise of the feudal nobility 
and the division of the population 
into agriculturists and warriors or 
samurai. 

The abbey of Whitby and the monas- 
tery of Gilling founded. 

The Anglo-Saxons advance in civiliza- 
tion and power, by the introduction 
of Christianity. 

In the Frankish empire the differentia- 
tion between the French and German 
language appears. 



Aldhelm, the first Anglo-Saxon writer 

in prose and verse. 
Cffidmon. Anglo-Saxon poet. 
In Persia, the Magian religion gives way 

to the Mohammedan. 



640. Pope Severinus. 
Pope John IV. 



642. Pope Theodorus. 

649. Pope Martin I. 

654. Pope Eugenius I. 

657. Pope Vitalian. 



664. Roman Christianity triumphs in 
England at the Council of Whitby. 

672. Pope Adeodatus. 

676. Pope Donus. 
678. Pope Agatho. 



680-681. The sixth general council at 
Constantinople condemns the Mono- 
thelites. 

682. Pope Leo II. 

684. Pope Benedict II. 

685. Pope John V. 

686. Pope Conon. 

687. Pope Sergius I. 



Severe persecution of the Jews in Spain. 



The Venerable Bede, ecclesiastical 
historian. 

Christianity almost exterminated in 
Africa, by the progress of Mohamme- 
danism. 



The conquest of Spain by the Arabs 
destined to exercise a powerful effect 
on the progress of civilization in 

Europe. 



692. The Quinisext Council at Constan- 
tinople convened to supplement the 
work of the ecumenical councils of 
555 and 680; not recognized by 
Pope Sergius nor by the Roman 
Church. 



701. Pope John VI. 
705. Pope John VII. 
708. Pope Sisinnius. 

Pope Constantine I. 

710. Emperor Justinian II. confirms 
the Roman see in its privileges; he 
is the first to kiss the pontiff's foot. 



7H A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY 



71 



A.D. 



Eastern Empire, Asia, etc. 



Western Europe. 



636 
637 

641 

642 



668 
673 



679 
680 



683 
684 

685 



693 

694 
695 

697 
698 

705 

709 



711 



The battle of Cadesia gives Persia to the 
Arabs; their power established after 
the battle of Nehavend (642). 

Jerusalem taken by the Arabs. 



Egypt conquered by the Arabs. 
Heraclius Constantinus and 
cleonas rule. 



Hera- 



Constans II. becomes emperor. 
Moawiyah, caliph, makes Damascus his 
capital. 



Constantine IV. becomes emperor. 



Siege of Constantinople by the Saracens 
whose fleet is destroyed by the Greek 
fire of Cailinicus. The caliph com- 
pelled to purchase a peace of thirty 
years, bv paying a yearly tribute. 

Yezid I., Caliph. 

The kingdom of Bulgaria founded. 



Moawiyah II., caliph. 
Abdelmelik, caliph. 

Justinian II. becomes emperor. 



Justinian defeated by the Arabs at 

Sebastopolis in Cilicia. 
Arabs overrun Armenia. 
Justinian II. deposed by Leontius who 

is also deposed by 
Tiberius. 
Carthage taken by the Arabs. 

Justinian II. restored. 
Walid I., caliph. 

No»-th Africa completely subdued by 
the Saracens. 



Justinian put to death by Philip Bar- 
danes, who reigns under the name of 
Philippicus. 



638. Franks — The death of Dagobert is 
followed by the disappearance of the 
royal power, the kings being under 
the control of the mayors of the 
palace. 



642. Britain: — Oswald of Northumbria 
defeated by Penda. 



655. Penda, of Mercia, overthrown 

656. Franks: — Clotaire III. rules as 
sole king. 

662. Grimoald, duke of Benevento, 
usurps Lombard crown. 



670. France : — Childeric II. becomes 

king. 
673. The death of Childeric II. leads to 

civil war and anarchy. 

678. Theuderic III. 



680. Wamba, king of the Visigoths, 
turns monk. 



687. Pepin the Younger's victory at 
Testry unites the Frankish realms 
under himself as mayor of the 
palace. 

688. Northumbria loses the hegemony 
to Wessex under King Ine. 

691 . Franks : — Clovis III. becomes king. 



694. Britain 

695. Franks 
king. 

697. Venice: — Paulucio 
Doge. 



— Ine conquers Kent. 

— Childebert II. becomes 



Anafesto, first 



710. Britain: — Ine's wars with the 
Britons of Cornwall. 

Spain: — Roderic, last of the Visi- 
gothic kings. 

711. Franks : — Dagobert III. becomes 
king. 

The Visigothic kingdom in Spain 
overthrown at the battle of the 
Guadalete by the Arabs under Tarik. 



72 



TABULAR VIEWS 



712 A.D.- 



A.D. 



Progress op Society, etc. 



Ecclesiastical. 



712 



715 



(about). The art of making paper 
brought from Samarcand by the 
Arabs. 



(.about). Boniface (Winfrith) begins his 
missionary work among the Germans. 



720 



735 

745 
750 



Glastonbury Abbey rebuilt by Ine. 



Increasing 


Dark 


power. 


period 


spiritual 


of 


and 


European 


temporal, 


literature. 


of the 




popes. 





The Venerable Bede dies — a grammar- 
ian, historian, and theologian. 



John of Damascus, (Damascenus) a 
founder of the scholastic philosophy. 

The Abbasside caliphs encourage 
learning. 1 he schools of Bagdad, 
Cufa, Alexandria, Fez, and Cordova 
promoted by them. 

Ignorance, profligacy, and misery 
characterize the age preceding Char- 
lemagne. 

In the Byzantine empire the succession 
is generally determined by violence, 
and the character of the rulers most 
often presents examples of cruelty, 
treachery, and fanaticism. 



712. Constantine opposes the emperor 
Philippicus Bardanes in the question 
of the Monothelite heresy. 



715. Pope Gregory II.; he engages in 
conflict with the emperor Leo the 
Isaurian over image-worship. 



722 (723). Boniface consecrated bishop 
for Germany. 



726. Image-worship, being forbidden by 
the emperor Leo the Isaurian, 
causes great disturbance. 

726 (about). Peter's pence first col- 
lected in England. 

730. Gregory excommunicates the em- 
peror. 

731. Pope Gregory III. 



741. Pope Zachary. 



751. The pope gives his consent to the 
dethronement of Childeric, king of the 
Franks, and the election of Pepin. 

753. Pope Stephen II. threatened by the 
Lombards, seeks aid of Pepin. 

754. — journeys to Pepin to implore 
his protection. — Following the de- 
cision of the council of Constanti- 
nople, the emperor Constantine 
Copronymus begins the dissolution 
of the monasteries. 

756. Commencement of the pope's 
temporal power under the auspices 
of Pepin, who bestows on Stephen the 
exarchate of Ravenna. 

757. Pope Paul I. 

768. Pope Stephen III. 

772. Pope Hadrian I., whom Charle- 
magne confirms in possession of 
Pepin's donatior* 

Imposition of Tithes enforced by 
Charlemagne, for the support of the 
clergy, churches, schools, and the 
poor. 



775 a.d. 



UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



73 



Eastern Empire, Asia, etc. 



Western Europe. 



713 
715 

717 



717- 
718 



740 

745- 
751 
750 



754 

755 



762 



775 



Anastasius II. becomes emperor. 
Theodosius III. becomes emperor. 



Leo III. (the Isaurian) rises against 
Theodosius and seizes the throne. 

The Arabs invest Constantinople by 
land and by sea. The city is saved 
by the Greek fire — the Arab fleet 
being almost entirely destroyed. 

The Greek possessions in Italy are lost 
in consequence of the edict forbidding 
image worship. 



715. Franks: — Charles Martel, Mayor of 
the Palace. 



Constantine V. (Copronymus) succeeds. 
The Arabs defeated by Constantine. 



The Ommiade caliphs 
the Abbassides. 



overthrown by 



Al Mansur, caliph. 

War between the empire and the Bul- 
garians. 



Al Mansur makes Bagdad his capital. 



Great victory over the Bulgarians at 
Lithosoria. 



716. Franks: 
king. 



-Chilperic II. becomes 



718. Spain: — Pelagius founds the king- 
dom of Asturias. 

720. Franks: — Theuderic IV. becomes 
king. 



725. Franks: — Charles Martel crosses 
the Rhine, and subdues the Bavar- 
ians; the Arabs ravage southern 
France. 

726. (about). Britain: — Ine, king of 
Wessex, begins the tax called Peter's 
pence, to support a college at Rome. 



732. Franks: — Charles Martel gains a 
great victory over the Saracens near 
Poitiers. 



737. Franks :— Childeric 
king. 



III. becomes 



751. Childeric III. deposed and Pepin 
the Short, son of Charles Martel, 
chosen king. — End of the Merovin- 
gian line. 

754. Pepin aids the pope with a large 
army against the Lombards. 



756. Spain: — Separated from the Cali- 
phate. Abderrhman, of the house of 
the Ommiade line, rules. 



768. Franks: — Charlemagne, or Charles 
the Great, reigns with his brother, 
Carloman, until 771. 

774. Charlemagne invades Italy; de- 
feats Desiderius, king of Lombardy, 
and annexes northern Italy to his 
empire. 

End of the Lombard kingdom. 

775. Charlemagne's first expedition 
against the Saxons. 



74 



TABULAR VIEWS 



775 A.D.- 



Progress of Society, etc. 



Ecclesiastical. 



790 



Golden period of learning in Arabia, 
under the caliph Haroun al Raschid. 

Paulus Diaconus, historian of the 
Lombards. 



785. Forcible conversion of the Saxons 
by Charlemagne. 

787. The seventh general council at 
Nice, in which the doctrine of the 
Iconoclasts was condemned. 



795. Pope Leo III. 

Image-worship condemned 
Synod of Frankfort. 



by 



797 a.d. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



75 



A.D. 



Eastern Empire, Asia, etc. 



Western Europe. 



775 Leo IV. becomes emperor. 



780 
783 

791 
792 

797 



Constantine VI. 

Irene (queen-mother) restores image- 
worship. 

The empire is invaded by Haroun al 
Raschid. 



Constantine imprisons his mother Irene 

for her cruelty. 
Irene regains power. 

Irene overthrows her son, blinds him, 
and assumes sole power. — proposes 
to marry Charlemagne. 



778. A part of Charlemagne's army 
defeated at Roncesvalles in the 
Pyrenees by the Basques; the subject 
of the Song of Roland. 

^85. The Saxons compelled to adopt 

Christianity. 
787. Britain: — First recorded invasion 

of the Danes. 



795 Charlemagne forms the Spanish 
March. 



7 6 



TABULAR VIEWS 



800 A.D.- 



A.D. 



Progress of Society. 



Ecclesiastical. 



New Western Empire. 



800 



813 



814 



830 



The coronation of Charle 
magne and the revival 
of the Roman Empire 
marks the beginning of 
a political system which 
was to dominate Euro- 
pean thought for cen- 
turies^ 

Foundation of monastic 
and cathedral schools by 
Charlemagne; Alcuin; 
agriculture and horti 
culture encouraged ; a 
canal planned to join the 
Rhine and the Dan 
ube. Haroun-al-Raschid 
sends an embassy to the 
court of Charlemagne 
with gifts. 

Transient revival of learn 
ing under Charlemagne 

Eginhard, historian, sec- 
retary to Charlemagne. 

The reign of al Mamun 
(caliph) is regarded as 
the Augustan age of 
Arabian literature. 

The death of Charlemagne 
is followed by retro- 
gression in the political 
and social life of the 
Western Empire. 



Saint Mark's Church at 
Venice founded 



800. The pope separates 
from the Eastern Em 
pire, and becomes su- 
preme bishop of the 
Western. 



Charlemagne reforms 
the Church. 



Many bishoprics 

founded — Great increase 
of monastic institutions, 



809. Synod at Aix-la-Cha 
pelle under direction of 
Charlemagne adopts the 
Filioque, but Pope Leo 
dissents. 



814. Insurrection at Rome 
against the pope. 

816. Pope Stephen V. 

817. Pope Paschal I. 
824. Pope Eugenius II. 

826. Christianity in Den 
mark. 

827. Pope Valentine. 
Pope Gregory IV. 

830 (about). Ansgarius 
preaches Christianity in 
Sweden. 



840 (about). Paschasius 
Radbertus, abbot, of 
Corbey, father of the 
doctrine of transubstan 
tiation. 

Ratramnus and Scot- 
us Erigena, theologians. 

842. Image-worship re- 
established. 



800. NEW EMPIRE of 
the WEST founded by 
Charlemagne, who is 
crowned at Rome, by 
the pope, Emperor of 
the Romans. 

802. Charlemagne re- 
ceives an embassy from 
Nicephorus and from 
Haroun-al-Raschid. 

804. Saxon conquest com- 
pleted. 

805. The Avars defeated 
and converted. 

808. First descent of the 
Northmen on Germany. 



814. Charlemagne dies. 
Louis I., the Pious 
or the Debonair, suc- 
ceeds. 

817. Louis arranges the 
succession to the crown. 
Lothair made co-ruler. 



829,833. Insurrection of 
the emperor's sons. 



840. Lothair becomes em- 
peror. 

841. — defeated by his 
brothers, Louis and 
Charles, in the battle 
of Fontanet. 

The Normans plun- 
der Rouen, and ad- 
vance to Paris. 
843. Treaty of Verdun 
and division of the 
empire. 

France: — Charles I. 
(the Bald). 

Ger.: — Louis I., sur- 
named the German. 

Italy and Lorraine : 
— Lothair king 
With imperial dignity. 



843 A - D - 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



77 



A.D. 


Eastern Empire. 


England, Scotland, etc. 


The World, elsewhere. 


802 


Irene is dethroned by 


802. Egbert, king of Wes- 






Nicephorus. 


sex. 




803 


Byzantine empire recog- 
nizes independence oi 
Venice. 






807 


War with the Franks. 




809. Death of Haroun-al- 


811 


Michael I, (Rhangabe), at 




Raschid; succeeded by 




war with the Bulgarians. 




Al Amin, caliph at Bag- 
dad. 


813 


Leo V. (the Armenian) 




813. Al Mamun, caliph at 




becomes emperor. 




Bagdad. 


814 


Bulgarians defeated. 


815-823. Egbert, king of 
Wcssex, defeats the Brit- 
ons of Cornwall. 




820 


Michael II. becomes em- 




820. First dismemberment 




peror. 




of the Abbasside cali- 




(Balbus or the Stammerer) 




phate. The dynasty of 
the Taherites founded 


825 


The Saracens obtain pos- 


825. Egbert triumphs over 


at Khorassan. 




session of Crete. 


the Mercians. 


826. Ansgarius introduces 


827 


Saracens invade Sicily. 




Christianity into Den- 
mark. 


829 


Theophilus becomes em- 


829. The seven kingdoms 






peror. 


of the Heptarchy united 


830 (about). Ansgarius in 






by Egbert, king of 


Sweden. 


832 


Persecution of image- wor- 


Wessex. 






shippers. 




833. Al Motassim, caliph. 






837. War between Wessex 


He builds Samarra , 


838 


Theophilus defeated by 


and the Danes begins. 


which he makes the seat 




the Saracens at Dasy- 




of government. 




mon. 


839. Ethelwolf becomes 
king. 


841. Norway:— Halfdan 
begins the subjection of 
the territorial nobles and 
the founding of a mon- 
archy. 
Wathek, caliph. 


842 


Michael III.(theDrunkard) 
becomes emperor under 
the regency of Theodora. 

The triumph of image- 
worship. 







78 



TABULAR VIEWS 



844 A.D.- 



A.D. 



Progress of Society. 



Ecclesiastical. 



France, Spain, Germany. 



850 



874 
877 



(about). Hincmar, French 
theologian and bishop. 

Rabanus Maurus, German 
theologian and scholar 



Iceland settled. 

The beginning of the 
feudal system. Hered 
itary nobility, which, 
with the clergy, was the 
dominant order in the 
state. 

The nobles independent 
of the king. 



844. Pope Sergius II. 

Ignatius, patriarch of 
Constantinople. 



847. Pope Leo IV. 

848. Gottschalk, a Bene 
dictine monk, advocates 
predestination. 



855. Pope Benedict III. 

858. Pope Nicholas I. 
— asserts the papal 
power against Lothair 
II. of Lorraine. 

860. The False Decretals 



866. Schism between East 
ern and WesternChurch 
es 

867.' Pope Hadrian II- 
Photius, patriarch of 
Constantinople, deposed. 

869-870. Eighth council at 
Constantinople. 



872. Pope John VIII. 



882. Pope Martin II. (Ma- 

rinus I.). 
884. Pope Hadrian III. 



885. Pope Stephen V. 



845. Paris sacked by the 
Northmen. 



853-854. War between 
Charles the Bald and 
Louis of Germany. 

855. Lothair abdicates; 
succeeded by Louis II. 
who has Italy with the 
imperial dignity. 



870. Lorraine partitioned 
between France and 
Germany. 



877. France — Louis II. (the 
Stammerer ) becomes 
king. 

879. Louis III. and Car- 
loman reign jointly. 

884. Charles the Fat, 
king of France and em- 
peror , reunites Frank - 
ish dominions. 

885. Paris besieged by 
the Northmen. Charles 
makes peace with them, 



885 A - D - 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



79 



A.D. 


Eastern Empire. 


England, Scotland, etc. 


The World, elsewhere. 






844. Scotland: — Kenneth, 








king of the Scots, de- 








feats the Picts and be- 








comes sole monarch. 


845. The Normans plunder 
Hamburg, and penetrate 
into Germany. 

846. The Saracens destroy 
the Venetian fleet, and 
besiege Rome. 

847. Al Mottawakkel, ca- 
liph. 

849. Saracens defeated by 






849. Alfred the Great born. 








the pope's allies. 






851. Ethelwolf defeats the 








Danes at Ockley. 








860. Ethelbert succeeds in 


860. Gorm the Elder unites 






Wessex. 


Jutland and the Danish 
Isles, and becomes king 














of Denmark. 








861. Iceland discovered by 








the Northmen. 








862 {traditional). Russia: 


866 


Basil, the Macedonian, 


866. Ethelred becomes 


— Rurik, first grand 




made co-emperor. 


king. 


prince. 


867 


Basil slays Michael III. and 


867. The Danes begin a 






commences the Mace- 


series of assaults which 


868. Egypt throws off its 




donian dynasty. 


result in the conquest 


dependence on the ca- 




Begins the compilation of 


of England, northeast 


liphs, under Ahmed. 




the Basilican Code. 


of the Thames. 
871. Alfred the Great 








succeeds. 


872. Norway : — Harold 
Haarfagr makes himself 
sole king by his great 
victory over the jarls at 
Hafurstford. The con- 
quered nobles leave the 
country, beginning a 
career of piracy. 

874. Iceland settled by 
the Northmen. 


878 


Syracuse taken by the 


878. Alfred defeats the 






Arabs. 


Danes at Ethandun; he 
concludes with them the 
treaty of Chippenham or 








Wedmore. 





8o 



TABULAR VIEWS 



886 A.D.- 



Progress of Society. 



Ecclesiastical. 



890 



900 



Alfred the Great estab 
lishes a regular militia 
and navy and extends 
the power of the king's 
courts; institutes fairs 
and markets. 



England divided into 
counties or shires, hun 
dreds. and tithings. The 
county courts become 
the great safeguard of 
the civil rights of Eng 
lishmen. 

At the beginning of the 
tenth century, Constan 
tinople still the first city 
of Europe and a great 
commercial and manu- 
facturing centre. 



925 The Anglo-Saxon mon- 
archy rises into Euro- 
pean importance. 

Rhazes, Arabian writer on 
medicine. 



891. Pope Formosus. 



896. Pope Boniface VI. 
Pope Stephen VI. 

898. Pope John IX. 

Veneration for saints 

and a passion for relics 

prevail. 
900. Pope Benedict IV. 



903. Pope Leo V. 

904. Pope Sergius III. 



909. Cluny founded. 



911. The Northmen in 
France embrace Chris- 
tianity. 

914. Pope John X. 



921 (about). The Bohe 
mians embrace Chris- 
tianity. 



France, Germany, etc. 



927. Odo, abbot of Cluny, 
establishes celebrated 
code of discipline. 

928. Pope Leo VI. 

929. Pope Stephen VII. 



887. Germany: — Arnulf 
dethrones Charles the 
Fat and becomes king 
of Germany; the final 
separation of Germany 
and France. 

888. France :— Odo, Count 
of Paris. 



895. Arnulf, German em- 
peror, takes Rjome. 



898. France— Charles III. 
(the Simple) succeeds. 

899. Ger.: — Louis III. 
(the Child) succeeds. 

Invasion of the Hun- 
garians. 

Contests among the 
nobles and bishops. 

904. Italy:— The rise of 
Theodora followed by 
Marozia. 



910. The emperor pays 
tribute to the Hun- 
garians. 

911. France:— The North- 
men under Rollo, estab- 
lish themselves in Nor- 
mandy. 

Ger.: — Conrad I. of 

Franconia. The empire 

becomes elective. 
315. Berengar of Italy 

crowned emperor. 
319. Ger.: — Henry I. (the 

Fowler), first of the 

Saxon line. 

France: — Charles the 

Simple overthrown by 

Robert of Paris. 
923. — Robert I. defeated 

and killed at Soissons. 

Rudolph, duke of 
Burgundy, succeeds as 
king. 

926. Italy: — Hugo, count 
of Provence, becomes 
king of Italy. 



929. France: — Charles 
the Simple dies a pris- 
oner at Peronne; sole 
rule of Rudolph. 



929 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY 



81 



a.d. Eastern E.mpi 



England, etc. 



The World, elsewhere. 



886 



Leo VI. (the philosopher) 
becomes emperor. 



-90 
894 
897 



Beneventum subject to the 
Greek empire. 

893. Invasion of the Danes 
under Hastings and re- 



Byzantines driven 



Beneventum 

War with the Bulgarians 
and Saracens. 



904 



Russian expedition under 
Oleg. against Constan- 
tinople. 



912 



Constantine VII. (Porphy- 
rogenitus) becomes em- 
peror. 



We V stL° f "'^ with ! 89 5 (^«0. Hungary .- 
007 Tut n j r Magyars under Arpad 

89/. The Danes defeated enter the kingdom 

at London. 



900. Scotland:— Constan- 
tine II. 

901. Edward (the- elder), 
the first who takes the 
title of "king of the 
Anglo-Saxons." 



909. The rise of the Fati- 
mite dynasty in Kair- 
wan, North Africa. 

910. (about). Spain: — The 
name of Leon given to 
the kingdom of Asturias. 



910. War renewed with 
Danes. 



912. The valley of the 
Thames annexed to Wes- 
sex. 



T?„™„„ 918-922. East Anglia and 

Romanus, general of the| Mercia incorporated by 

\\ ess ex. 



fleet, becomes co-em 
peror, with his three 



A period of quiet in the 
empire and comparative 
prosperity. 



912. Spain: — Abderrah- 
man III. of Cordova, the 
greatest Arab prince of 
Spain. 



925. Athelstan becomes 

king of Wessex. 
926. — becomes king of 

Northumbria. 



82 



TABULAR VIEWS 



930 A.D.- 



A.D. 



Progress of Society. 



Ecclesiastical. 



France, Germany, etc. 



930 



950 



960 



(about). Printing by- 
movable blocks among 
the Chinese. 
Cordova, in Spain, be 
comes the seat of Arab 
learning, science, in- 
dustry, and commerce 
Its celebrated schools 
together with its equally 
celebrated poets and 
philosophers, render it 
famous throughout the 
world. 



Luitprand, the Lombard 
historian. 

The mercantile character 
raised by a law of Athel- 
stan, that a merchant 
who made three voyages 
over the high seas with 
a ship and cargo of his 
own, should enjoy the 
rank and privileges of a 
thane. 

Manufactories of linens and 
woollens in Flanders, 
which becomes the seat 
of Western industry. 

(about). The nun Hros- 
witha of Gandersheim 
in Brunswick writes 
Latin comedies. 

Suidas, grammarian and 
lexicographer. 

In England, Edgar organ- 
izes an efficient navy 
which patrols the coast 
for defence against the 
Norse pirates. 



931. Pope John XI. 

Mere children ele- 
vated to the highest 
offices in the church. 



936. Pope Leo VII. 
939. Pope Stephen VIII. 



942. Pope Martin III. 
(Marinus II.) 



946. Pope Agapetus II. 



933. Victory of Henry the 
Fowler over the Hun- 
garians at Merseburg. 



936. Ger.:— Otho I. (the 
Great) becomes em- 
peror. 

France:— Louis IV. 
becomes king. 



955. Pope John XII. 

Quarrel with the em- 
perors respecting in 
vestiture. 

957. (about). Baptism of 
Olga, regent of Russia. 

959. St. Dunstan becomes 
archbishop of Canterbury 
and attempts to reform 
the church — enforcing 
clerical celibacy. 

The influence of the 
monks greatly increased. 



963. Pope Leo VIII. 

964. Pope Benedict V. 



965. John XIII. 

966. Poland receives Chris- 
tianity under Miecislas. 



945. France: — Louis IV. 

taken prisoner by Hugh 

the Great, duke of 

France. 
950. Germany: — Bohemia 

becomes tributary to 

Otho. 

954. France: — Lothair 
succeeds 

955. Germany: — Otho 
crushes the Hungarians 
on the Lechfeld, near 
Augsburg. 

Otho defeats the Slavs. 



962. Otho crowned Ro- 
man emperor, marking 
the beginning of the 
Holy Roman Empire 
of the German nation 
and the union of Italy 
with Germany. 



97i A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



83 



A.D. 



Eastern Empire. 



941 



945 



959 



961 
963 



965 



968 
969 



971 



Romanus gains a naval 
victory over the Rus- 
sians, led by Igor. 



Romanus overthrown and 
Constantine VII. reigns 
alone. 



Romanus II. 
emperor. 



becomes 



Conquest of Crete by the 
Byzantines. 

Basil II. and Constantine 
VIII. rule under the re- 
gency of their mother 
Theophano. Nicephorus 
Phocas co-emperor. 

Nicephorus recovers Cy 
prus, 



— takes Antioch. 
— is murdered by 

John Zimisces, who 

rules as co-emperor till 

976. 
Zimisces defeats the Rus 

sians at Presthlava and 

Dorystolum. 



England, etc. 



The World, elsewhere. 



937. By the victory of 
Brunanburh, Athelstan 
establishes his power 
firmly. 

940. Edmund I., brother 
of Athelstan, becomes 
king. 

941. The Danes in Eng- 
land make war on Ed- 
mund. 

944. The Dane law re- 
duced. 

946. Edred succeeds Ed- 
mund ; governed by 
Dunstan, abbot of Glas- 
tonbury. 

952. Scotland: — Malcolm 
I., king. 



953. Scotland:— Indulf, 
king. 

955. Edwy succeeds Edred. 

956. Dunstan banished. 



959. Edgar succeeds Edwy. 
Dunstan made arch- 
bishop of Canterbury. 



961. Scotland :— Duff , 
king. 

Violent disputes be- 
tween the monks and 
the clergy. 

964. Revival of monas- 
ticism in England after 
the Danish wars. 



931. Spain: — Ramiro II. 
king of Leon. 

934. Norway: — Eric Blod- 
oxe, king — his cruelty 
leads the people to 
revolt. 

935. Denmark: — Harold 
Blue-Tooth, first Chris- 
tian king. 

939. Spain: — Ramiro II., 
king of Leon, defeats the 
Moors, under Abderrah- 
man, in the battle of 
Simancas. 



945. Russia: — Igor is suc- 
ceeded by Sviatoslaf. 



950. Spain :— Ordono III. 
king of Leon. 



956. Spain: — Sancho I., 
king of Leon. 



960. China:— Tai Tsoo 
founder of later Sung 
dynasty; wages war suc- 
cessfully against the 
Tatars. 



966. Poland :— MiecislaS 
establishes Christianity. 
Spain: — Ramiro III. 
king of Leon. 



969. The Fatimites be- 
come masters of Egypt, 
with Cairo as the capital. 



8 4 



TABULAR VIEWS 



972 A.D.- 



a.d. Progress of Society. Ecclesiastical. France, Germany, etc. 



975 



983 



1005 



Abbon of Fleury, French 
monk and ecclesiastical 
historian. 

The present arithmetical 
notation brought into 
Europe by the Saracens. 

Greenland discovered by 

the Northmen. 
Venice and Genoa carry 

on a flourishing trade 

between Asia and 

Western Europe. 
Spain the seat of Arabian 

and Jewish learning. 
Firdausi, epic poet of 

Persia. 



JEliric Grammatiius, 

Anglo-Saxon writer and 
theologian. 

The arts faintly revive in 
Italy — paintings in 
fresco and mosaic. 



973. Pope Benedict VI 

974. Pope Benedict VII. 



981. Benedict VII. issues 
proclamation against si- 
mony. 

9S3. Pope John XIV. 

985. Pope John XV. 



989. (about). Byzantine 
Christianity propagated 
in Russia by Vladimir 
the Great. 



993. First canonization of 
saints. 



996. Pope Gregory V. 

997. Pope John XVI. 



999. Pope Sylvester II. 



1000. St. Stephen of Hun 
gary, receives the roya 
dignity from the pope 
with the title of Apos- 
tolic Majesty. 



1003. Pope John XVII. 



973. Ger.:— Otho II. em- 
peror. 



978. Otho at war with 
Lothair of France. 



983. Otho III. emperor. 

986. France :— Louis V., 
( the Slothful ) king ; 
last of the Carlovingian 
race. 

987. France: — Hugh Capet 
king; founder of Capetian 
line of French kings. 



1003. Pope John XVIII. 



1009. Pope Sergius IV. 
1012. Pope Benedict VIII 



996. France:— Robert II. 
(the Wise) succeeds his 
father Hugh. 

998. — is compelled by 
the pope to separate 
from his wife Bertha 
who was his cousin. 

1000. Millennial expecta- 
tions. 



1002. Ger.: — Henry II. 
emperor (duke of Bava- 
ria). 

Italy: — Ardoin, mar- 
grave of Ivrea, elected 
king. 

1003-1018. War between 
the empire and Poland. 

1004. Italy: — Henry in- 
vited by the German 
party. — Ardoin loses 
most of Italy and resigns. 
Henry crowned king. 

1005. Henry proclaims a 
general peace. 



1012 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



8' 



A.D. 



976 



Eastern Empire. 



Personal rule of Basil II 
and Constantine VIII 



981 Beginning of the great 
Bulgarian war. 



996 



1002 



The Bulgarians plunder 
the Peloponnesus but 
their army is destroyed 



Basil II. defeats the Bul- 
garians at Vidin. 



England, etc. 



The World, elsewhere. 



975. Edward (the Martyr) 

becomes king. 
978. Ethelred II. ("the 
Unready ' ' ) becomes king 



988. Beginning of Danish 
invasion. 

The king purchases 
their retreat. 

991. Battle of Maldon. 



992. Ethelred makes treat- 
ies with the Norsemen 
and with Normandv. 

994. Olaf Trygrasson' of 
Norway and Sweyn of 
Denmark invade Eng- 
land. 



1002. Massacre of the 
Danes in England on 
St. Brice's Day. 



1003. Sweyn lands a large 
armament in England. 



1005. Scotland: — Malcolm 
II., an able, renowned 
prince. 



972. Hungary: — Geiza.the 
first Christian ruler. 



976. Spain : — Hisham, 
caliph of Cordova. 

Al_ Mansur, regent, 
obtains many victories 
over the Christians. 



988. Sweyn I., or Sweno, 
king of Denmark, in- 
vades England. 

989 (.about). Russia:— Vla- 
dimir the Great marries 
Anna, sister of the em- 
peror Basil II., and 
adopts Christianity. 

992. Boleslav I. king ot 
Poland. 

993. Olaf, first Christian 
king of Sweden. 

995. Norway:— Olaf I., 
attempts to introduce 
Christianity. 

997. Mahmud sultan of 
Ghazni. 



1000. Sancho III. (the 
Great,) king of Navarre. 

Pope Sylvester II. 
bestows on Stephen of 
Hungary the royal title. 

1001. Mahmud of Ghazni 
makes the first of seven- 
teen expeditions into 
India. 

1002. Death of Al Man- 
sur and beginning of 
the fall of the caliphate 
of Cordova. 



86 



TABULAR VIEWS 



IOI3 A.D.- 



A.D. 



Progress of Society, etc. 



Ecclesiastical. 



France, Germany, etc. 



1041 



Literature, the arts and 
sciences, and commerce 
flourish at Ghazni. 

Musical scale improved by 
Guido Aretino. 

Avicenna, a famous Arab 
ian physician and phil 
osopher. 



The anarchy of feudalism 
finds a partial check in 
the promulgation of the 
"Truce of God." 

George Cedrenus, Bryzan- 
tine chronicler. 

Franco Magister, writer on 
music. 



1021. Emperor Henry II 
comes to the aid of the 
pope against the Byzan- 
tines. 

1022. The pope and the 
emperor unite to reform 
the church in the spirit 
of the Cluniac discipline. 

1024. Pope John XIX. He 
gained his election by 
bribery. He was not of 
the clergy, but consul 
and senator of Rome. 



1033. Pope Benedict IX. 
(ten years old). 



1038. The pope, for 
his scandalous conduct, 
driven from Rome, but 
re-established by the 
emperor Conrad. 

1041. "Truce of God" 
published by the French 
bishops. 



1014. Henry crowned 
emperor at Rome. 



1024. Ger.: — Conrad II. 
(the Salic) becomes em- 
peror, first of the Fran- 
conian line. 

1026-27. Conrad crowned 
king of Italy and Roman 
emperor. 

1028. Robert the Devil 
becomes duke of Nor- 
mandy. 

1031. Favorable treaty 
with Poland. 
France: — Henry I. be- 
comes king. 

1033. Kingdom of Bur- 
gundy annexed to the 
empire. 



1039. Ger.:— Henry III. be- 
comes emperor. 

1041. —defeats the Bo- 
hemians and Hungarians 
— claims the right of 
nominating to the papal 
chair. 



IO42 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



87 



A.D. 



Eastern Empire. 



England, etc. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1014 



Basil II. overwhelms the 
Bulgarian army at the 
pass of Demirhissar. 



1018 



The Bulgarian kingdom 
overthrown and reduced 
to submission. 



1025 



1028 



Sole rule of Constantine 
VIII. 



Romanus III. 
emperor. 



becomes 



1034 



Michael IV. (the Paphia- 
gonian) becomes em- 
peror. 



1038 



1041 



1042 



1013. The Danes, under 
Sweyn, become masters 
of England. 

Ethelred flees to Nor- 
mandy. 

1014. The Northmen in 
Ireland defeated at 
Clontarf by Brian Boru. 

1016. Edmund II. (Iron- 
sides,) fights six battles 
with Canute, king of 
Denmark, with whom 
he finally divides the 
kingdom. 

1017. The death of Ed- 
mund leaves Canute 
sole ruler. He patron- 
izes literature and the 
Church. 



1031. Canute penetrates 
into Scotland — subdues 
Malcolm. 



1034. Scotland:— Duncan 
king. 

1035. Harold I. (Hare 
foot) becomes king- 
ruled by Earl Godwin. 



The Normans gain a foot 
hold in Apulia. 



Michael V. becomes em- 
peror. 

Zoe and Theodora rule 

jointly. 
Constantine IX. (Monoma 

chus) becomes emperor. 
Rise of the Seljuk Turks 



1040. Hardicanute. 

Scotland: — Macbeth 
murders Duncan, and 
usurps the throne. 

The Saxon line re- 
stored under 
1042.— Edward (the Con- 
fessor). The country 
prospers under his mild 
sway. 

The Norman in- 
fluence predominant at 
the English court. 



1015. Norway:— Olaf II. 
the Saint establishes 
Christianity. 

1016. Denmark: — Canute 
II. (the Great). 



1019. Russia: — Yaroslaff 
the Great. 



1024. Mahmud of Ghazni 
6torms Somnath, in 
Gujarat, India. 

1025. Poland : Miecislas II. 



1028. Sancho of Navarre 
takes Castile. 



1033. Castile a separate 
kingdom. 

1035. Spain: — Aragon a 
kingdom under Ramiro 
I. 

Denmark: — Hardi- 
canute III. 

Norway: — Magnus I. 
(the Good). 

1037. Ferdinand I., of 
Castile, in right of his 
wife, succeeds to Leon; 
successful against the 
Mohammedans . 



1042. Denmark: — Magnus 
(the Good) of Norway, 
king. 



88 



TABULAR VIEWS 



IO43 A.D.- 



Progress of Society, etc. 



Ecclesiastical. 



France, Germany, etc. 



L055 



Michael Psellus, a cele- 
brated Greek philosopher 
and historian. 

First age of scholastic 
philosophy. 

Feudal system introduced 
in England by the 
Normans. 



1045. Benedict again driven 
from the throne, and suc- 
ceeded by Sylvester III. 
Benedict is restored by 
the Counts of Tuscu- 
lum. But finding the 
people will not tolerate 
his crimes, he sells the 
papal chair to Gregory. 
Benedict deposed for 
simony by a council 
called by Henry III. 

1046. Pope Clement II. 



1048. 
1049. 



Damasus II. 
Leo IX. 



1053. —is defeated by the 
Normans at Civitate. 



1054. The papal chair 
vacant one year. 

Excommunication of 
the patriarch of Con- 
stantinople^ final schism 
between Eastern and 
Western Churches. 

1055. Pope Victor II. 
Hildebrand, the real 

head of the church from 
the time of Leo IX. The 
church improving in 
piety and discipline. 

1057. Pope Stephen IX. 

1058. Nicholas II. 

1059. The election of pope 
transferred to a con- 
clave of cardinals. 

1061. Pope Alexander II. 

1082. Berengar of Tours 
opposes the doctrine of 
transubstantiation. 

1066. Alexander deposes 
Harold and gives Eng- 
land to William duke of 
Normandy. 



The Papacy at the 
height of its power, 
claiming supreme domin- 
ion, temporal and spir- 
itual, over all the states 
of Christendom. 



1047. William of Nor- 
mandy defeats his 
rebellious nobles at 
Val-es-dunes. 



1053. Germany: — Henry 
III. causes his son 
Henry to be elected and 
crowned Roman em- 
peroi . 

1054. Henry I. of France 
invades Normandy and 
is defeated at Mortemer. 



1056. Ger.:— Henry IV. 
(the Great), aged six 
years, becomes emperor 
under the tutelage of 
his mother Agnes. 



1059. Robert, duke of 
Apulia, becomes a vassal 
of the pope. 

1060. France: — Philip I. 
becomes king. 



1066. William, duke of 
Normandy, claims the 
crown of England, and 
makes war upon Harold 
to obtain it. 



1066 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY 



8 9 



A.D. 


Eastern Empire. 


England, etc. 


The World, elsewhere. 


1043 The Russians attack Con- 








stantinople and are de- 








feated. 




1047. Denmark: — Svend 
Estridsen, king. 






1051. Rebellion of Earl 


Norway: — Harold 






Godwin and his sons 


Hardrada, king. 






Godwin and Harold 








banished. 








William , duke of Nor- 








mandy, visits Edward. 








1052. Godwin restored to 


1052. The Pisans take 






favor. 


Sardinia from the Sara- 






1053. The Danegeld abol- 


cens. 






ished. 








Earl Godwin dies. 








The Welsh several 








times invade England, 




1054 


Theodora becomes em- 


but are repressed by 






press, the last of Mace- 


Harold, son of Godwin. 






donian dynasty. 








The Greek Church sepa- 








rates from the Roman. 




1055. The Seljuk Turks 


1056 


Michael VI. (Stratioticus) 




become virtual masters 




becomes emperor. 




of Bagdad though the 
caliphs retain the show 
of authority. 


1057 


Isaac I., (Comnenus) be- 


1057. Scotland:— Macbeth 






comes emperor. 


defeated and killed at 
Langfanan by Tostig, 




1059 


Constantine X. (Ducas) 


earl of Northumberland, 






becomes emperor. 


and Malcolm. Malcolm 
III. (Canmore) becomes 
king. 


1065. Spain: — Alfonso VI. 
king of Leon and of 






1066. Harold II. elected 


Castile (1072). 






king; killed at the 








battle of Hastings. 








William I. duke of 








Normandy, styled "the 








Conqueror." 








End of the Anglo- 








Saxon dynasty. 








Edgar Atheling flies 








to Scotland. 








William I. "the Conquer- 








or," becomes king; first 








of the Norman line. 





90 



TABULAR VIEWS 



IO67 A.D.- 



A.D. 



Progress of Society. 



1070 Lanfranc, archbishop 
Canterbury. 



1080 



1086 



1090 



of 



London Bridge and West- 
minster Hall built. 

Norman French taught in 
all the schools in England 
and made use of in all 
legal proceedings. 



Ecclesiastical. 



France, Germany, Spain. 



Medical school at Salerno 
of great prominence. 



William of Spires, mathe- 
matician. 

Doomsday Book compiled 
by order of William the 
Conqueror. 

Literature patronized in 
the East by the Seljuk 
Sultan, Malek Shah. 



Roscellinus, scholastic, 

founder of Nominalism 



1071. Philip of France en 
gages in a war with 
Robert, count of Hoi 
land. 



1073. Pope Gregory VII 
(Hildebrand), who at 
tempts to free the clergy 
from the civil jurisdic- 
tion. He quarrels with 
the emperor. 

1075. The pope assails si 
mony, clerical marriages, 
and lay investiture. 

1076. A council of German bishops at Worms deposes 
pope; Gregory excommunicates the emperor; 
Henrv's enemies declare him deposed. 

1077. The emperor humbles himself before Gregory 
VII. at Canossa and makes his peace; Rudolph of 
Suabia chosen as rival king. 

1080. Rudolph dies; Henry IV. deposes Gregory for 
his intrigues against him, and causes Clement III. 
to be chosen as antipope. The struggle continues 
until 1085, when Henry triumphs over Gregory, 
who flees to Salerno, and dies in exile. 



1084. Rome sacked by the 
Normans. 



1086. The order of the 
Carthusians instituted 
by Bruno. 

1087. Pope Victor III. 



1088. Pope Urban II. 



1085. Spain: —Toledo taken 
from the Moors by Al- 
fonso VI. (I.) of Leon 
and Castile. 

1086. Spain: — The Al- 
moravides invade Spain 
and crush the Castilians 
in the battle of Zallaca. 

1087. France: — War with 
England; Robert, duke 
of Normandy, opposes 
William Rufus. 



1092. Urban II. supports 1092. Conrad, son of the 



Conrad of Germany 
against his father. 



emperor, rebels and is 
crowned king of Italy. 



IO92 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



91 



A.D. 



Eastern Empire. 



England, etc. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1067 



1071 



1074 
-75 



1078 



1081 



1084 



Michael VIT., emperor 
Romanus IV. (Diogenes), 
co-emperor. He vali 
antly but vainly opposes 
the Turks — is defeated 
and taken prisoner by 
Alp Arslan, at Manzikert 
(1071). 

Ban, the last Byzantine 
possession in Italy, taken 
by the Normans. 



Syria and Palestine sub 
dued by Malek Shah, the 
Seljuk leader. 

Jerusalem taken. 



Nicephorus III. 



Alexius I. (Comnenus) be- 
comes emperor. The em- 
pire invaded by Robert 
Guiscard, the Norman 
who defeats Alexius at 
Durazzo. 

Alexius repels the Normans 
from Larissa. 

After the capture of Jeru 
salem, by the Turks, the 
Christian pilgrims are in 
suited, robbed, and op 
pressed. This, together 
with the appeal of the 
Byzantines for aid, 
gives rise to the Cru- 
sades. — Great struggle 
between Christianity and 
Mohammedanism. 



1068-1069. National rising 
in the north and west 
relentlessly crushed by 
William. 

1070. The feudal system in- 
troduced by the king. All 
the offices of the govern- 
ment placed in the hands 
of Normans. The Nor- 
man language intro- 
duced. 

Malcolm III. of Scot- 
land ravages Durham. 

Rising of English at 
Ely under Hereward the 
Wake. 

1072. Peace between the 
Normans and the Scots 



1067. Boleslav II., of 
land, takes Kieff. 



Po- 



1077. Robert, the king's 
son, raises a rebellion in 
Normandy. 

1079. Robert is defeated 
and submits. 



1086. The Doomsday Book 
compiled for all Eng- 
land, save the northern 
counties. 

1087. William invades 
France and dies at 
l^antes 

William II. (Rufus) be- 
comes king. 

1088. Revolt of the Nor- 
man nobles under Odo 
of Bayeux. 



1076. Denmark:— Harold 
Whetstone. 

1077. Hungary: — Ladislas 
I., the Saint. 

1079. Poland:— Stanislas, 
bishop of Cracow, mur- 
dered. Boleslav II. 
excommunicated and 
dethroned. 
Vladislav I. 



1084. Italy: — Rome taken 
and sacked by the Nor- 
mans. 

Bohemia erected into a 
kingdom by the emperor 
Henry IV. 



1090. Sicily completely 
conquered by Roger the 
Norman, after a war of 
thirty years with its 
masters, the Saracens. 

1092. The Seljuk empire 
falls apart into a number 
of smaller states, Ico- 
nium or Roum, Damas- 
cus, Aleppo, Kerman, 
and Iran. 



9 2 



TABULAR VIEWS 



iog 3 A.D. 



A.D. 



Progress of Society, etc 



1093 



Anselm, archbishop of Can- 
terbury. 



Ecclesiastical. 



i France, Germany, Spain. 



The popes continue the struggle against the empire. 



1094. Valencia taken by 
the Ci'l. 

1095 Beginning of the Crusades. Peter the Hermit preaches against the Turks in all 
the countries of Christendom. 

1095. Portugal made a 
county by Alfonso VI. 
of Leon and Castile. 

The Council of Clermont. 
1096. The First CRUSADE: — Peter the Hermit, and Walter the Pennyless, set out 
with a vast rabble, most of whom perish before the warriors are ready to start. 

The chieftains of the First Crusade were: 

1. Godfrey of Bouillon or 
Boulogne. 

2. Hugh of Vermandois. 

3. Robert of Normandy. 

4. Robert of Flanders. 

5. Stephen of Blois, 

6. Raymond of Toulouse. 

7. Bohemond, son of Rob- 
ert Guiscard. 

8. Tancred, nephew of 
Robert Guiscard. 

St. John of 1099. Pope Paschal II. 1099. Spain:— Death of the 

instituted. Cid and recovery of 

Valencia by the Moors. 



Nathan Ben Jehiel, Jewish 
scholar (a. 1035-1106) 



1099 Knights of 
Jerusalem 



1100 William of Poitiers, chroni 
cler of William the Con- 
queror. 
The dialect of the He de 
France becomes the pre- 
vailing idiom in France. 
— The appearance of 
Gothic architecture. 



1104. Spain:— Alfonso I., 
el Batallador, king. 

1105. Henry IV. of Ger- 
many compelled to abdi- 
cate by his son. 

1106. Ger.: — Henry V. 
becomes emperor — 
maintains the right of 
investiture. 



II07 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



93 



a.d. Eastern Empire. 



England, etc. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1095 



1097 



1099 



The Byzantine emperor 
calls upon western 
Europe for aid against 
the Turks. 



Appearance of the cru- 
saders; great numbers 
pass through Constan- 
tinople. 

Baldwin founds the prin- 
cipality of Edessa. 

Battle of Doryteum, 
which secures the march 
of the crusaders through 
Asia Minor. 



Jerusalem taken by the 
crusaders, under God- 
frey, who becomes ruler. 

Battle of Ascalon and de- 
feat of the Egyptian 
Saracens. 



1093. Scotland .'—Malcolm 
III. invades England 
and is slain near Alnwick 
Castle. 

Anselm made archbishop 
of Canterbury. 

1094. Scot.: — Donald Bane, 
king. 

— Duncan usurps the 

crown. 

William quarrels with 

Anselm. 



1098. Scotland:— Edgar, 
son of Malcolm, puts out 
Donald's eyes and de- 
thrones him. 



1104 Acre taken by the crusa- 
ders. 



1100. William II. acci- 
dentally shot by Sir 
Walter Tyrel. 

Henry I. (Beauclerc) be- 
comes king, marries Ma- 
tilda, daughter of Mal- 
colm, a descendant of 
Edward the Confessor, 
thus uniting the Norman 
and Saxon interests. 

1101. Henry grants the 
Charter of Liberties. 

Robert, duke of Nor- 
mandy, invadesEngland. 



1106. Henry invades Nor- 
mandy; takes Robert 
prisoner at the battle of 
Tinchebrai. 

Scotland : — Alexan- 
der I. 

1107. Henry's quarrel with 
Anselm concluded. 



1095. Hungary: — Coloman, 
king. 



1098. Egypt:— The Fati- 
mites take Jerusalem. 



1101. China; — Emperor 
Hwuy-Tsung calls in 
the aid of the Neu-che 
Tatars who expel the 
Khitan Tatars from Liao- 
Tung and make them- 
selves masters of the 
region. 

1102. Poland:— Boleslav 
III. 

1103. Denmark:— Niels, 
king. 



1105. Italy:— Venice, Ge- 
noa, and Pisa greatly en- 
riched by the Crusades. 



94 



TABULAR VIEWS 



II08 A.D.- 



A.D. 



Progress op Society. 



Ecclesiastical. 



France, Germany, Spain. 



1118 



1120 



1140 
1142 



The Knights 
founded. 



Templars 



Hariri, Arabian poet. 

Anna Comnena, daughter 
of Alexius I., Eastern 
emperor, historian. 

Scholastic philosophy at- 
tains full development 
in the writings of Peter 
Abelard. 

Peter, the Lombard (Mas- 
ter of Sentences), scho 
lastic 

Geoffrey of Monmouth, 
historian. 

Aristotle's logic comes into 
repute through the Arab- 
ians. 

The revival of the study of 
the Civil Law under 
Irnerius at Bologna. 



Hugo of St. Victor, mystic, 

The establishment of the 
Canon Law by the De- 
cretum of Gratian. 

William of Malmesbury, 
English historian. 

Otho, bishop of Freising, 
chronicler. 

Benjamin of Tudela, a Jew. 
travels from Spain to 
India, byConstantinople, 
and returns through 
Egypt. 

Henry of Huntingdon 
English chronicler. 



1111. Emperor Henry V. 
compels Paschal II. to 
renounce the right of 
investiture. 

1116. Invasion by the 
emperor causes the pope 
to flee from Rome, 

1118. Pope Gelasius II. 

1119. Pope Calixtus II. 



1123. First Lateran Council 

1124. Pope Honorius II. 



1128. Honorius struggles 
against Roger, king of 
Sicily. 

1130. Innocent II. and An- 
acletus II., rival popes 



1108. France: — Louis VI., 
(Le Gros) becomes king, 
Abbe Suger, counsellor. 

1109. Alfonso I. of Aragon 
rules over Leon and 
Castile in right of his 
wife. 

1110. Ger. : — Henry V. 
enters Italy, and compels 
the pope to crown him, 

1114. Henry V. marries 
Matilda, of England. 



1118. Spain: — Alfonso I. 
of Aragon captures Sar- 
agossa. 



1125. Germany: — Lothair 
II., emperor. 

— opposed by Frederick 
and Conrad of Suabia. 

1126. Spain: -Alfonso VII., 
king, Leon and Castile. 



1134. Spain:— Garcia IV., 
king of Navarre. 

Ramiro II., king of 
Aragon. 



1136. Lothair invades Italy 
and overruns the south- 
ern partof the peninsula. 

1137. A pretended Messiah 1137. France: — Louis VII. 
in France. (le Jeune). 

1138. — another in Persia. 1138. Germany: — House of 

Suabia. 

Conrad I., first of 
the Hohenstaufen em- 
perors . 

Dissensions of the 
Guelfs and Ghibelines. 
1139. Portugal becomes a 
kingdom after the battle 
of Ourique, under Al- 
fonso I., of the House of 
Burgundy. 



1139. Second Lateran 
Council. 



1143. Pope Celestine II. 

1144. Pope Lucius II. 

1145. Pope Eugenius III. 



1146. The Almohades in- 
vade Spain. 



1147. The Second Crusade preached by St. Bernard 
and joined by the emperor Conrad and Louis VII. of 
France. 



1 148 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



95 



a.d. Eastern Empire. 



England, etc. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1109 Tripoli taken by crusaders 
and erected into a 
county for Raymond 
of Toulouse. 



1118 

1123 
1124 

1126 



1137 



1143 

1144 

1146 



1147 
1148 



John II. (Comnenus). 



The Patzinaks defeated at 
Berrhcea in Thrace. 

Tyre taken by the cru- 
saders. 



John II. wages successful 
war against the Turks. 



John II. defeats the Arme- 
nians of Cilicia. 



Manuel Comnenus be- 
comes emperor, 

Edessa retaken by the 
Turks, gives rise to the 
Second Crusade. 

Thebes and Corinth plun- 
dered by the Sicilians. 

Failure of the Second 
Crusade after enormous 
losses. 



1114. Matilda, daughter of 
Henry I., marries the 
emperor Henry V. 



1120. Shipwreck and death 
of Prince William. 



1124. Scotland:— David I. 
promotes civilization. 



1127. Matilda, daughter of 
Henry I., marries Geof- 
frey Plantagenet. 



1135. Stephen of Blois. 

1136. Matilda asserts her 
right to the throne; 

David, king of Scot- 
land, assists her. 

1138. — is defeated in the 
"battle of the Standard' 
at Northallerton. 



1139. Civil war: Stephen 

and Matilda. 
1141. Stephen made pris 

oner at the battle of 

Lincoln. 



1117. Persia: — San jar sub- 
dues Khorasan and 
Samarkand. 



1121. Norway: Sigurd the 
Jerusalemite, king. 



1 127. Roger of Sicily brings 
about the union of Sicily 
and Naples. 

China: Kaou-Tsung, em- 
peror; during his 
reign the Neu-che or 
Kin Tartars conquer the 
country to the Yang-tse- 
Kiang. 

1135. (1130?). Sweden:— 
Sverker I. 



1147 (about). Russia: — 
Moscow rises to rank of 
a city. 



9 6 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1 1 50 A.D.- 



A.D. 



1150 



Progress of Society, etc. 



Ecclesiastical. 



France, Germany, Spain. 



1158 



116; 



1175 



1176 



(about). 

Paris. 
Aben Ezra, of 

Jewish scholar. 



University of 



Toledo 



1153. Pope Anastasius IV. 



1154. Pope Hadrian IV 
(an Englishman, Nicho 
las Breakspeare). 

1155. Arnold, of Brescia 
condemned and burnt 

1156. Order of the Car 
melites instituted. 



Bank of Venice established. 



{about). Oxford schools 
made a university. 

Collegesof theology, philos- 
ophy, and law at Paris. 

English commerce confined 
to the exportation of 
wool. 



Eustathius, bishop of 
Thessalonica, commen- 
tator on Homer. 

Confirmation of the mili- 
tary order of Santiago. 

Circuit judges appointed 
in England. 



1159. Pope Alexander III 
Victor IV., antipope. 



1164. Paschal III., anti- 
pope. 



1152. France: — Louis di- 
vorces his queen, Elea- 
nor, who marries Henry 
of Anjou. afterwards 
king of England; thus 
Guienne and Poitou are 
lost to France. 

Germany and Italy: — 
Fre lerick I. (Barbar- 
ossa), emperor. 



1156. The electoral college 
appears. 



1157. Spain: — Castile and 
Leon divided under Fer- 
dinand II. and Sancho 
III. 

] 158. Germany: — The em- 
peror Frederick crosses 
into Italy and in the diet 
of Roncaglia defines the 
rights of the Lombard 
cities. 

1162. Frederick destroys 
Milan. 

Spain: — Alfonso II., 
king of Aragon, in- 
cluding Barcelona. 



1167. Rome taken by Frederick Barbarossa. 



1168. Calixtus III., anti- 
pope. 

1170. The Waldenses and 
Albigenses begin to ap- 
pear. 



1170. France: — The rise of 
the Waldenses. They 
derived their name from 
Peter Waldo, a merchant 
of Lyons. 



1174. Frederick Barbaros- 
sa's last expedition into 
Italy. 



1176. Frederick defeated in 
the battle of Legnano by 
the Lombard cities. 

Henry the Lion re- 
bels. 



1 1 77 a.d. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY 



97 



a.d. Eastern Empire. 


England etc. 


The World, elsewhere. 






1152. Henry Plantagenet 








marries Eleanor of Aqui- 








taine (.Gaienne) and 








invades England. 








1153. Treaty of Walling- 








ford gives succession to 








Henrv. 








1154. — Henry II., (Planta- 








genet). 








1155. Thomas a Becket 


1155. Sweden: — Eric IX. 






becomes chancellor. 


the Saint. 

1156. Japan: — Beginning 
of war between the clans 
of the Taira and the 
Minamoto; the latter 
defeated, found an in- 
dependent power with 
Kamakura as the capi- 
tal. 

1157. Denmark: — Valde- 
mar I. 

1158. Venice a great 
maritime power. 

1160. Sweden:— Karl Sver- 
kersson. 






1162. Becket made arch- 








bishop of Canterbury. 








1163. — opposes the king. 


1163. Sweden: — Arch- 






1164. — resists the consti- 


bishopric of Upsala 






tutions of Clarendon- 


founded. 






flees to France. 








1165. Scotland: — William. 








1106. Assize of Clarendon 








regulating the admin- 




1167 


The Byzantines overwhelm 


istration of justice. 


1167. Italy: — League of 




a Hungarian army near 




the Italian cities to pre- 




Zeugmin. 


1170. Becket returns to 
England, and is mur- 
dered. 


serve their liberties 
against the emperor. 


1171 


Outbreak of war with 


1171-1172. Henry con- 


1171. Egypt:— Saladin. 




Venice. 


quers Ireland. 


sultan. 

He extends his do- 
minions in Egypt, Syria, 
and Mesopotamia. 


1173 


The Venetian fleet disor- 




1173. Poland: — Miecislas 




ganized by pestilence. 




III. 


1174 


The Venetians confirmed 


1174. Treaty of Falaise, in 






in their commercial 


which William the Lion 






rights. 


agrees to do homage for 
Scotland. 

Henry makes a pil- 
grimage to the shrine of 
Becket. 




1176 


The Byzantines over- 


1176. The Assize of North- 






whelmed by the Seljuks 


ampton requires an oath 






at Myriokephalon in 


of fealty from all 


1177. Poland: — Casimir 




Phrygia. 


Englishmen. 


(the Just). 



9 8 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1 1 79 A.D.- 



A.D. 



Progress of Society, etc. 



Ecclesiastical. 



France, Germany, Spain. 



1180 



1189 



1190 



Robert Wace, Anglo-Nor- 
man poet. Translation 
of his Brut by Layamon 
one of the first English 
compositions. 

John Tzetzes, Greek gram- 
marian. 



(Moses ben 
Jewish theo- 



Maimonides 

Maimon), 

logian. 
Roger, of Hoveden, chron 

icier. 



Treatise on English law 
ascribed to Ranulph de 
Glanville. 



Massacre of the Jews at 
the coronation of Rich 
ard I. 

Teutonic order instituted 

Abu Bekr ibn Tophail, 
philosophical writer. 

Averroes, Arabic philoso 
pher, introduced Aris 
totelianism into Europe. 



1179. Innocent (III.) anti- 
pope. 

The Waldenses spread 
over the valley of Pied 
mont. They circulated 
the sacred Scriptures. 
They were the forerun- 
ners of Protestantism 
Condemned by the 
Eleventh General Coun- 
cil, and severely perse- 
cuted. 

Third Lateran, or 
Eleventh General Coun 
cil. 

1181. Pope Lucius III. 



1185. Pope Urban III. 



1187. Pope Gregory VIII. 
Pope Clement III. 



1180. France:— Philip II., 
(Augustus,) 

Henry the Lion de- 
prived of Bavaria and 
Saxony. 

1183. The Peace of Con- 
stance re-establishes the 
rights of the Lombard 
cities. 



1188. Spain :— Alfonso IX. 
king of Leon. 



1189 Third Crusade led by Philip Augustus, of 
France, Richard, of England, and Frederick Bar- 
barossa. 

1190. Ger.: — Henry VI., 



1191. Pope Celestine III. 



1198. Pope Innocent III, 



emperor. 



1192. Richard Coeur de 
Lion in captivity in 
Germany. 



1194. The two Sicilies 
united to the empire. 

1198. Philip, of Suabia, 
and Otho, of Brunswick, 
dispute the German 
crown; the former sup- 
ported by the Ghibelines 
and the latter by the 
Guelfs, 



1199 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



99 



A.D. 



Eastern Empire. 



England etc. 



1180 



Alexius II. 
peror. 



becomes em 



1183| Andronicusl. becomes em 
peror. 

1185 Isaac II. (Angelus) be- 
comes emperor. 



1186 



Bulgarians revolt and 
establish new kingdom. 



1190Iconium taken by Fred- 
erick Barbarossa, but 
afterwards restored. 



1195 



Alexius III. becomes em- 
peror. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1181. The Assize of Arms 

regulates the national 1182. Denmark: — Canute 



defence and subjects 
personal property to 
taxation 



1185. John, in Ireland. 



VI. 



1183. Saladin takes Aleppo. 

1185. Portugal: — Sane ho 
I. 

Japan: — The Taira 
clan is defeated in the 
battle of Dannoura and 
exterminated. TheMina- 
moto in supreme control 
under Yoritomo. 

1186. The last of the Ghaz- 
nevides, ruling at La- 
hore, overthrown by 
Mahmud of Ghor. 

1187. Saladin gains the 
victory of Tiberias, and 
takes Jerusalem, which 
leads to 

1189. The Third Crusade. 



1188. Collection of the 
Saladin tithe, first tax 
on movables. 

1189. Richard I. (Coeurde 
Lion) becomes king, be 
engages in the Third 
Crusade. 

1191. Kingdom of Cyprus 
founded under Guy of 
Lusignan. 

Acre taken by the 
crusaders. 
1192. Richard makes a truce with Saladin; end of the 
Third Crusade. 



Richard, returning home 
in disguise, through 
Germany, is imprisoned. 
Is ransomed by his sub- 
jects for 10,000 marks 
(1194). 



1193. John plots to seize 
the crown in the absence 
of Richard. 



1199. Richard dies. 
John (Lackland) 
comes king. 



be- 



1192. Japan: — Yoritomo 
rules at Kamakura as 
first shogun. 



1193. Saladin dies. 

Poland: — Lesco (the 
white). 



L0FC 



IOO 



TABULAR VIEWS 



I200 A.D. 



A.D. 



Progress of Society, etc. 



Ecclesiastical. 



France, Germany, Spain. 



1200 



Under Innocent III. the papal power attains its climax; its supremacy over 
the secular power fully established. 



The University of Bologna 
said to be attended by 
10,000 students. — The 
University of Paris 
rises into prominence. 

Villehardouin, Saxo Gram- 
maticus, chroniclers. 

Amalric of Bena and David 
of Dinant, mystics. 



1200. The pope places France under an interdict. 



1202. The Fourth Crusade under Boniface of Mont- 
ferrat. 



1209 



1208. Crusade against the 
Albigenses. 
The order of Franciscan friars instituted. 



Cambridge 
founded 



University 
(about). 



Period of the Troubadours 
and Trouveres in France ; 
and the Minnesinger in 
Germany. 



1204. Normandy united to 
France. 



1213. Albigenses defeated 
at Muret. 



1215. Fourth Lateran, and 
twelfth General Council 
against the Albigenses 
and all heretics. The 
doctrines of transub 
stantiationand auricular 
confession established 

The inquisition estab- 
lished in southern France 

1216. Pope Honorius III 



1217. The Fifth Crusade 
under Andrew II., king 
of Hungary. 



1208. Germany : — Philip, 
rival emperor, dies and 
Otho is crowned as Otho 
IV. 

Assault on the count of 
Toulouse, protector of 
the Albigenses. 

1210. Germany: — Otho ex- 
communicated by the 
pope. 

1212. Spain:— The Chris- 
tians gain the battle of 
Navas de Tolosa, de- 
cisive in the control of 
the country. 



1214. Germany :— Otho 
and the English defeated 
by the French in the 
battle of Bouvines. 

1215. Frederick II., em- 
peror. 



1217. Spain: — Saint Ferdi- 
nand, king of Castile. 



1217 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY 



IOI 



Easetrn Empire. 



England, etc. 



The World, elsewhere. 



202 The crusaders and the 
Venetians take and plun- 
der the city of Zara. 

1203 Isaac II. and Alexius IV. 

rule. 

1204 The crusaders overthrow 

the Greek empire and 
choose Baldwin of Flan- 
ders emperor of Con- 
stantinople after parti- 
tioning the landsof the 
empire among them- 
selves and Venice. 
Theodore Lascaris es 
tablishes the empire of 
Niccea in Asia Minor. 
5 Henry, second Latin em 
peror of Constantinople 



1204. England loses Nor- 
mandy, Maine, and 
Anjou. 



1216 



Peter of Courtenay be- 
comes emperor. 



1206. Innocent III. orders 
election of Stephen 
Langton as archbishop 
of Canterbury. 

120S. The kingdom laid 
under an interdict. 

1209. John excommuni- 
cated. 



1213. The pope declares 
John a usurper and 
orders Philip of France 
to invade England ; John 
submits to hold his 
crown as a vassal of 
the pope. 

1214. Scotland:— Alexan- 
der II. 



1215. Magna Charta signed 
at Runnymede 



1200. Japan:— The death 
of Yoritomo is followed 
by the fall of Minamoto 
who are succeeded by the 
Hojo clan. 

1202. Denmark: — Valde- 
mar II. 

Livonia: — Institution 
of the order of Knights 
Sword bearers to con- 
quer the pagan Prus- 
sians. 



1206. Genghis Khan be- 
comes emperor of the 
Mongols. 

The death of Mahmud 
of Ghor is followed by the 
dismemberment of his 
empire. 

The sultanate of Delhi 
arises. 



1216. Henry III. becomes 
king. 

Earl Of Pembroke, 
protector. 

1217. Defeat of the French 
under Prince Louis at 
Lincoln. 

Magna Charta con- 
firmed. 



1215. Genghis Khan takes 
Pekin and conquers 
northern China. 



1217. Norway:— Haco IV. 



102 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1219 A.D. 



Progress op Society, etc. 



Ecclesiastical. 



France, Germany, Spain. 



1222 



1230 



1240 



1243 



1248 



1250 



1253 



University 
founded. 



of Padua 



Alexander of 
scholastic. 



Hales 



St. Edmund 
bury dies. 



of Canter- 



The University of Sala 
manca founded. 



{about). Foundation of the 
Alhambra near Granada. 



Rubruquis travels among 

the Mongols. 
Matthew Paris, chronicler 



{about). Foundation of the 
Sorbonne. 



1227. Pope Gregory IX. 



1229. The Inquisition at 
Toulouse. 

The Scriptures for 
bidden to all laymen. 



1241. Pope Celestine IV. 

The Flagellants. 
1243. Pope Innocent IV. 
Continual struggles 
with the emperor 
Frederick. 
1245. General Council of 
Lyons proclaims depo 
sition of Frederick II. 



1254. Pope Alexander IV. 

The order of Celestines 

founded. 



1219. New crusade against 
the Albigen6es. 



1223. France:— Louis VIII 
becomes king. 



1226. France:— Louis IX. 
king, under the regency 
of Blanche of Castile. 

1228. Germany: — Crusade 
of the emperor after be- 
ing excommunicated. 

1230. Spain:— Castile and 
Leon united by Ferdi- 
nand III., who takes 
Cordova, Seville, and 
Cadiz from the Moors. 

1239. Germany: — Fred- 
erick II. again excom- 
municated. 



1241. The Mongols defeat 
the Teutonic Knights 
and the Silesians at 
Wahlstatt. — The begin- 
ning of the Hanseatic 
League. 

1246. Henry of Thuringia 
set up for emperor by 
the pope, and 

1247. William, of Holland. 

1248. France:— Louis IX. 
sets out on his first 
crusade. 

1249. He is defeated at 
Damietta in Egypt and 
forced to abandon the 
country. 

1250. Insurrection of the 
Pastorels in southern 
France. 

Germany: — Conrad IV. 
and William of Holland 
reign as rival emperors. 
1252. Spain:— Alfonso X. 
king of Castile and Leon. 

1254. Louis IX. returns to 
France from Palestine. 

1256. Beginning of the 
Great Interregnum in 
Germany. 



1258 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



103 



A.D. 



Eastern Empire. 



England, etc. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1221 



Robert becomes emperor. 



1222 John Ducas, emperor of 
Nicaea. 



1228 



1237 



1242 
1244 



Baldwin II. and John of 
Brienne, co-emperors. 



Baldwin II., sole ruler. 



The Mongols in Asia Minor. 

The Khorasmians take 
Jerusalem. 



1255 



Victorious campaign of the 
Byzantines against Bul- 
garia. 



1224. Poitou occupied by 
the king of France. 



1230. First expedition of 
Henry III into France 
for the recovery of his 
estates. 



1240. Richard, earl of 
Cornwall, heads an un 
successful crusade. 



1242. Henry III. makes 
second expedition into 
France — unsuccessful . 



1249. Scotland: — Alexan 
der III. 

— Repulses Haco, king 
of Norway — obtains the 
Scottish Isles. 



1258. The Provisions of 
Oxford. 



1219. Japan: — The sho- 
gunate seized by the 
Fujiwara. 

1221. The Khorasmian 
empire overthrown by 
Genghis Khan. 

1222. Hungary: — Charter 
of Andrew II., the 
Golden Bull, founda- 
tion of the national 
liberty. 

1224. First Mongolian in- 
vasion of Russia. 



1236. Italy:— War of the 
Lombard cities with 
Frederick II. of Ger- 
many. 



1240. Second invasion of 
Europe by the Mongols, 
under Batu Khan. 
Russia subdued. 

1241. Denmark:— Eric VI. 

1242. Alexander Nevski, 
Prince of Novgorod, de- 
feats the Livonian 
Knights of the Sword on 
Lake Peipus. 



1250. Egypt:— The Mame- 
lukes rule — take Da- 
mascus and Aleppo. 



1258. Hulaku Khan enters 
Persia, takes Bagdad, 
and puts an end to the 
caliphate. 

Beginning of the great 
wars between Venice 
and Genoa. 



104 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1259 A.D.- 



A.D. 



Progress of Society, etc. 



Ecclesiastical. 



France, Germany, Spain. 



1261 Private war and judicial 
combats suppressed in 
France by the laws of 
St. Louis. 



1265 



1270 



1280 



Parliament in England. 

The monastic orders by 
their wealth, rigid dis- 
cipline, and popular in- 
fluence become power- 
ful aids to pontifical 
ambition. 

Peter of Albano, astrologer 
physician, and naturalist 



Bonaventura, mystic. 

Thomas Aquinas, greatest 
of scholastics. 

Albertus Magnus, philoso- 
pher. 

Literature and science 
flourish in Spain, under 
Alfonso X., the Learned, 
of Castile. 

Complete separation of the 
three great courts of law 
in England, Exchequer, 
King's Bench, and 
Common Pleas. 

Marco Polo travels in the 
East as far as Pekin. 



Roger Bacon, of Oxford, 
pioneer of science. 

Robert, of Gloucester, 
author of a metrical 
chronicle of England. 



1261. Pope Urban IV. 
He offers the crown 
of Sicily to Charles of 
Anjou. 



1265. Pope Clement IV. 



1266. The pope succeeds in his long struggle for the 
dominion of southern Italy, and places Charles of 
Anjou on the throne of Naples. 



1268. No pope for about 
three years. 



1271. Pope Gregory X. 



1273. Gregory receives the 
county of Venaissin. 

1274. General council at 



1269. Pragmatic Sanction 
— foundation of the 
liberties of the Gallican 
Church. 

1270. France: — Louis IX. 
sets out on his second 
crusade, and dies before 
Tunis — succeeded by 
—Philip III. (The Bold). 

1271. Toulouse falls to the 
French crown. 

1273. Ger.:— Rudolph, em- 
peror, founds the house 
of Hapsburg. 
Lyons; temporary re -union 



of the Eastern and Western Churches. 



1276. Pope Innocent V. 

" Hadrian V. 
" John XXI. 

1277. Pope Nicholas III. 
enriching his family at 
the expense of the 
Church — he introduces 
Nepotism. 



1276. France at war with 
Castile. 



1278. Ottokar II. of Bo- 
hemia overthrown by 
Rudolph and the Bo- 
hemian empire dissolved . 



I28o A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



105 



A.D. 



Eastern Empire. 



England, etc. 



1259 
1261 



Michael Palaeologus em 
peror of Niccea, — 
recovers Constantinople 

and overthrows the Latin 

empire. 



1268 Bibars of Egypt takes 
Antioch and Jaffa. 



1263 (.about). Alexander 
III. of Scotland defeats 
Norwegians at Largs. 

1264. Simon de Montfort 
defeats the king's forces 
at Lewes. 

1265. First regular parlia- 
ment. — Prince Edward 
gains the battle of 
Evesham. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1274 



Temporary union with the 
Latin Church. 



1270. Prince Edward joins 
the crusade of Louis IX 



1272. Edward I., king. 



1275. Statute of West- 
minster is passed, effect- 
ing extensive improve- 
ments in the laws of the 
realm 

1277. War between Eng- 
land and Wales. 

1278. All Jews in England 
arrested on the charge 
of clipping the coin. 



1260. Bibars becomes sul- 
tan of Egypt. 

1262 (.about). Norway: — 
Iceland subjected. 

Greenland tributary 
to Norway. 

1263. Magnus II. king. 



1264. China:— Kublai 
Khan builds Pekin, and 
makes it his capital. 

1265. Abaka Khan of 
Persia. 

1266. Magnus, of Norway, 
cedes to Scotland the 
Hebrides and the Isle of 
Man. 

1268. Death of Conrad in. 
the last of the Hohen- 
staufen. 



1270. Hungary:— Stephen 
V. becomes king. 



1272. Hungary: Ladislas 
IV., king. 



1279. The " Statute 
Mortmain passed. 



of 



1279. Sweden: — Magnus I. 
king. 

Russia: — Hanseatic 
settlement at Novo- 
gorod. 

China visited by Marco 
Polo. 

Poland: — Lesco II, 
becomes king. 

Portugal: — Diniz the 
Great. 

1280. Norway:— Eric II. 
becomes king. 

Kublai Khan, emperor 
of all China, founder of 
the Mongol dynasty. 



io6 



TABULAR VIEWS 



I28l A.D.- 



A.D. 



Progress of Society, etc. 



Ecclesiastical. 



France, Germany, Spain. 



1290 



1300 



1302 



1303 



1281. Pope Martin IV.; he 
is the instrument of 
Charles of Anjou in the 
latter's contest with the 
Byzantine emperor, 

Michael Polaeologus and 
Peter III. of Aragon. 

1285. Pope Honorius IV. 



1288. Pope Nicholas IV. 

Nicholas IV. patronizes civil and religious literature 
and improves and embellishes Rome. 

{about). University of 
Coimbra (Lisbon) found- 
ed. 

Raymond Lully, philoso- 
pher, scholar, and 
scientist. 

Thomas the Rhymer, Scot- 
tish poet. 

Cimabue, the first of 
modern painters at 
Florence. 

Arnolfo di Lapo or de Cam- 
bio, the father of modern 
Italian architecture. 

The influence of the 
Crusades was great — 
expanding the mind ol 
Europe — refining the 
general manners — ex- 
citing a spirit of geogra 
phical research and ad 
venture — and promoting 
improvement in the arts 
and sciences — thus un- 
dermining instead of 
strengthening the power 
of medievalism by ad- 
vancing liberal ideas and 
freedom of thought. 

Rapid advances in civil- 
ization. — Revival of an 
cient learning. — Im 
provements in the arts 
and sciences — and pro 
gress of liberty. 

Ormin, author of the Ormulum 
the old English dialect 



1292. The papal chair 
vacant two years. 

1294. Celestine V. 
Pope Boniface VIII. 

The papacy renews its 
pretensions to supre- 
macy. 

1296. Struggles with 
France. 

The Bull Clericis 
Laicos. 

1297. Canonization of 
Louis IX. 



a book of homilies in 



The Mariner's Compass 
said to have been in 
vented at Naples, by 
Gioia, native of Amalfi 

University at Avignon re 
cognized by papal Bull 

Dante, the father of 
modern Italian poetry 
flourishes. 



1302. The Bull Unam 
Sanctam asserts the su 
premacy of the Church 

1303. Pope Boniface VIII. 
dies. 

Pope Benedict XI. 
— The papal power 
declines. 



1282. Germany: — Rudolph 
invests his sons with the 
duchies of Austria, 
Styria, and Carniola. 



1285. France :— Philip IV. 
(the Fair.) 

Spain: — Alfonso III., 
king of Aragon. 



1291. Spain: — James II., 
king of Aragon. 

1292. Germany: — Adolph 
I., of Nassau, emperor. 

1294. Gascony occupied by 
the French. 

1295. Spain: — Ferdinand 
IV., king of Castile and 
Leon. 

War declared between 
England and France. 



1297. Adolph confirms the 
canton of Schwyz in its 
rights. 



1298. Germany: — Adolph 
killed in battle at Goll- 
heim. 

Albert I., son of Ru- 
dolph, of Hapsburg, 
emperor. 



1302. First convocation of 
the States-General in 
France having repre- 
sentatives from the 
towns. 

The French defeated 
by the Flemings at 
Courtrai. 



1303 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



107 



Eastern Empire. 



England, etc. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1282 



Andronicus II. 



1288 



Othman begins to lay the 
foundations of the Turk 
ish power in Asia Minor. 



1291 



Capture of Acre by the 
Mamelukes — end of the 
European states 
Asia Minor. 

The Genoese obtain the 
trade of the Black Sea 
and rise to great power. 



1299 



Othman assumes the title 
of Emir. 



1303 



The Catalan Grand Com 
pany under Roger de 
Flor enters the service 
of the Byzantines. 



1282. Llewellyn of Wales 
defeated and slain. 



1284. Wales subjugated. 

1285. The second Statute 
of Westminster effects 
important reforms in 
legislation and legal pro 
cedure. 



1290. Jews expelled from 
England. 

The Statute of Quia 
Emptores passed. 
Scotland: — Death of Mar- 
garet, the maid of Nor- 
way, and beginning of 
contest between Baliol 
and Bruce. 

1291. Edward decides the 
Scottish dispute in favor 
of Baliol. 



1294.5 War declared against 
France. 

1296. Edward subdues 
Scotland; Baliol sub- 
mits to Edward . 



1297. Edward issues the 
ConfirmaHo Cartarum. 

Scotland: — Sir William 
Wallace. — Sir William 
Douglas, Robert Bruce, 
and other chiefs head a 
rebellion against the 
English, who are de- 
feated at Stirling. 

1298. The Scots defeated 
at Falkirk by King 
Edward I. 



1303. Edward 
Scotland . 



invades 



1282. Sicilian Vespers : 
Massacre of the French 
in Sicily. Peter of Aragon 
invited to rule Sicily. 

1284. Genoese destroy the 
Pisan power at Meloria. 

1285. Separation of Sicily 
from Naples. 

1286. Denmark:— Eric VI. 
becomes king. 



1290. 

III. 



Hungary: — Andrew 
, the Venetian. 



1291. The League of the 
Forest Cantons in Swit- 
zerland organized. 



1295. Poland:— Vladislav 
the Dwarf, founder of 
Polish greatness. 

Matteo Visconti be- 
comes master of Milan. 

1297. Closing of the great 
Council in Venice. 



1298. Genoa defeats Venice 
at Curzola . 

1299. Venice concludes a 
treaty with the Turks. 

1301, Hungary: — Death of 
Andrew the Venetian. 

Extinction of the 
house of Arpad. 
— Wenceslas III. of Bo- 
hemia disputes crown 
with Charles Robert of 
Anjou. 

1302. End of the war be- 
tween the Angevin 
rulers of Naples and the 
Aragonese of Sicily. 



io8 



TABULAR VIEWS 



I304 A.D.- 



A.D. 



Progress of Society, etc. 



Ecclesiastical. 



France, Germany, Spain. 



1305 



1308 



1309 



1310 



Amid the struggles of the 

Guelfs and GhibellinesJ 1305. Pope Clement V. 
Italy becomes the cradle 
of modern literature and 
improving civilization. 

University at Orleans re- 
cognized by Papal Bull 
(founded about 1220). 



University at Perugia re- 
cognized by Papal Bull. 

University at Coimbra (re- 
moved from Lisbon.) 

Duns Scotus, celebrated 
scholastic (d. about 
1308.) 

Knights of St. John 
establish themselves at 
Rhodes. 

The barons in England ex 
tort from Edward IT 
a reformation of abuses 
Parliaments are to be 
held every year, and to 
appoint to all important 
offices. 



1304. France is victorious 
over Flanders. 

Germany: — The Swiss 
towns rise into impor- 
tance — oppressed by the 
House of Hapsburg. 

1306. Persecution of the 
Jews in France; they 
are banished from the 
country. 

1307. Persecution of the 
Knights Templars in 
France. 



1308. Germany: — Henry of 
Luxemburg, emperor. 
1309. Seat of the popes transferred to Avignon. 



1321 Dante dies. 

Marsilius of Padua up- 
holds individual freedom 
of faith and the secular 
authority against the 
Papacy. 
Romance poetry of the 
Middle Ages flourishes. 

1349 Thomas of Bradwardin, 
Archbishop of Canter- 
bury, and celebrated 
scholastic, d. 



The Papacy entirely 
under the control of the 
French king, in whose 
interests its powers are 
utilized. 



1311. General Council at 
Vienne. Orderof Knights 
Templars abolished. 



1314. Another vacancy in 
the papal chair of more 
than two years. 



1316. Pope John XXII. 



1324. Beginning of the 
contest of the popes 
with Louis of Bavaria. 

1327. Louis proclaimed 
emperor at Milan. 



1309. Snain: — Ferdinand 
IV. takes Gibraltar. 



1310. The House of Lux- 
emburg established in 
Bohemia. 



1312. Lyons united to 

France. 

Spain: — Alfonso XI. 

of Castile and Leon. 
1314. Germany: — Louis of 

Bavaria, and Frederick 

of Austria, contend for 

the crown. 



1314. France: — Louis X., 
(Hutin) becomes king. 

1315. Battle of Morgarten 
— the Austrians defeated 
by the Swiss. 

1316. France:— Philip V. 
the (Long), King. The 
Salic law now first estab- 
lished (1317) excluding 
women from the throne. 



1322. France: — Charles 

IV. becomes king. 

Germany: — Frederick 

of Austria defeated and 

taken prisoner. 
1324. Germany: — Louis 

excommunicated by John 

XXII. — appeals to a 

general council. 



1327 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



IO9 



A.D. 



Eastern Empire. 



England etc. 



The World, elsewhere. 



130G 



1307 



1308 



1310 
1311 



1321 

1326 
1327 



Roger de Flor assassinated. 



Aladdin III., last Seljuk 
ruler of Iconium dies. — 
Othman makes himself 
independent. 

The Catalans defeat the 
imperial forces at Apros 
and enter Greece. 



The Knights of St. John 
of Jerusalem established 
at Rhodes. 

The Catalans conquer At 
tica after winning the 
battle of the Cephisus 
(1310). 



Civil war between Andron 
icus II. and his grand 
son, later Andronicus 
III. 



Death of Othman. — Ork 
han, son of Othman 
makes Prusa his capital 

Nicomedia taken by Ork- 
han. 



1305. Wallace betrayed 
and beheaded. — Scot- 
land submits. 

Edward recovers Gui- 
enne. 

1306. Scotland: — Uprising 
under Robert Bruce, who 
is crowned king. 

1307. Eng.: Edward II 
becomes king. 

Scotland. : — Bruce 
strengthens himself by 
repeated advantages. 



1310. Eng.:— The nobles 
rise against the favorite, 
Gaveston, and 21 Lords 
Ordainers are appointed. 

1312. Death of Gaveston. 



1.314. Edward II. invades 
Scotland, and is de- 
feated at the battle of 
Bannockburn. 

1315. The power is in the 
hands of the Lords 
Ordainers under Thomas 
of Lancaster. 



1322. Lancaster defeated 
and executed. 

1323. Truce between Eng- 
land and Scotland. 



1327. Edward III. becomes 
king. 



1309. Hungary: — Charles 

Robert of Anjou, king. 

Naples: — Robert, the 

wise. He aspires to the 

dominion of Italy. 



1310. Italy:— The Council 
of Ten established at 
Venice. 

1311. Italy- — Matteo Vis- 
conti, lord of Milan, 
restored by the emperor. 



1318. Genoa assisted by 
Robert of Naples against 
the Ghibellines. 

Swede n: — Magnus 
Smek, becomes king. 

Denmark: — Christo- 
pher II. king. 
1320. Italy: — Castruccio, 
lord of Lucca and Pisa. 



1327. Italy: — Invaded by 
Louis IV., emperor of 
Germany. 



no 



TABULAR VIEWS 



I328 A.D. 



A.D. 



Progress of Society, etc. 



Ecclesiastical. 



France, Germany, Spain 



1334 



1335 



1346 



1347 



1350 



1356 



Giotto, Italian architect, 
sculptor, and painter, 
pupil of Cimabue, made 
chief architect of the 
Florentine Cathedral. 



Greek literature revives. — 
Barlaam teaches Pe- 
trarch. — Leontius lec- 
tures on Homer at 
Florence. 

Giottino, Florentine paint- 
er. 



1328. Crusade preached 1328. France:— Philip VI. 
against Louis,_ who de-j of Valois becomes king. 



poses John XXII., and 
sets up Nicholas V. as 
antipope. 



1334. Pope Benedict XII. 



1338. The pope loses the 
right of confirming the 
election of a German 
emperor. 

Struggles in Rome be- 
tween the Colonna and 
the Orsini. 



Gunpowder in use at the 
battle of Crecy, though 
known to Roger Bacon 
as early as 1270. 

Democracy at Rome, under 
Tribunes. 

William of Occam, greatest 
of nominalist scholastics 

Manufactures improve in 
England : — Commerce 
increases. 

Bartolus, celebrated jurist, 
teaches at Pisa and Peru- 
gia. 



1342. Pope Clement VI. 



Rienzi, the last of the 



Sir John Mandeville's Tra- 
vels- 



1352. Pope Innocent VI. 



1354. Rienzi killed. — Al 
bornoz, cardinal legate 
restores the papal do 
minion. 



-he defeats the 
Flemings at Cassel. 



1338. Alliance between 
Edward III. and the 
Flemings under Arte- 
velde — the beginning of 
the Hundred Years' War. 
Germany: — Declara- 
tionof the Dietof Frank- 
fort, that the pope had 
no temporal power in the 
empire and that an em- 
peror chosen by the 
electors needed no papal 
confirmation. 

Louis sides with the 
English against France. 

1346. France: — Normandy 
overrun by Edward, 
with his son, the Black 
Prince. — French defeat- 
ed at Crecy. 

Germany : — Charles 
IV., emperor and king 
of Bohemia. 



1350. France: — John (the 
Good) becomes king. 



1356. Germany: — Promul- 
gation of the Golden 
Bull establishing the 
mode of imperial elec- 
tion and regulating the 
affairs of the empire. 

France: — King John de- 
feated and taken prisoner 
at Poitiers. —Charles the 
dauphin, regent. 



1356 a.d. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



Ill 



A.D. 



1328 

1329 
1330 



Eastern Empire. 



England, etc. 



The World, elsewhere. 



Andronicus 
emperor. 



III. becomes 



Andronicus III. defeated 
by the Turks in the 
battle of Pelekanon. 

Nicaea taken. 



1341 



1346 



1328. Peace between Scot- 
land and England. — The 
independence of Scot- 
land acknowledged. 

1329. Scotland:— David II. 



1332. David II. expelled 
and Baliol crowned, but 
soon expelled. 

1333. Battle of Halidon 
Hill. — Baliol restored — 
does homage to Edward. 



1328. Moscow under the 
Grand -duke Ivan Kalita 
becomes paramount in 
Russia. 



John V. 
peror. 



(Paleologus), em 



John VI. (Cantacuzenus), 
co-emperor 
1354. 



1338. Beginning of the 
Hundred Years War. 



1340. The victory of Hel- 
voet Sluys — gives spirit 
to the English navy. 

1341. David II. restored. 



1346. Battle of Crecy. 
Scotch defeated at 

Neville's Cross. 

1347. Siege and capture of 

abdicates|i 1348-49. The Black Death 
in England. 



1333. Poland: — Casimir 
the Great becomes king. 

China:— Shun-te last 
of the Mongol emperors 
succeeds. 

Japan:— Fall of the 
Ho jo family. 
1335(about). Birth of Ti- 
mur. 



1336. Japan: — The war of 
the Chrysanthemums — 
strife between rival mi- 
kados. Feudalism per- 
fcctcd 

1339. Italy:— Simon Bo- 
canegra, first doge of 
Genoa. 

1340. Denmark:— Walde- 
mar III. 



1342. Hungary: — Louis 
the Great. 



1352 



1354 



Genoese defeat the Vene- 
tians, allies of the em- 
pire, in the Bosporus. 

Turks seize Gallipoli in 
Europe. 



1351. Statute of Provisors 



1347. Italy:— Rienzi, the 
last of the Tribunes, 
rules at Rome. 



1350. Italy:— Naval 
between Venice 
Genoa. 



war 
and 



1356. Edward, the Black- 
Prince, gains the battle 
of Poitiers. John of 
France made prisoner 
Two years' truce. 



1354. Italy:— Rienzi killed 
— papal power restored. 
— The Venetians crushed 
by the Genoese at 
Sapienza. 

1356. War between Hun- 
gary and Venice. 



112 



TABULAR VIEWS 



I356 A.D.- 



A.D. 



Progress of Society, etc. 



Ecclesiastical. 



France, Germany, Spain. 



1364 



1365 



1369 



1380 



1386 



Petrarch and Boccaccio, 
marking the vanguard 
of the Renaissance. 



The Jagellonian University 
at Cracow founded. 

Foundation of the Uni- 
versity of Vienna. 

Geoffrey Chaucer, father of 
English poetry (a. 1340- 
1400). 

JohnGower (a. 1325-1408). 



1362. Pope Urban V. at 
Avignon — beautifies the 
city of Rome. 



(about). Foundation 
the Bastile at Paris. 



of 



Mysteries played in France 

WickliiTe's translation of 

the New Testament. 



1370. Pope Gregory XI. 



1377. Gregory XI returns 
from Avignon to Rome 
— end of the Babylonian 
captivity. 

1378."Schismof the West": 
Pope Urban VI. ac- 
knowledged in the Em- 
pire and England. 

Clement VII. acknow- 
ledged in France, Spain, 
and Scotland. 



University of Heidelberg 
founded. 

Froissart's Chronicles. 

Birth of Jan Van Eyck 
who is reputed to have 
invented oil painting. 



1386. Urban VI. bestows 
Naples upon Louis of 
Anjou, who is opposed 
by Ladislas. 



1356. The people of Paris 
attain power under Eti- 
enne Marcel. 

1358. The rising of the 
Jacquerie; death of 
Marcel. 

1360. France: — John re- 
gains his liberty — cedes 
territory to England by 
the peace of Bretigny. 

1364. France :— Charles V. 
(the Wise) becomes 
king. 

1365. Du Guesclin invades 
Spain and drives out 
Peter the Cruel of Cas- 
tile. 

1367. The French defeated 
by the Black Prince at 
Najera [Navarrete]. 



1369. A q u i t a i n e rises 
against the English. 



1375. English lose their 
French possessions, re- 
taining only Calais, 
Bordeaux, and Bayonne. 



1378. Germany: — Wences- 
las (king of Bohemia), 
emperor. 



1380. France :— Charles 
VI. (the Mad). 



1382. Battle of Rosbecq— 
the Flemings defeated 
by the French — Arte- 
velde killed. 



1386. France : — Fruitless 
attempt to invade Eng- 
land. 

Leopold III. of Aus- 
tria defeated by the 
Swiss at Sempach. 

Jagello (Vladislav II.) 
founds Jagellonian dy- 
nasty in Poland. 

1388. Leopold IV. de- 
feated at Naefels. 



1388 a.d. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



II 



A.D. 



1359 
1361 



Eastern Empire. 



England, etc. 



Amurath I. 
Turks. 



sultan of the 



The World, elsewhere. 



The Turks take possession 
of Adrianople. 



1369 



1373 



1378 



1381 



John V. seeks a reconcilia- 
tion with the pope in the 
hope of securing aid 
against the Turks. 



Treaty of peace with the 
Ottomans; the emperor 
becomes a vassal of the 
Turks. 



John V. dethroned and 
imprisoned by his son 
Manuel ; he escapes after 
two years. 



The empire pays tribute 
to the Turks. 



1359. Edward again in 
vades France. 

1360. Peace of Bretigny. 



1366. The Black Prince 
aids Peter the Cruel, of 
Castile, to recover his 
throne. 

The Statute of Kil- 
kenny relacing to Ire- 
land. 



1369. Renewed war with 
France; unsuccessful: 
loss of English territories 
in France. 

1371. Scotland :— Robert 
11. — the House of Stuart . 

1376. Death of the Black 
Prince. 

1377. Richard II. becomes 
king. First speaker of 
the House of Commons. 



1363. Timur begins his ca- 
reer of conquest. 



1368. Copenhagen taken 
by the Hanseatic fleet. 

China: — Hung Woo 
establishes the native 
Ming dynasty. 

1369. Timur becomes king 
of Transoxiana and 
makes Samarcand the 
capitalof his new empire. 

1370. Poland: — Extinction 
of the royal race of 
Piasts with Casimir III. 



1381. Peasants' Revolt (in- 
surrection of Wat 
Tyler). 



1384. The Scots, assisted 
by France, invade Eng- 
land. 

1385. The English burn 
Edinburgh. 



1388. Battle of Otter- 
bourne (Chevy Chase). 



1378. Italy:— The rising of 
the Ciompi in Florence. 

1379. Genoese defeat Ve- 
netians at Pola and take 
possession of Chioggia ; 
Genoese captured next 
year. 

1380. Russia: — Dimitri, 
grand duke of Moscow, 
victorious over the Tar- 
tars at Kulikovo, near 
the Don. 

1382. The Tartars sack 
Moscow. 



1385. War between Austria 
and Switzerland. 

1386. — Battle of Sempach : 
the Austrians defeated. 

1386-87. Timur conquers 
Persia. 

1387. Denmark and Nor- 
way: — Margaret, the 
Semiramis of the North, 
becomes queen. 



ii4 



TABULAR VIEWS 



I389 A.D. 



A.D. 



Progress of Society, etc. 



Ecclesiastical. 



France, Germany, Spain. 



1392 



1400 



1409 



1411 



1415 



University of Erfurt 
founded. 

Revival of Greek literature 
in Italy. 



Chaucer dies. 



University 
founded. 



of Leipsic 



University of St. Andrews 
founded. 



John Huss and Jerome of 
Prague, Bohemian re 
formers. 

Peter d'Ailly and John 
Gerson, theologians. 



1389. Pope Boniface IX. 



1393. The power of the 
pope over the English 
Church limited by the 
Statute of Praemunire 

1394. Pope Benedict XIII. 



1392. France: — Charles 
seized with madness. 



1394. Germany: — The em- 
peror imprisoned by the 
people of Prague. 



1400. Ger. : — Rupert em- 
peror. 



1404. Pope Innocent VII. 



1406. Pope Gregory XII. 



1409. The Council of Pisa 
deposes Gregory and 
Benedict, and elects 
Alexander V.; — neither 
will yield, so that there 
are three popes at once. 

1410. Pope John XXIII. 



1412. The pope excommu 
nicates John Huss. 



1414. Council of Constance. 

1415. John Huss and Je- 
rome of Prague (1416) 
burnt by the Council of 
Constance. 



1406. Spain:— John II., of 
Castile. 

1407 France: — Murder of 
Louis, Duke of Orleans, 
by a Burgundian parti- 
san. 

1408. Yussuf III., king of 
Granada. 



1410. France: — Civil war 
between the parties of 
Orleans and Burgundy. 

Germany: — Death of 
Rupert. 

1411. Sigismund, king of 
Hungary, emperor. 

1412. Spain: — Ferdinand 
I. king of Aragon. 



1415. France: — The French 
defeated by Henry V.,of 

England , at Agincourt. 

1416. Spain: — Alfonso V., 
king of Aragon. 



1416 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



115 



A.D. 



Eastern Empire. 



England, etc. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1389 



1391 



1396 



1402 



1403 



The Servians defeated in 
the battle of Kossovo 
by the Turks. — Bajazet 
I. , sultan of the Turks. 

Manuel II. emperor. 



Battle of Nicopolis. — 
Sigismund, of Hungary 
aided by French crusa- 
ders, defeated by Baja- 
zet I. 



1413 



Bajazet defeated and 
made prisoner by Timur 
at the battle of Angora. 

Empire of the Turks di- 
vided after death of 
Bajazet, among Solyman 
I., Musa, and Moham- 
med I. 



1390. Scotland:— Robert 
III. 

Persecution of the 
Wicklifites. 

1393. The Statute of Pr«e. 
munire. 



Mohammed I. sole 
of the Turks. 



ruler 



1398. Henry of Lancaster 
banished. 

House of Lancaster: — 

1399. Henry IV. becomes 
king, Richard II. de- 
posed. 

1401. Rebellion of Owen 
Glendower. 

1402. Scotch defeated at 
Homildon Hill. 

1403. Rebellion of the 
Percys, who are defeated 
at the battle of Shrews 
bury. 

1406. Scotland: — James I 



1408. Henry Percy, Earl 
of Northumberland de- 
feated and killed at 
Bramham Moor. 



1389. Turks defeat Ser- 
vians at Kossovo. 



1392 Timur subjugates 
Persia. 



1397. Union of Calmar 
forming Denmark, Swe- 
den, and Norway into a 
single monarchy. 

1398. Invasion of India by 
Timur; he takes Delhi. 

Italy: — Pisa falls un- 
der the yoke of the 
Visconti. 



1413. Henry V. becomes 
king. 

1414. — claims the French 
crown. 

1415. — gains the battle of 
Agincourt. 



1405-06. Italy:— Pisa con- 
quered by Florence. — 
Subjugation of Padua 
and Verona by Venice. 



1408. Ladislas of Naples 
seizes Rome. 



1410. The Teutonic Knights 
defeated by the Poles at 
Tannenberg. 



1412. Denmark, Norway, 
etc.: Eric VII., of Pom- 
erania, becomes king. 

1413. Sack of Rome by 
Ladislas. 



1415. Conquest of Ceuta 
by the Portuguese. 



u6 



TABULAR VIEWS 



I417 A.D.- 



A.D. 



Progress of Society, etc 



Ecclesiastical. 



France, Germany, Spain. 



1417. Pope Martin V.| 

elected by Council of ; 1419. Sigismund claims the 



1420 



1425 
1426 

1430 



Portuguese exploration of 
Africa promoted by 
Henry the Navigator. 



1431 



Alain de Chartier, French 
poet. 

University of Louvain 

founded. 
The arts promoted in Italy 

by Cosmo de' Medici. 



England increases her 
trade with the Medi- 
terranean. 

Fra Filippo Lippi, painter. 

George of Peurbach, as- 
tronomer at Vienna. 

Thomas a Kempis, mystic. 

Orderof the Golden Fleece 
founded. 

(?)The Azores discovered. 



1437 Ulugh Beg, ruler of Samar- 
cand and astronomer 
compiles his Star Tables, 



1438 



(about) . Printing from 
movable type, Guten- 
berg, Coster, Fust, 
Sch offer, etc. 



Constance; unity of the 
Church restored. 



Bohemian crown . 
1420. Treaty of Troyes pro- 
viding for the succession 
of the king of England to 
the French throne. 

1422. France: — Death of 
Charles VI.— Henry VI. 
proclaimed at Paris king 
of France and England. 
Charles VII. pro- 
claimed king at Poitiers. 

1428. Orleans besieged by 
the English. 

1429. — saved by Joan of 
Arc. 

Charles crowned at 
Rheims; makes a vain 
attempt to gain Paris. 

1430. Joan of Arc taken 
prisoner, by the English 
and burnt as a witch in 
the following year. 



1431. Germany : — Sigis- 
mund visits Italy, and is 
crowned emperor by 
Pope Eugenius IV. 

1435. Peace of Arras, be- 
tween France and Bur- 
gundy. 

1436. France: — Recovery 
of Paris by Charles VII. 



1438. Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges establishes the 
liberties of the French Church. 

1438. Germany: — House of 
Austria (Hapsburg). 

Albert II. (king of 
Bohemia and Hungary), 
emperor. 



1439. Eugenius IV de- 
posed by the Council of 
Basle, which elects Felix 
V., who receives, how- 
ever, little recognition. 1440. 



1431. Pope Eugenius IV, 
Council of Basle. 



1434. The pope expelled 
by the Romans and in 
exile till 1443. 



Germany : — Fred- 
erick III. emperor. 

France: — The dau- 
phin (Louis XL), rebels, 
but is pardoned . — the 
so-called Praguerie, 



1440 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



117 



A.D. 


Eastern Empire. 


England, etc. 


The World, elsewhere. 








1419. Bohemia: — Hussite 








war breaks out. 






1420. Treaty of Troyes. — 


Discovery of Madeira 


1421 


Amurath II. , sultan. 


Henry marries Catharine, 
daughter of Charles VI., 
and is declared heir to 
the French crown. 


by the Portuguese. 


1422 


Amurath II. makes an un- 


1422. Death of Henry V. 






successful assault on 


Henry VI. becomes 






Constantinople. 


king. 








1424. The duke of Bedford 


1424. Bohemia: — Death of 


1425 


John VII. emperor. 


defeats the French at 


John Ziska, the Hussite 






Verneuil. 


leader. 
1426. Italy:— War of the 






1428. — besieges Orleans. 


duke of Milan against 
Florence and Venice. 






1429. The siege raised by 


1429. Florence: — ■ Cosmo 






the Maid of Orleans. 


de' Medici becomes 
gonfalonier. 


1430 


The Turks take Thessa- 


1430. — she is taken pris- 






lonica. 


oner and burnt (1431). 
1431. Henry VI. crowned 








at Paris. 


1432. Venice: — Execution 
of Carmagnola, the con- 
dottiere. 

1434. Poland:— Vladislav 






1435. Death of the duke of 


III. 






Bedford, followed by the 








loss of all the English 








possessions in France, 








except Calais (Bordeaux, 








the last, taken in 1453). 








1437. Scotland: — JamesII. 


1437. Hungary:— End of 
the House of Luxemburg 
with the death of Sigis- 
mund. 


1438 


The emperor visits Italy 


1438. Truce with Scotland. 


1438. Portugal: — Alfonso 


-39 


to obtain help against 
the Turks — submits to 
the pope. 




V. king. 

1440. Hungary: — Vladis- 
lav III., of Poland, 








chosen king. 



u8 



TABULAR VIEWS 



I442 A.D.- 



A.D. 



Progress of Society, etc. 



Ecclesiastical. 



France, Germany, Spain. 



1446 



1447 



1450 



1453 



Birth of Perugino, founder 
of the Roman school 
of painting, teacher of 
Raphael. 

Library of the Vatican 

founded. 
Regiomontanus, German 

astronomer. 



Flourishing period of 
Flemish trade. — All Eu- 
ropean nations have 
warehouses at Bruges 
and Ghent. — Book trade 
at Mayence. 

Pletho and Bessarion 
Italians, further the re 
vival of Platonism. 

The fall of Constantinople 
brings Greek scholarship 
to Italy and accelerates 
the progress of the 
Renaissance. 



1444. France : — establish- 
ment of the companies of 
Archers, the first na- 
tional standing army. 



1447. Felix V. resigns in 
favor of pope Nicholas 
V. 

1448. Concordat of Sienna 
or Aschaffenburg, by 
which the relations of 
the German church to 
the papacy are es- 
tablished. 



1448. Maine and Anjou 
regained by the French. 

1449. The greater part of 
Normandy overrun by 
the French. 



1451. Germany: — Expedi- 
tion of Frederick III. 
to Rome. 



1453. Austria made an 
archduchy by Frederick. 

End of the French and 
English wars. 



1453 a.d. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY 



II 9 



A.D. 



Eastern Empire. 



England, etc. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1442 
1443 



1444 



1448 



1451 



1453 



John Hunyady defeats the 
Turks at Hermannstadt 
and at Nissa. 

Insurrection of Scander- 
beg — victory over the 
Turks near Nissa. 

Battle of Varna — Vladis- 
lav, king of Poland, 
defeated and killed by 
the Turks; Servia and 
Bosnia reduced to sub- 
mission. 



Constantine XIII. (Palaeo- 
logus) the last of the 
Greek emperors. 

Hunyady defeated at 
Kossovo. 



1442. Alfonso V., of Ara- 
gon, unites the crown of 
the Two Sicilies. 



Mohammed II. 
the Turks. 



sultan of 



Siege and capture of Con- 
stantinople by the Turks. 

END OF THE EASTERN 
EMPIRE. 



1444. Truce with France. 

1445. Marriage of Henry 
VI. to Margaret of 
Anjou. 



1447. Gloucester arrested 
for treason — dies sud 
denly. 



1450. Insurrection of Jack 
Cade — calling himself 
Mortimer. 



1447. Poland :— CasimirlV. 
king. 

The Visconti become 
extinct in Milan. 

1448. Denmark: — Christian 
I., of Oldenburg, be- 
comes king.. 

Sweden: — C h a r 1 e s 
VIII. 
1450. Italy: — Francesco 
Sforza, duke of Milan. 



120 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1454 A.D.- 



a.d. Progress of Society, etc. 



England, Scotland, 
etc. 



France. 



Spain and 
Portugal. 



1400 (about). Laurentius Valla, 
humanist philosopher. 



1460 Wood engraving invented 



Nicholas of Cusa, philoso 
phical writer, marks the 
transition from medieval 
to Renaissance thought. 

Philip de Comines, French 
historian. 



1473 



Hungary: — Matthias pat- 
ronizes literature and the 
arts. 



1454. Richard, duke of 
York, becomes pro- 
tector. 



1455. Outbreak of the 
Wars of the Roses 
first battle at St 
Albans. 

Scotland: — Struggles 
between the king and 
aristocracy for power. 



1460. Battle of North 
ampton. Battle of 
Wakefield. 

James III. of 
Scotland. 



1461. Second battle of 
St. Albans. Edward 
Earl of March pro- 
claimed king as Ed- 
ward IV. Gains the 
battle of Towton. 



1464. Battles of Hedg 
ley Moor and Hexham. 



1454. Spain : 
Henry IV. 
of Castile, 



1456. The 
Dauphin 
Louis seeks 
refuge at 
the court 
of Burgun- 
dy. 



1469. Warwick banished 



1470. Edward IV. 
to Flanders. 



flees 



1471. Battle of Barnet: 
— Warwick slain. Bat- 
tle of Tewkesbury 
Henry VI. dies in the 
Tower. 



1461. Louis 
XI. becomes 
king. 



1465. The 
League of 
the Pub- 
lic Weal 
opposes 
Louis; the 
peace of 
Con flans. 



1471. War 
with Char- 
les of Bur- 
gundy. 



1474. War be- 
tween the 
Swiss and 
Charles of 
Burgundy. 



1469. M a r - 
riage of 
Ferdinand 
of Aragon, 
with Isa- 
bella of 
Castile. 



1475 A - D - 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



121 



A.D. 



Germany. 



Italy. 



Ottoman 
Empire. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1456 



1458 



1462 



1468 



1471 



1472 



Hunyady defends Belgrade 
against the Turks. 



Matthias Corvinus chosen 
king of Hungary, and 
George Podiebrad, of 
Bohemia. 



Insurrection in Vienna. 
The emperor besieged 
in his court — delivered 
by Podiebrad, of Bohe- 
mia. 



War between Bohemia and 
Hungary. 



Vladislav, son of Casimir 
IV. of Poland, becomes 
king of Bohemia. 



University of Ingoldstadt 
founded. 



1454. Peace 
of Lodi be- 
tween Milan 
and Venice. 



1455. Com 

plete as- 
cendency of 
Cosmo de 
Medici in 
Florence. 

1458. T h e 
French 
rule in Ge- 
noa. 

Pope 
Pius II. 
(^neasSil 
vius.) 



1463. War of 
Venice with 
the Turks, 



1464.Pierode' 
Medici at 
Florence. 

Pope 
Paul II. 

1466. Gale 
azzo Maria 
S f o r z a 

duke ot 
Milan. 

1469. Lorenzo 
de' Medici 
sue ceeds 
Piero. 



1456. Turks 
repulsed at 
Belgrade 
which is de 
fended by 
Hunvady 
and Capis 
trano. 



1463. War 
with Ven- 
ice. 



1471. Sixtus 
IV. pope 

Power of 
the Medici 
increases. 

Learning 
flourishes. 



1454. Poland:— Confirm- 
ation of the national 
liberties in the statute 
of Nieszawa. 

1454. Poland:— War 
with the Teutonic 
Order. 



1458. H u n g a r y: — 
Matthias Corvinus — 
makes his country 
formidable to her 
neighbors. 



1462. Russia: — Ivan III. 
the Great succeeds. 



1466. Peace of Thorn.— 
East Prussia a fief of 
Poland. — West Prus- 
sia ceded to Poland. 

1468. Uzun Hasan, mas- 
ter of all Persia. 



1470. — forms an alliance 
with the Venetians 
and the duke of Burgundy against the 
Turks — conquers Bagdad. 



1472. Russia: — Ivan 
marries Sophia, niece 
of the Greek emperor. 
1475. The 
Crimea sub- 
jugated by 
the Turks. 



122 



TABULAR VIEWS 



I476 A.D.- 



A.D. 



Progress op Society, etc. 



England, Scotland, 
etc. 



France. 



Spain and 
Portugal. 



1477 



Caxton establishes his 
printing press at West- 
minster. 



1486 



1488 



1490 



Lady Juliana Berners, one 
of the earliest woman 
writers of England, pub- 
lishes treatise on sports, 
"Boke of St. Albans." 

Leonardo da Vinci, painter, 
sculptor, architect, and 
scientist. 

Marsilio Ficino and John 
Pico Mirandola, Italian 
Platonists. 

Bartholomew Dias rounds 
the Cape of Good Hope. 

Martin Behaim (Nurem- 
berg) constructs his 
terrestrial globe. 



1480. War with Scotland 



1483. Edward V., king 
Richard, Protector. — 
The king and his 
brother murdered in 
the Tower. 

Richard III., king. 

1485. Henry, earl of 
Richmond, lands at 
Milford Haven. 

Battle of Bosworth 
Field ; — Richard de- 
feated and slain. 

House of Tudor. 
Henry VII., king. 

1486-87. Lambert Sim- 
nel, pretender. 

The Star Chamber 
established. 

1487. James IV. in 
Scotland. 



1476. — who 
is defeated 
at Gran son 
and Morat, 
and 

1477. —slain 
at Nancy. 
Artois and 
Burgundy 
united to 
the French 
crown. 



1483. Charles 
VIII. be- 
comes king. 



1476. Spain: 
I n s t i t u- 
tion of the 
Santa Her- 
mandad 
or Sacred 
Brother- 
hood for 
the preser- 
vation of 
i n t ernal 
order. 

1479. Union 
of Castile 
and Ara- 
gon under 
Ferdinand 
II. and 
Isabella. 



1481. The In- 
quisition 
in Seville. 

Portugal : 
John II. be- 
comes king. 



1487-1494. 
The grand- 
mastership 
of the great 
chi valric 
orders of 
Spain is as- 
sumed by 
the crown. 



1490 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



123 



A.D. 



Germany. 



Italy. 



Ottoman 
Empire. 



Thb World, elsewhere. 



1477 



1479 



1485 



1490 



Marriage of Maximilian 
and Mary of Burgundy 

War between the emperor 
and Hungary. 



Maximilian defeats the 
French at Guinegate. 



1478. Conspi- 
racy of the 
Pazzi at 
Florence. 
Giulio, 
brother of 
Lorenzo de' 
Medici, 
slain. 



1484. Inno- 
cent VIII. 
pope. 



Vienna taken by the 
Hungarians. 



Vladislav of Bohemia 
chosen king of Hungary 
on the death of Matthias 
Corvinus. 



1479. Peace 
with Ven- 
ice: Turks 
o b t a i n 

Lemnos and 
Albania. 

1480. — cap- 
ture and 
d e s t roy 
Otranto. 

1481. Baja- 
zet II. the 
first un war- 
like sultan. 



1485. War 
with Egypt. 



1477. Hungary: — War 
with Frederick III. 

1478. Russia:— Ivan III. 
captures Novgorod. 



1480. The Mongol yoke 
thrown off. 



1481. Denmark: — John 
partially acknow- 
ledged in Sweden. 



1485. Hungary:— Mat- 
thias Corvinus takes 
Vienna. 



124 



TABULAR VIEWS 



I49I A.D.- 



A.D. 



Progress op Society, etc. England, Scotland, etc. 



France. 



1492 



1493 



1497 
-98 

1498 



1499 



1502 



DISCOVERY OF 

AMERICA. 



The second voyage 
Columbus. — A Spanish 
colony at Hispaniola 



of 1493. Perkin Warbeck 
pretends to be Rich 
ard, duke of York. 

1494. Poynings' Law 
makes Irish parlia 
ment dependent on 
English government 



The discoveries of John 
and Sebastian Cabot. 

Vasco da Gama reaches 
India. 

Third voyagnof Columbus. 

He discovers Trinidad 

and sights the American 

Continent. 
Lisbon the great seat of 

trade — Venice declines. 

Maritime enterprises great- 
ly extended. 

Niccolo Machiavelli 
statesman and historian. 

Amerigo Vespucius's voy- 
age. 



Fourth voyage of Colum- 
bus. 

Raphael, Michael Angelo 
Titian, Correggio, paint- 
ers. 



1497. Cabot makes dis 

coveries in America 

Warbeck captured 



1499. Earl of Warwick- 
last of the Plantage- 
nets, executed. 



1503. James IV. of 
Scotland marri er- 
Margaret of England 



1491. Brit- 
tany unit- 
ed to the 
crown by 
the king's 
m arriage 
with Anne. 



1494. 
vasion 

Italy. 



In- 
of 



1495. Battle 
of Fornovo, 
French 
victory. 

1498. Louis 
XII. be- 
comes king. 



1499. —in- 
vades Italy 
— conquers 
the Milan- 
ese Duchy. 

1500. Treaty 
with Fer- 
dinand, of 
Aragon, for 
the con- 
quest and 
partition of 
Naples. 



Spain and 
Portugal. 



1492. Con- 
quest of 
Granada 
by Gonsal- 
vo de Cor- 
dova. 

D isappear- 
ance of 
Moorish 
power. 

Discovery of 
America 
by Colum- 
bus.— The 
Jews ex- 
pelled from 
Spain. 

1497-98. Vas- 
co de Gama 
doubles the 
Cape of 
Good Hope 
and reaches 
India. 



1502. Moors 
in Spain 
offered al- 
ternative 
of baptism 
or exile. 



1505. Alme- 
ida, Portu- 
guese gov- 
ernor in the 
Indies. 



1505 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



125 



Germany. 



Italy. 



Ottoman 
Empire. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1493 



1495 



Maximilian I. 



Public peace established, 
private wars forbidden, 
the imperial chamber 
instituted as a supreme 
court. 



1492.PieroII. 
succeeds 
his father 
Lorenzo in 
Florence. 

Pope Al- 
exander 
VI. (Bor- 
gia). 

1494. Expe- 
dition of 
Charles 
VIII. into 
Italy. 



1492. 

with 
gary, 



War 
Hun- 



1501 



1502 



Creation of the Aulic Coun- 
cil. 



University of Wittenberg 
founded. 



1501. Par- 
t it ion of 
Naples 
between 
France and 
Spain. 



1503. Pope 
Pius III. 

Pope 
Julius II. 

The 
French de- 
feated at 
Cerignola 
and Gari- 
gliano. 

1504. Naples 
annexed to 
Aragon. 



1492. Poland:— John 
Albert. 

America discovered by 
Columbus. 

1493. Spanish colony at 
Hispaniola. — Alexan- 
der VI. publishes the 
Bull of Demarcation. 



1499. Naval 
victory 
over the 
Venetians 
at Sapien- 

7SL. 



1503. Peace 
with Hun - 
gary. 



1497-1503. Voyages of 
Amerigo Vespucius. — 
South American coast 
explored. 



1500. Cabral reaches 
coast of Brazil. 



1501. Poland : — Alex- 
ander succeeds. 

1502. Ismail Shah Sufi 
makes himself sole 
sovereign of Persia. — 
Destruction of the 
Golden Horde and end 
of Mongol power in 
Russia. 



126 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1506 A.D.- 




1506 



1516 
1517 



St. Peter's begun. 



Sir Thomas More's Utopia 
published. 

Luther, Erasmus, Melanch 
thon, and other reform 
ers. 

Hans Sachs, German meis 
tersinger. 



1509. Henry VIII. 



1511. — joins the Holy 
League against France 



1513. Invasion of the 
Scots. — Battle of Flod 
den — the Scottish king 
killed. 
James V. 

1515. Wolsey, chancellor 
and cardinal. 



1506. Colum- 
bus dies at 
Valladolid. 



1507. Genoa 1507. Xime- 
united to nes made 
France. cardinal. 



1509-10. 
Oran, Al- 
giers, and 
Tripoli 
subdued 
by Spain. 



1510. The 

Council of 
Tours, to 
support 
the king 
against the 
pope. 

1511. Holy 
League 
formed 
against 
France by 
Pope Ju- 
lius II., 
Spain, the 
empire, 
and Eng- 
land. 

1512. French 
victory at 
Ravenna. 



1515. Francis 
I. 

invades 
Italy — vic- 
t o r y of 

Marignano 
Genoa and 
Milan sub- 
mit. 

1516. Con- 
cordat with' 1516. Charles 
the pope,! I- king of 



instead of 
Pragmatic 
Sanction. 



all Spain, 
and the 
N e t h e r- 
lands. 



I 5 18 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



127 



A.D, 



Germany. 



Italy. 



Ottoman 
Empire. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1508 



Maximilian enters Italy 
to be crowned by the 
pope. 

— joins the League of 
Cambray. 



1512 



1516 
1517 
1518 



1508. League 
of Cambray 
against 
Venice 
formed by 
France, 
Spain, the 
emperor, 
and the 
pope. 

1509. Vene- 
tians de 
feated at 
Agnadello 



1511. Holy 
League to 
expel the 
F r e n c h. 

Council 
of Pisa. 



— divides the empire into 
ten circles. — Joins the 
Holy League. 



Louis II., of Bohemia and 
Hungary. 

Commencement of the 
Reformation. 

Luther summoned to 
Rome; he appeals to a 
general council. 



1506. Poland: — Sigismund 
I. (the Great). 



1513. Pope 
Leo X. 

(Giovanni 
de'MediciV 
patron of 
literature 
and arts. 



1512.SelimI. 
dethrones 
and puts to 
death his 
father. 

1514. The 
P ersi ans 
defeated at 
Chaldiran 
— Georgia 
and Kur 
distan add- 
ed to the 
empire. 



1516. Syria 
conquered 

1517. Egypt 
conquered 



1510. America: — Settle- 
ment at Darien. 

Goa in India taken 
by the Portuguese. 



1511. America: — Cuba 
conquered. 



1513. America: — Florida 
discovered. 

South Sea first reached 
by Balboa. 



1515. De Soto reaches the 
La Plata River. 



1518. Khair-ed-din 6uc : 
ceeds his brother Arouj 
(Barbarossa) in Algiers. 



128 



TABULAR VIEWS 



I 5 19 A.D.- 



1519 
-22 



1526 



1528 



Progress of Society, etc. England, Scotland, etc 



France. 



Spain and 
Portugal. 



First circumnavigation of 
the globe, by Magellan. 



Tyndale's translation of 
the New Testament 
brought into England. 

Ariosto, Italian poet. 

Hans Holbein, German 
painter. 



Death of Albrecht Durer. 



1520. The Emperor 
Charles V. visits Eng- 
land. — M e e t i n g of 
Henry and Francis I. 
of France at the " Field 
of the Cloth of Gold." 



1521. The doctrines of 
Luther opposed by 
Henry, in his book on 
the Seven Sacraments 
— he receives the title 
of "Defender of the 
Faith." 



1527. The a.uestion of 
Henry VIII. 's divorce 
submitted to the pope. 



1528. Patrick Hamilton 
burned, first Protest- 
ant martyr. 



1521. First 
war with 
Charles V. 



1523. The 
constable 
of Bourbon 
joins the 
emperor 
against 
Francis I. 

The im- 
perial and 
English 
troops in- 
vade 
France. 

1525. Francis 
defeated 
and taken 
prisoner at 
Pavia. 



1527. Third 
war with 
Charles V. 



1519-21. 

Conquest 
of Mexico 
by Cortes. 
1520-1521. 
Rising of 
the Com- 
muneros in 
Spain. 



1528 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



129 



A.D. 



Germany. 




Ottoman 
Empire. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1519 



Charles V. , emperor 
(Charles I. of Spain). 



1521 



1524 



1525 



1526 



The archduke Ferdinand 
marries Anne, sister of 
Louis of Bohemia and 
Hungary, whence the ac- 
cession of Bohemia and 
Hungary to the House 
of Hapsburg. 

Diet of Worms. 



The Peasant Revoltand the 
Anabaptist movement. 



The peasants underThomas 
Mtinzer defeated. 



Charles marries Isabella 

of Portugal. 
Death of Frederick of 

Saxony. 



1522. Pope 
Adrian VI. 



1523.Clement 
VII., pope 



1525. Spain 
acq uires 
the ascen- 
dency by 
the victory 
of Pavia. 



1527. The 
Medici ex 
pelled from 
Florence. 

Rome 
s torme d 
by the im- 
perialists 
under the 
constable 
of Bourbon 

1528. French 
ex pelled 
from Genoa 
by Doria. 



1520. Soli- 
man, (the 
Magnifi- 
cent) be 
comes em- 
peror. 



1521. B e 1 
grade 

taken by 
storm. 

1522. Rhodes 

capitulates 



1526. Inva 
si o n of 
Hun ga ry 
and victory 
at Mohacs 
where Louis 
II., of Hun 
gary per- 
ishes. 



1519-1521. Mexico con- 
quered by the Spaniards 
under Cortes. 

1520. Christian II. of 
Denmark invades Swe- 
den, overthrows Sten 
Sture and perpetrates a 
massacre at Stockholm. 



1523 Sweden: — Revolt un- 
der Gustavus Vasa. — 
The Danes expelled. — 
Union of Calmar dis- 
solved. 

Denmark and Nor- 
way : — Frederick I. 



1525. Albert, grand -master 
of Teutonic Order makes 
East Prussia a secular 
possession and holds it 
of the king of Poland. 

1526. Baber founds the 
Mogul dynasty at Delhi. 



130 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1529 A.D.- 



A.D. 


Progress op Society, etc.] England, Scotland, etc. 


France. 


Spain and 
Portugal. 






1529. Fall of Wolsey .— Sir 


1529. Treaty 








Thomas More, Lord 


of Cam- 








Chancellor. — Rise of 


bray.- — 








Thomas Cromwell. 


France 

abandons 




1530 


Spinning wheel invented in 
Germany. 




all claims 
in Ita y. 




r 


Rabelais, French satirist. 


1533. The king marries 
Anne Boleyn. 

Cranmer made arch- 
bishop of Canterbury. 


1532. Calvin 
preaches. 




1534 


Ignatius Loyola founds the 
Order of the Jesuits. 

John Knox, Scottish re- 
former. 


1534. England breaks 
away from the Roman 
church. 






1542 


Xavier plants Christianity 










in India. 


1535. Bishop Fisher and 
Sir Thomas More be- 
headed. 

Henry makes himself 
head of the church. 

1536. — marries Jane Sey- 
mour. — Suppression of 
the smaller monasteries. 

1539. Henry marries Anne 
of Cleves. 


1536. Fourth 
war with 
Charles V. 

1538. Truce 
of Nice — 
for ten 
years. 


1535. Acqui- 
sition of 
Milan by 
S p a i n. — 
Tunis 
taken by 
Charles V. 






1540. Fall of Cromwell. 


Attempt 
to recover 
power in 
Italy; 
hence the 


1540. Portu- 
gal: — Lis- 
bon, the 
market of 
the world. 






1542. Mary, queen of 


1542. Fifth 


1542. Com- 






Scots — Earl of Arran, 


French 


mercial 






regent. 


-war. 


treaty be- 
tween Por- 


1543 


Copernicus publishes his 
De Revolutionibus Or- 


1543. Henry marries 




tugal and 




Catherine Parr. 




Japan. 




bium Cwlestium. 








• 




1544. Henry invades France 


1544. Peace 




■ 


Vesalius's work on Anat- 


— takes Boulougne. 


of Crespy. 






omy. 




1545. The 






Roger Ascham, tutor of 




Vaudois in 






Queen Elizabeth. 




F r a nee 
massacred. 





1546 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



131 



A.D. 


Germany. 


Italy. 


Ottoman 

Empire. 


The World, elsewhere. 


1529 


The Turks besiege Vienna. 




1529. Inva- 


1529. Lutheranism es- 




— Diet of Spires. — Luth- 




sion of Ger- 


tablished in Sweden 




erans first called Protes- 




many. — 


by action of national 




tants. 




Siege of 
Vienna. 


council. 


1530 


The Diet of Augsburg 


1530. Medici 


The Otto- 


1530. Malta given to the 




witnesses the appearance 


restored. — 


man navy 


knights of Rhodes by 




of the Protestant con- 


Charles V. 


formidable 


Charles V. 




fession. 


crowned at 


under 


Russia: — I van IV. 






Bologna. 


Khair-ed- 


(the Terrible.) 


1531 


The Smalkaldic League 
organized. 




din Barba- 
rossa. 


1533. Norway and Den- 
mark: — Christian III. 

1533-1534. Conquest of 
Peru by Pizarro com- 
pleted. 


1534 


Anabaptists under John of 


1534. Paul III 




1534-1535. Cortes in lower 




Leyden establish them- 


pope. 




California. 




selves in Munster. 


1537. Cosmo 
de' Medici, 
duke of 


1535. — w h 
seizes Tu- 
nis.— T h e 
em per or, 
Charles V., 
restores 
the Moor- 
ish king. — 
Turks take 
Bagdad. 


1535. Carrier in the St. 
Lawrence River. 

1536. Portugese establish 
themselves in Macao, 
China. 


1538 


Congress of Nice between 
the emperor, the pope, 
and the king of France. 


Florence. 

1540. Investi- 
ture of Mi- 
lan con- 
ferred by 




1539. De Soto's expedition 
sets out. 

1540-1542. Coronado's ex- 
pedition in the south- 
western United States. 


1541 


The Turks overrun Hun- 


Charles V. 


1541. De- 


1541. Orellana's voyage 




gary. 


on his son , 
Philip. 


struction of 
an arma- 
ment led 
by Charles 
V. against 


down the Amazon. 

De Soto discovers the 
Mississippi River. 


1543 


War against France. 




Algiers. — 
Soliman, 
the Magnif- 
icent, mas- 
ter of Hun- 




1544 


Diet of Spires. 


1545. Council 
of Trent 


gary. 


1545. South America : — 
Mines of Potosi dis- 


1546 


The Smalkaldic war. 


opened. 




covered. 



132 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1547 A.D.- 



A.D. 


Progress of Society, etc. 


England, Scotland, etc. 

• 


France. 


Spain and 
Portugal. 


1547 


The Earl of Surrey, poet, 
introduces the sonnet 
into English poetry. 

Palestrina, founder of 
Italian church music. 

Titian, painter. 

Scaliger, J. C, philologist. 

Montaigne, French essay- 
ist. 


1547. Edward VI. 

Somerset invades Scot - 
land — defeats the Scots 
at Pinkie. 

1549. The first Prayer 
Book issued and pre- 
scribed by act of Parlia- 
ment. 


1547. Henry 
II. The 

famous 
Catherine 
de' Medici, 
queen. 

1552. Sixth 
war with 
Charles V. 




1553 


(about). Ralph Roister Dois- 
ter, the first English 
comedy. 

Cardan, Italian phil- 
osopher. 


1553. Northumberland in- 
trigues to settle the 
crown on Lady Jane 
Grey, his daughter-in- 
law. 

Death of Edward VI.; 
Mary becomes queen. 
Catholicism restored 

1554. The queen marries 
Philip, of Spain. — Lord 
Dudley and Lady Jane 
Grey executed. 

1555. Bloody persecution 
of Protestants. 


1553. France 
obtains 
possession 
of M e t z, 
Toul, and 
Verdun. 


1555. Philip 
of Spain 
rec e i v es 

the Nether- 
lands. 

1556. Charles 
abdicates. 
— Philip 
II., king 
of S p a i n , 
Nether- 
lands, Mi- 
lan, the Si- 
cilies, and 
American 
possessions 






1557. War with France to 
support Spain. 


1557. The 
French de- 
feated at 
St. Quentin 


1557. Portu- 
gal: — Se- 
bastian. 






1558. Calais lost. 

Elizabeth becomes 


1558. — at 
Gravelines. 








queen. 

Cecil, Lord Burleigh, 
secretary of state. 







1558 a.d. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



133 



k -iL 



Germany. 




Ottoman 
Empire. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1547 



The Smalkaldic forces de- 
feated at Muhlberg. 
Maurice becomes elector 
of Saxony. 



1552 Treaty of Passau secures 
religious liberty to the 
Protestants. 
Fruitless siege of Metz by 
Charles V. 



1553 



Death of Maurice, of Sax 
ony, at Sievershausen 



1555 



1556 



The Peace of Augsburg 
reaffirms toleration of 
Protestants and con 
cedes them representa 
tion in the Imperial 
Chamber. 

Charles V. abdicates. 

Ferdinand I., emperor and 
king of Hungary and 
Bohemia. 

Coronation by the pope 
relinquished. 



1550. Julius 
III., pope. 

1551. Second 
session of 
Council of 
Trent. 



1548. The 

Turks in 
vade Per- 
sia. 



1551. Tripoli 
taken from 
the Mal- 
tese knight 



1552. In 

vasion o 
Hungary. 



1553. War 
with Persia 
concluded 



1548. Poland: — Sigismund 
II. (Augustus). 



1549. The Jesuits enter 
Brazil. 



1550. Antonio de Mendoza 
viceroy of Peru. 

Russia: — Ivan, the 
Terrible, overthrows the 
Khanate of Kazan. 



1555. Mar 
cellus II. 
pope. 

Paul IV 
(Caraffa) , 
pope. 



1557. The 
grand 
duchy of 
Tuscany 
established 
under Cos- 
mo de' Me- 
dici. 



1556. India: — Jelal-ed-din 
Akbar becomes Mogul 
emperor, a patron of 
science and literature, 
aided by his ministers 
Abu Fazl and Sheikh 
Faizi. 

— raises the Mogul 
empire to its greatest 
splendor. 



134 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1559 A.D.- 



A. D. 


Progress of Society, etc. 


England, Scotland, etc. 


France. 


Spain and 
Portugal. 


1559 


Foundation of Geneva 
Academy (now the Uni- 
versity). 

Foundation of Jesuit Col- 
leges in opposition to 
Protestant Schools. The 
first at Coimbra, in 
Portugal. 


1559. Protestantism es- 
tablished by Acts of 
Uniformity and Supre- 
macy. 

The Puritans begin to 
appear. 


1559. Peace 
of Cateau- 
Cambresis 
and end 
of struggle 
between 
France and 
the empire 

Francis 
II., Duke 
of Guise 
in power. 


1559. Mar- 
garet of 
Parma be- 
comes re- 
gent of the 
Nether- 
lands with 
Granvella 
as her 
counsellor. 


1560 


Ronsard and the other 
poets of the PISiade in 
France. 


1560. Scotland:— Catholi- 
cism abolished by parlia - 
ment. 


1560. Charles 
IX., 






Paolo Veronese, painter. 
Guarini, Italian poet. 


1562. O'Neill's rebellion in 
Ireland. 


1562. Relig- 
ious liberty 
granted to 
the Hugue- 
nots. 

First 

civil relig- 
ious war- 
Huguenots 
supported 
by E n g- 
1 an d — de- 
f ea t ed at 
Dreux. 




1564 


Death of Michael Angelo 
and of Calvin, birth of 
Shakespeare. 

Camoens, Portuguese poet. 




1563. Peace 
of A m - 
boise ends 
war. 






Justus Lipsius, scholar. 

Thomas Tallis, English 
musician. 


1565. Scotland: — Mary 

marries Lord Darnley. 

Revolt of Protestants. 




1565. Occu- 
pation of 
the Philip- 
pines by 
the Span- 
ish. 






1567. Shane O'Neill de- 
feated and killed. 

Scotland : — Darnley mur- 
dered — the queen marries 
earl of Bothwell — is de- 
throned and imprisoned 
at Lochleven. 


1567. The 
second war 
— Hugue- 
nots de- 
feated at 
St. Denis. 


1567. Duke of 
Alva, gov- 
ernor of the 
Nether- 
lands; he 
establishes 
the Bloody 
Tribunal. 






James VI., king of 
Scotland. 







1567 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



135 




1562 



1564 



1566 



1559. Pius IV 
(Medici) 
pope. 

Peace of 
C a t eau • 
C?mbresis 
terminates 
the French 
wars in 
Italy. 



Maximilian elected king of 
the Romans. 



Maximilian II., emperor. 



Szigeth in Hungary taken 
by the Turks. 



1562. Counci 
of Trent 
reassem 
bled. 



1566. Pius V., 
pope. 



1560. Fleet of 
the Italian 
states de- 
feated at 
the island 
of Djerbe. 



1565. Unsuc- 
cessful 
siege of 
Malta 
which is 
defended 
by the 
knights 
under La 
Valette. 

1566. Death 
of Soliman 
at the siege 
of Szigeth. 

Selimll., 
sultan. 



1559. Denmark and Nor- 
way: — Frederick II. 

Decrease of the in- 
fluence of the Hanse 
towns. 



1560. Sweden:— Eric XIV. 
becomes king. 



1562. Ribault's colony at 
Port Royal. 



1564. Coligny sends a 
second colony of Hugue- 
nots to Florida— de- 
stroyed by the Span- 
iards. (1565).— St. Au- 
gustine founded, 1565. 



136 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1568 A.D.- 



A.D. 


Progress of Society, etc. 


England, Scotland, etc. 


France. 


Spain and 
Portugal. 






1568. Mary, queen of Scots, 


1568. Treaty 








takes refuge in England 


of Long- 








and is imprisoned. 


jumeau 
ends war. 

1569. Third 
civil war. 
Huguenots 
routed at 
Jamac. — 
Conde de- 
feated at 
Montcon - 
tour. 








1570. Elizabeth excom- 




1570. War 






municated by the pope. 




with the 
Turks. 






Scotland: — Lennox re- 










gent. 




1571. Naval 
victory at 
Le pan to 
won by 
John of 


1572 


Camoens publishes his 
Lusiads. 




1572. Mass- 
acre of St. 
Bartholo- 
mew. 

Fourth 
civil war. 

1573. Peace 
of Rochelle. 

1574. Henry 
III. be- 
comes king. 

Fifth war 


Austria. 


1575 


University of Leyden 


1575. The sovereignty of 


with the 






founded. 


Holland offered to Eliza- 
beth and declined. 


Huguenots 

1576. The 
Catholic 
League. 


1576Antwerp 
sacked by 
the Span- 
ish soldiers. 
The Paci- 
fication of 
Ghent con- 
cluded by 
John of 
Austria. 


1577 


Sir Francis Drake begins 




1577. Sixth 


1577. The 




his voyage round the 




rel igio us 


Perpetual 




world. 




war. 


Edict pub- 
lished. 




Tasso, Italian poet. 









1577 a.d. 



UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



137 



A.D. 



1568 



Germany. 



Italy. 



Ottoman 
Empire. 



The World, elsewhere. 



The duchy of Prussia made 
hereditary in the House 
of Hohenzollem. 



157o 
1576 



1569. Fior 
en ce be 
comes the 
grand 
duchy of 
Tuscany. 

Cosmo 
de' Medici 
decla red 
grand duke 
of Tuscany 
by Pius V. 



1570. War of Venice with 
the Porte. 



1571. Cyprus reduced by 



1568. Sweden: — John III. 
becomes king. 



1569. Poland and Lithua- 
nia united by the Diet of 
Lublin. 



the 



Turks. Battle of 
Lepanto. 



Maximilian II. seeks the 
Polish throne. 

Rudolph II., emperor, 
king of Bohemia and 
Hungary. 

The Catholic reaction 
makes rapid progress in 
the Austrian dominions. 



1572. Gregory 
XIII., pope. 



1573. Cyprus 
yielded to 
the Porte 
by Venice. 

1574. Flor 
ence: Fran 
cesco Maria 
succ eeds 
Cosmo. 



1573. Peace 
with Ven- 



1574. Amu 
rath III. 



1570. Peaceof Stettin, be- 
tween Denmark and 
Sweden. 

1571. Russia raided by 
the khan of Crimea. 

Moscow burnt. 

1572. Extinction of the Ja- 
gellonian dynasty in 
Poland with Sigismund 
Augustus. The crown 
becomes elective. 

1573. Japan:— Fall of the 
Ashikaga shoguns; No- 
bunaga supreme. 



1574. Poland: — Henry of 
Valois chosen king; he 
escapes to France. 

1575. Poland: — Stephen 
Bathori chosen king; he 
strengthens the Jesuits. 



138 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1578 A.D.- 



A.D. 


Progress of Society, etc. 


England, Scotland, etc. 


France. 


1 Spain and 
Portugal. 










1578. Sebas- 










tian i n - 










vades Mor- 










occo and 










perishes in 










the battle 










of Alcazar- 










quivir. 










Port.:— 










Henry I. 










1579. Union 






1579. Marriage negotiations 




of Utrecht , 






between Elizabeth and 




beginning 






the Duke of Anjou. 


1580. The 


of Dutch 
i n depen - 
dence. 

1580. Portu- 
gal falls un- 






1581. Levant Company 


seventh 


der Spanish 


1582 


Gregorian reformation of 
the calendar. 

Tycho Brahe, astronomer. 


chartered. 

1585. Raleigh's colony in 
Virginia. 

War with Spain. 


war. 

1584. The 
Catholic 
League re- 
organized. 

1585. Eighth 
war. the 
war of the 
three 
Henries. 


dominion. 


1586 


Tobacco brought to Eng- 
land. 


1586. Earl of Leicester 
lands in Holland with 
an English army. Sir 
Philip Sidney killed at 
Zutphen. 

1587. Execution of Mary 
Stuart. 










1588. The Spanish Armada 


1588. Revolt 


1588. Defeat 






destroyed. 


of Paris 
against 
Henry III. 
and for the 
Guises. 
1589. Assass- 
ination of 
Henry III ; 
H u s e of 
Bourbon 
Henry IV. 
He wins 
the battle 
of Arques. 


of the 
Spanish 
armada. 

1589. English 
volunteers 
under 
Drake and 
Norris, re- 
pulsed 
from Lis- 
bon. 


1590 


Sir Philip Sidney's Arcadia. 




1590. Battle 






Spenser. 




of Ivry. 






The Carracci, celebrated 










painters of Bologna. 










Kepler, astronomer. 









159O A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



139 



Germany. 




Ottoman 
Empire. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1579 



Duke William, of Bavaria, 
friend of the Jesuits. 

The imperial authority 
disregarded by the 
princes of the empire, 
who wage war among 
themselves. 



1586 



Struggle in Saxony be 
tween Lutherans and 
Calvinists. 



1580. Charles 
Emmanuel 
duke of Sa- 
voy. 



1585. Sixtus 
V., pope, 
active and 
energetic 
corrects 
abuses in 
the church 
erects 
building 
for Vatican 
library. 



1579. English 
c omm e r 
cial repre- 
sentatives 
in Constan- 
tinople. 



1581. First 

trade with 
England . 



1583. English 
ambassador 
sent to Con- 
stantinople. 



1579. Commencement of 
the Dutch Republic by 
the Union of Utrecht: 

William, prince of 
Orange, stadtholder. 



1590. Urban 

VII., pope. 

Gregory 

XIV., pope. 



1584. William of Orange 
assassinated. 



1585. North America: — 
First English colony 
founded in Virginia, by 
Sir W. Raleigh. 

Persia acquires power 
under Abbas the Great. 

1586. Battle of Zutphen: 
death of Sir Philip 
Sidney. 



1587. Poland: 
III., king. 



-Sigismund 



1588. Denmark: — Christian 
IV. 



140 



TABULAR VIEWS 



I 591 A.D.- 



a.d. Progress of Society, etc. 



England, Scotland, etc. 



France. 



Spain and 
Portugal. 



1591. Troops sent to 
France to aid Henry IV. 



1593. Act for religious con- 
formity. 



1596. Cadiz attacked and 
the Spanish fleet burnt 
by the earl of Essex. 

1598. Revolt of O'Neill, 
earl of Tyrone. 



1593. Henry 
abjures 
Protestan- 
tism. 



1594. Paris 
submits to 
Henry. 

Jesuits 
banished. 

1595. War 

with Spain 



1598. Peace 

of Vervins. 

Edict of 
Nantes — 
granting 
toleration 
to Protes- 
tants. 

Ministry 
of Sully. 



1598. Philip 
III., king 
of Spain. 



1598 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



141 



A.D. 



Germany. 




Ottoman 
Empire. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1593 



1596 



War with Turkey. 



Imperialists defeated by 
the Turks in the battle 
of Keresztes. 



1591. Inno 
cent IX. 
pope. 

1592.Clement 
VIII., pope. 



1593. War 

with the 
empire in 
Hungary 

1594. The 

grand vi 
zier takes 
Raab. 



1595. Moham- 
med III. 

Turkish 
power in 
Hungary 
dec 1 ines ; 
defeated 
at Gran — 
revolt of 
Wallachia. 

1596. Mo- 
ll a m m e d 

leads his 
troops, and 
defeats the 
Germans 
at Keresz- 
tes. 



1592. Japanese under 

Hideyoshi invade Corea. 

Sweden: — Sigismund 

III., of Poland, succeeds 

to the Swedish crown. 



1595. The regent Charles 
assumes independent 
authority. 



1598. Russia:— The house 
of Rurik becomes ex- 
tinct in the person of 
Feodor I. 

Boris Godunov suc- 
ceeds. 

Sigismund lands in 
Sweden, to re-establish 
his power — but is de- 
feated and returns to 
Poland. 



142 



TABULAR VIEWS 



l6oO A.D.- 



A.D. 



Progress of Society. 



America. 



England, Scotland, 
etc. 



France. 



1600 



1604 



Shakespeare, Fletcher, Ben 
Jonson. — Napier inven- 
tor of logarithms. 



Lord Bacon, 
philosopher. 



celebrated 



Lope de Vega, Spanish 
dramatist. 

English East India Com- 
pany chartered. 

William Gilbert publishes 
his work on magnetism 



Conference at Hampton 

Court. 
New translation of the 

Bible begun (published 

1611). 



1605 Cervantes's Don Quixote 
(first part) appears. 



1610 



(1608?) Telescope invented 
in Holland. 



1604. Port Royal 
Acadia, colo- 
nized by the 
French (De 
Monts and 

Poutrincourt). 



1607. English 
settlement at 
Ja m es t own 
(first perma- 
nent one in 
North Amer- 
ica). 

1608. Quebec 
founded. 



1609. Hudson in 
New York Bay 



1612. The tobac- 
co plant intro 
duced into Vir 
ginia. 



1600. The Cowrie con- 
spiracy in Scotland. 

1601. Earl of Essex 
beheaded. 

1603. James I. — Union 
of the English and 
Scotch crowns. 



1605. The Gunpowder 
Plot. 



1609. The charter of 
the East India Com 
pany renewed. 



1611. Colonization of 
Ulster in Ireland by 
English and Scotch. 



1600. Henry 
IV. mar- 
ries Marie 
de' Medici. 



1603. The 
Jesuits 
re -en t e r 
France. 



1610. Henry 
IV., with 
England 
and Hol- 
land, plans 
the down- 
fall of the 
Hapsburg 
power. 

Assassi- 
nation of 
Henry IV. 
by Ravail- 
lac. 

Louis 
XIII., 
king, Marie 
de' Medici, 
regent, 



1613 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



143 



AD 



Italy, Spain, and 
Portugal. 



Germany. 



Ottoman 
Empire. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1605 



Leo XI., pope. 
Paul V., pope. 



1609 



Tuscany : — Cosmo 1 1 . 

Expulsion of the 
Moors. 

Leghorn, the empo- 
rium of the Levant 
trade. 



1606. Peace be- 
tween the em- 
pire and the 
Turks. 



1608. Protestant 
Union, under 
Frederick, the 
elector pala- 
tine. 

1609. The Catho- 
lic League, un- 
der the Duke 
of Bavaria. 

Bohemia re- 
ceives a royal 
charter. 



1612. Matthias 
emperor. 



1601. Shah 
Abbas of 
Persia be- 
gins the re- 

conquest 
of lost pro- 
vinces. 



1605. Shah 
Abbas wins 
the battle 
of Basso- 
rah. 



1613. Sinope 
on the Black 
Seaplunder- 
ed by the 
Cossacks. 



1603. Japan: — Tokugawa 
Iyeyasu makes himself 
shogun ; his descendants 
retain power till 1868. 



1604. Sweden: Charles IX. 



1605. India: — Jehangir, 
Mogul emperor. 

Russia:Death of Boris 
Godunoff; appearance of 
the false Demetrius; 
anarchy. 



1609. India:— Arrival of 
Hawkins, first English 
envoy from the East In- 
dia Company. 

1611. Sweden: — Gustavus 
Adolphus, king. — War 
with Denmark. — Axel 
Oxenstiern, minister. 

1612. Russia: — A national 
uprising under Minin 
and Pozharski leads to 
the expulsion of the 
Poles. 

1613. Russia: — Michael 
Romanoff, czar, founder 
of the present ruling 
line. 



144 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1614 A.D. 



A.D. 



Progress of Society, etc. 



America. 



England, Scotland. 
etc. 



'rance. 



1616 



1019 



1620 



1622 



1627 



Death of Shakespeare and 
Cervantes. 



Negro slavery introduced 
into Virginia. 



Bacon's Novum Organum. 
Thermometers invented by 

Drebbel. 
Inigo Jones, celebrated 

architect. 
Martin Opitz, German poet. 

First newspaper (weekly) 

in England. 
Peter Paul Rubens, painter. 
Massinger, the dramatist. 



The Parian marbles 
brought to England by 
the earl of Arundel. 

Harvey publishes his work 
on the circulation of the 
blood. 

Edward Coke, the great 
jurist. 



1614. Manhattan 
Island settled 
by the Dutch- 



1619. Negro 
slaves first im 
ported to Vir 
ginia. 



1620. Emigration 
of Pilgrims to 
New England 
and founding 
of Plymouth. 

1621. John Car 
ver, 1st Gover- 
nor of Ply- 
mouth. 



1623. New Harap 
shire settled. 



1625. Maine set 
tied. 



1614. King resorts to 
Benevolences. 



1618. Francis Bacon, 
lord chancellor. 

Sir Walter Ra- 
leigh executed. 



1621. Bacon 
peached. 



1625. Charles I. 



1614. Last as- 
sembly of 
the States- 
General be- 
foretheRe- 
volution. 

1615. The 
king mar- 
ries Anne, 
of Austria. 
Civil War: 
Conde 
heads the 
H u g u e- 
nots. 

1617. Ascen- 
dency of 
Luynes be- 
gins. 



1620. Rising 

of the Hu- 
guenots. 



1624. Minis- 
try of Car- 
dinal Rich- 
elieu. 



1627. War with France in support of 
the Huguenots. 



1627 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



145 



Italy, Spain, and 
Portugal. 



Germany. 



Ottoman 
Empire. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1618 



1621 



1623 



1625 



Conspiracy of Bed 
mar, the Spanish 
envoy, to reduce 
Venice under sub- 
jection to Spain. 



1618. The Thirty 
Years' War be 
gins. 



Spain supports the 
emperor in Ger- 
many. 

Philip IV. 

Italy:— Gregory XV. 
pope. 

Tuscany: — F erdi- 
nand II. 

Italy: — The famous 
library of the °ala- 
tine at Heidelberg 
sent to Rome. 
Urban VIII., pope 

Spain: — Naval war 
with England. 



1619 
II. 



Ferdinand 
emperor. 



Fer dinan d 
deposed by the 
Bohemians, 
who chose as 
king the elector 
palatine. 

1620. Victory of 
the White 
Mountain near 
Prague gained 
by the imper- 
ial forces over 
the palatine 
king of Bo- 
hemia. 



1626. Victory of 
Wallens t ei n 
over Mansfeld 
at Dessau, and 
victory of Til- 
ly over Chris 
tian IV., of 
Denmark, at 
Lutter. 



1617. Musta 
pha I. 



1618. 



Oth 

II. 



1616. India:— Sir Thomas 
Roe, ambassador from 
James I., of England. 
Manchus invade China. 



1617. Sweden predomi- 
nates in the north. 

1618. Netherlands:— T h e 
Synod of Dort. Armin- 

ianism condemned. 



1620. War 

with Po- 
land, and 
victory at 
Jassy. 



1623. Amu- 
rath (Mu 
rad) IV.; 
restores 
tranquilli 

ty. 



1621. Dutch West India 
Company incorporated. 



1622. Persia:— Ormuz 
gained from the Portu- 
guese by the help of the 
English. 



1625. Netherlands: — Breda 
taken by Spinola. 



146 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1628 A.D.- 



A.D. 



Progress of Society, etc. 



America. 



England, Scotland, 
etc. 



France. 



1633 



1635 



Galileo before the Inquisi- 
tion. 



French Academy founded. 
Death of Lope de Vega, 

Spanish dramatist. 
Pedro Calderon de la 

Barca, Spanish dramat 

ist. 



1628. John Endi- 
cott at Salem. 



1629. Quebec 

taken by Eng- 
lish under 
Kirke. 



1630. Boston 
founded by 
Winthrop. 



1629. Parliament dis- 
solved and no Parlia 
ment for eleven 
years. 

Peace with France 

1630. and with Spain. 



1632. Maryland 
settled by a 
colony sent out 
by Lord Balti- 
more. 



1635.Connecticut 
settled from 
Massachusetts ; 
Guada loupe 
and Martini- 
que, by the 
French. 



1633.Wentworth made 
lord -deputy of Ire 
land and Laud, arch 
bishopof Canterbury 
The king visits 
Scotland . — Is 
crowned at Edin- 
burgh. 

1634. Writs for ship 
money issued. 



162S. La Ro- 
chelle re- 
duced by 
the royal 
troops; end 
of Hugue- 
not am- 
bitions. 



1631. Treaty 
with Swe- 
den against 
the em- 
peror. 



1634. Bern- 
h a r d of 
Saxe-Wei- 
mar in the 
French ser- 
vice. 

1635. Alli- 
ance with 
Holland 
against 
Spain, for 
the parti- 
tion of the 
Spanish 
Nether- 
lands. 

Alliance 
with Swe- 
den against 
Austria. 



1 63 5 a.d. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



147 



A.D. 



Italy, Spain, and 
Portugal. 



Germany. 



Ottoman 

Empire. 



The World, elsewhere. 



162S 



Italy: — General 
Italian war on the 
death of the duke 
of Mantua. 



1630 



Spain : — Peace with 
England. 



1631 



Italy: — Peace of 
Cherasc o, — The 
influence of France 
increases. 



1628. Wallenstein 
recovers all the 
shores" of the 
Baltic, except 
Stralsund. 

1629. The Edict 
of Restitution 
published. 



1630. Gustavus 
Adolphus lands 
in Germany. — 
Diet of Ratis 
bon. — Wallen 
stein dismissed, 
succeeded by 
Tilly. 

1631. Sack of 
Magdeburg, by 
Tilly.— Gusta 
vus Adolphus 
wins the battle 
of Breitenfeld 
(Leipzig). 

1632. Defeat and 
death of Tilly, 
at the Lech. — 
Gustavus takes 
Munich. — Wal 
lenstein again 
in command. — 
Battle of Liit- 
zen. — Victory 
and death of 
Gustavus Adol 
phus. 



1634. Wall en- 
stein assassi- 
nated.- — Bern- 
hard of Wei- 
mar defeated 
at Nordlingen. 

1635. Peace of 
Prague be 
tween the em- 
peror and 
Saxony. 



1632. Revolt 
of Spahis 
and Janis 
saries sup 
pressed. 



1628. Persia:— Death of 
Shah Abbas and succes- 
sion of Shah Soofi I. 



1629. Peace of Liibeck 
between the empire and 
Christian IV., of Den- 
mark. 



1632. Sweden: — Christina 
queen. — Oxenstiern, re- 
gent. 

P o 1 a n d: — Vladislav 
IV., king. 

Russia: — War with 
Poland; siege of Smol- 
ensk. 

1633. Union of Heilbronn, 
between Sweden and the 
German Protestants. 



1634. Peace of Wiasma, 
disadvantageous to 

Russia. 



148 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1635 A.D.- 



A.D. 



Progress of Society, etc. 



America. 



England, Scotland, 
etc. 



France. 



1636 



Comeille's Cid, the be- 
ginning of the French 
classical drama. 

Van Dyke, Rembrandt, 
painters. 



1639 



1636. Rhode Is 
land settled. 



1640 



First printing-press in the 
United States at Cam 
bridge. 

The Connecticut Constitu- 
tion. 



The Jansenists, followers 

of Jansenius, bishop of 

Ypres. 
Claude Lorraine, French 

painter. 
Death of Rubens. 
Thomas Hobbes, philoso- 

ohical writer. 



1636. Harvard 
College found- 
ed. 



1638. Delaware 
settled. 



1639. First print 
ing office in 
America, at 
Cambridge, by 
Stephen Daye. 
Saybrook. 
Conn. .founded. 



1637. Hampden op- 1637. Tl 
poses ship-money. French 



16 35. Inva- 
sionof Gas- 
cony by the 
Spaniards, 
and of 
P i car dy, 
by the im- 
perialists, 
who threat- 
en Paris. 

The 



1641. Montreal 
founded. 



Troubles in Scot 
land caused by 
Charles's plan to 
overthrow the 
Scotch Presbyterian 
church and to en 
force episcopacy. 



1639. Episcopacy abol 
ished in Scotland 
First Bishops' war 



1640. Parliament as 
sembled — dissolved 
without effecting 
anything. 

The Scotch invade 
England, take pos 
session of Newcastle. 

The Long Parlia 
ment, Nov. 3. 

Impeachment of 
Strafford and Laud 

1641. Strafford be 
headed. — Courts of 
Star Chamber and 
High Commission 
abolished. 

The Grand Remon ■ 
strance. 



1642. Civil War and 
Revolution. — Battle 
of Edgehill, inde 
cisive. 



occupy 
Artois. 



1640. Turin 
taken by 
the French; 
Alsace 
occupied. 



1641-42. Al- 
liance with 
P or tugal 
against 
Spai n. — 
Catalonia 
and Rous- 
sillonrevolt 
and submit 
to France. 



1642. Cinq 
Mars and 
de Thou 
beheaded. 

Death of 
Richelieu. 



1642 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



149 



A.D. 



Italy, Spain, and 
Portugal. 



Germany. 



Ottoman 
Empire. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1640 



Portugal regains her 
independence 
under John IV., of 
Braganza. 



1636. Swedes vic- 
torious at Witt- 
stock over the 
Saxons. 



1637. Ferdinand 
III., emperor. 

Gallas suc- 
cessful against 
the Swedes. 

1638. Bernhard, 
of Saxe-Wei- 
mar, defeats 
the imperial- 
ists at Rhein- 
feld — takes 
Breisach. 

1639. Battle of 
Chemnitz gain- 
ed by the Swe- 
dish general 
Baner. 



1640. Branden 
burg: — Fred 
derick William, 
the Great Elec 
tor. 



1635. Amu- 
rath takes 
Erivan. 



1642. The Swedes 
under Torsten- 
son defeat the 
Austrians at 
Leipzig. 



1638. Bagdad 
taken by 
the Turks 



1640. Ibra- 
him, sultan, 



1639. Holland :—G r e a t 
naval victory by Van 
Tromp, over the Spanish 
fleet in the Downs. 

India: --Madras found- 
ed by the English. 



i5o 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1643 A.D. 



A.D. 



Progress of Society, etc 



America. 



(England, Scotland, 
etc. 



France. 



1643 Torricelli invents the 
ro meter. 



1644 



1645 



1647 



1648 



ba 



Milton's Areopagitica. 



Death of Grotius. 



1646. The Jesuit 
missionary Jo- 
gues killed by 
the Mohawks 
John Eliot be- 
gins his work 
among the In 
dians. 



George Fox begins public 1647. Peter Stuy 
work. vesant, gover 

nor of New 
Amsterdam. 



1643 Confedera- 
tion of the col- 
onies ot New 



England, 
mutual 
fence. 



for 
de- 



1643. Royalists vie 
torious at Chalgrove 
and other places ; 
battle of Newbury 
Solemn League and 
covenant between 
the Scotch and Eng- 
lish parliaments. 



1644. Union of 1644. Battle of Marston 
Providenceand Moor — royalists de 
Rhode Island. feated. 



Pascal's experiments in 
air pressure. 



1648. Cambridge 
platform adop 
ted in Massa- 
chusetts. 



1649. Act of Tol 
eration passed 
in Maryland 



1645. Battle of Naseby . 

1646. The king seeks 
refuge in the Scot 
tish camp. 



1647. — is delivered up 
to parliament. 



1648. Cromwell routs 
the Scotch. — The 
Presbyterians ex 
pelled from parlia 
ment, which receives 
the name of " tne 
Rump." 



1649. Trial and execu 
tion of the king. 

The Commonwealth. 
Cromwell subdues 
Ireland. Sack of 
Drogheda. 



1643. Louis 
XIV. (the 
• Great ), 
Anne, of 
A ust ria , 
regent. 

Victory 
of Rocroi 
over the 
Spaniards, 
bytheduke 
of Enghien. 

Ministry 
of Cardinal 
Mazarin. 

1645. The 
French win 
the battle 
of Nord- 
lingen. 



1648. Fac- 
tion of the 
F r ond e ; 
dissensions 
f o mented 
byCardinal 
de Retz. 

— The 
Peace of 
Westphalia 
gives to 
F r a nee, 
Metz.Toul, 
Verdun , 
Alsace, 
and Brei- 
sach. 

1649. Court 
removes to 
St. Ger- 
main. 



1649 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



151 



Italy, Spain, and 
Portugal. 



Germany. 



Ottoman 
Empire. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1644 



1647 



Innocent X., pope. 



Revolt of Naples : 
under Masaniello, 



1643. Negotia 
tions begun at 
Munster lead 
ing to the Peace 
of Westphalia. 



1644-45. Upris- 
ing in Hungary 
under Rakoczy 
— the emperor 
forced to yield 
to the demands 
of the Protes 
tants. 



1648. Peace of 
West p hal a 
signed at Mun- 
ster. — Theprin- 
ciple of a bal- 
ance of power 
in Europe first 
recognized. 
— Switzerland 
and the Dutch 
Netherlands 
declared inde- 
pendent. 

Prague taken 
by the Swedes. 



1645. War 
with Ven- 
ice. Crete 

the theatre 
of war. 



1648. Moham- 
med IV. 

The khan 
of Crimea 
raids Rus- 
sia and 
P o 1 and 
carrying off 
40,000 
prisoners. 
The Turks 
begin a 
twenty 
years' siege 
of Candia, 



1649. Naval 
defeat by 
the Vene 
tians in 
the Archi- 
pelago. 



1644. China:— Establish- 
ment of the Manchu dy- 
nasty. 

Naval victory of the 
Swedes over the Danish 
fleet. 

1645. Sweden: — Peace of 
Bromsebro with Den- 
mark. 

Russia: — Alexis, czar. 



1647. Netherlands:— Wil- 
liam II. 



1648. Poland:— The 
Ukraine Cossacks revolt 
under Bogdan Chmiel- 
nicki and defeat the 
Poles. 

John Casimir, king. 



152 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1650 A.D.- 



Progress of Society, etc. 



America. 



England, Scotland 
etc. 



France. 



1650| Milton's controversy with 
Salmasius. — Death of 
Descartes. 



1651 



1653 



1654 



Hobbes's Leviathan. 1651. Navigation 

Jeremy Taylor, Algernon Act passed 
Sidney, English writers. 



Lebrun, French painter. 



Walton's Compleat Angler 
appears. 



Air pump invented by 
von Guericke. 



1652. Maine 
towns as far 
east as Casco 
joined to Mas- 
sachusetts. 



1663. Settlement 
of North Caro 
lina under 
royal patent. 



I 



1650. Cromwell defeats 
the Scots at Dunbar. 

The Scots proclaim 
Charles II. He en- 

1651. ters England — 
is defeated at Wor- 
cester, and escapes 
to France. 

The Navigation Act 
passed. 



1652. Naval war with 
Holland. — Blake 
defeated by Tromp. 



1655. Stuyvesant 
conquers New 
Sweden (Dela 
ware). 



1653. Long Parliament 
dissolved by Crom- 
well. — "Barebone's 
Parliament" sum 
moned. 

Oliver Cromwell 
Lord Protector. 

Milton private 

secretary to Crom 
well. 

1654. Peace of West 
minster. — Alliance 
with Holland. 

1655. War with Spain. 
— Jamaica conquered 
by Penn. 



1657. Cromwell refuses 
the crown. 



1650. Peace 
concluded 
betwe en 
the Court 
and Parlia- 
m e n t . — 
C o n d 6 , 
Conti, and 
Longue- 
ville im- 
prisoned. — 
Tuienne 
flees to the 
Spaniards. 

1652. Maza- 
rin retires 
to Sedan. 
Conde flies 
to Spain. 
War be- 
tween Tur- 
enne and 
Conde; the 
latter de- 
feated at 
Bleneau 
and at 
Paris. 

1653. Maza- 
rin enters 
Paris in 
triumph. 



1654. By the 
treaty of 
Basle, 
France se- 
cures Al- 
sace. 



1656. Strife 
between 
Jansenists 
and Jesuits. 



1657 A.D 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



153 



A.D. 



Italy, Spain, and 
Portugal. 



Germany. 



Ottoman 
Empire. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1654 



1655 

1655 
-56 



Brazil recovered by 

Portugal from the 

Dutch. 

Italy : — Alexander 

VII., pope. 
War between Eng 

land and Spain. 



1651. Formation 
of Catholic 
and Protestant 
Leagues. 



1656. The elector 
of Brandenburg 
allies himself 
with Sweden 
against Poland. 

1657. By the 

treaty of Weh- 
lau, Poland 
cedes Prussia 
to the elector. 



1656. Mo- 
hamm e d 
Kio pril i, 
grand vi- 
zier. 

1657.Lemnos 
and Tene- 
dos taken 
from the 
Venetians. 



1653. Holland: — John de 
Witt, grand pensio.iary ; 
De Ruyter, admiral. 



1653. Defeat and death 
of Tromp off Portland 
in the English Channel. 

Swede n: — Christina 
resigns. Charles X. 

first of the House of 
Zweibrucken. 

Poland : — War with 
Russia ; Smolensk 
taken by the Russians. 

The Cossacks place 
thems elves under 
Russian suzerainty. 
1655. Charles X. of Sweden 
invades Poland. 



1658. Denmark: — War 
against the Swedes, who 
overrun Denmark, and 
menace Copenhagen. 



154 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1658 A.D.- 



A.D. 



Progress of Society, etc, 



America. 



England, Scotland, 
etc. 



France. 



1660 



1662 



1665 



1666 



1667 



About this time flourish 
Corneille, La Fontaine 
La Rochefoucauld, Ma 
dame de Sevigne, Moliere 
Racine, Boileau, and 
Pascal in France. 

Royal Society at London 
founded. 

Velasquez and Murillo 
Spanish painters. 

Bernini, Italian sculptor. 



Canal of Languedoc, from 
the Mediterranean to 
the Atlantic, begun. 

Gobelin tapestry manu- 
factory in Paris, found 
ed by Louis XIV. 

Salvator Rosa, landscape 
painter. 

Huygens, Dutch astrono- 
mer. 



Persecution of Jansenists 
in France. 



Foundation of the Aca 
demy of Sciences, at 
Paris. 

Paradise Lost published 
Cassini, Italian astrono 
mer and mathematician. 
D'Herbelot, Bourdaloue, 
LaBruyere . M alebranc he , 
French writers. 



1668 Reflecting telescope made 
by Sir Isaac Newton. 



1659. Laval- 

Montmorency 
made bishop 
of New France 



1662. Charter ob 
tained from 
Charles II. for 
Connec ticut 
and New Ha 
ven. 

1663. Carolina 
granted to 
Lord Claren 
don and others 

Mason and 
Dixon's line 
begun. 

Eliot's In 
dian B i b 1 < 
printed. 

1664. New Am 
sterdam occu 
pied by the 
English. 

1665. Union of 
Conne c ticut 
and New Ha- 
ven. 



1667. A c a d i 
ceded to France 
by the peace of 
Breda. 



1658. Death of Crom 
w e 1 1. — R i c h a r d 
Cromwell, Protector 

1659. Richard Crom 
well resigns. — Rump 
parliament called 
but soon expelled. 

General Monk sup 
ports pa rliament 
against the army. 

1660. Charles II. Hyde 
earl of Clarendon 
chancellor. 

Military tenures 
abolished. 

1661. New parliament. 1 
Episcopacy re- 
established in Scot- 
land. 



1662. Marriage of 
Charles II. to Cathe 
rine of Portugal. 
Act of Uniformity 
Dunkirk sold to 
France. 



1664. War with 
land. 



Hoi 



1665. Naval victory by 
the duke of York at 
Solebay. 

Great Plague 
London 

1666. Great Fire 1 
London. 



1667. Peace of Breda 
New Netherlands 
ceded to England. 
Fall and banish 
ment of the earl of 
Clarendon. 



1668. Triple alliance — 
England, Sweden, 
and Holland, against 
France. 



1659. Peace 
of the Pyr- 
enees. 



1660. Mar- 
riage of 
Louis XIV. 
to Maria 
Theresa, of 
Spain. 

1661. Death 
of Mazarin. 

Colbert, 
intendant 
of finance. 

Lyonne, 
Le Tellier. 

1662. Dis- 
putes with 
the pope. 
—6000 
troops sent 
against the 
Turks in 
Hungary. 



1664. French 
East India 
and West 
India Com- 
panies 

1665. Colbert 
becomes 
controller- 
general of 
finance. 



1667. War 
with Spain. 
Louis 
claims 
Fl a n d e r s 
for his 
w i f e — i n- 
vades the 
Spanish 
Nether' 
lands. 

1668. Peace 
of Aix-Ia- 
Chapelle 
with Spain. 



1 668 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



155 



Italy, Spain, and 
Portugal. 



Germany. 



Ottoman 
Empire. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1663 



1665 



1667 



1C68 



1658. Leopold I. 



1660. In the 
peace of Oiiva , 
Poland recog- 
nizes the inde- 
pendence of 
East Prussia 
under the 
elector of 
Brandenburg 



Victory of the Por 
tuguese over the 
Spaniards at 
Estremoz. 



Spain: — CharlesII. 

The victory of 
Villa Viciosa es- 
tablishes Portu- 
guese indepen 
dence. 



Clement IX., pope 
Portugal: — Re 
volution at Lis- 
bon. King de 
posed. Pedro II 



Peace of Lisbon 
with Spain. 



1663. The diet 
permanent at 
Ratisbon. 



1664. Montecu- 
culi victorious 
over the Turks 
atSt.Gotthard 



1663. Inva 
sion of 

Hungary 
under 
A c h m e t 
Kioprili ; 
Germany 
threatened ; 
Turks de- 
feated at 
St. Gott- 
hard (1664) 
sign treaty 
of Vasvar 
giving the 
sultan su- 
zerainty 
over Tran- 
sylvania. 

Crete tak- 
e n from 
Venice by 
Kioprili. 



1658. Denmark: — Naval 
victory over the Swedes. 

Peace of Roskilde. 

India: — Aurungzeb 
makes himself emperor. 



1660. Denmark: — Peace of 
Copenhagen. 

Revolution in Den- 
mark; absolute mon- 
archy established. 

Sweden: — tharles XI. 

Peace of Oliva gives 
Livonia and Esthonia to 
Sweden . 

Prussia acknowledged 
independent. 



1664. Rise of the Mahratta 
power in India: Sivaji 
takes and sacks Surat. 



1667. Poland: — Great 
victory of Marshal John 
Sobieski over the Tar- 
tars. 

Holland: — Peace of 
Breda: loss of New 
Netherlands. 

Peace of Andrussovo 
between Poland and 
Russia. 



1 5 6 



TABULAR VIEWS 



I669 A.D.- 











England, Scotland 




A.D. 


Progress op Society, etc. 


America. 


etc. 


France. 


1669 


Phosphorus discovered. 


1670. Conclusion 
of the "Ameri- 
can treaty" 
(Madrid) be- 
tween England 
and Spain. 


1670. The Cabal min- 
istry. — Secret treaty 
with France against 
Holland. — C h a r 1 e s 
the pensionary of 
Louis XIV. 

1672. War with Hol- 


1672. War 






Charleston 


land in conjunction 


with Hol- 






founded. 


with France. 

1673. Test Act passed. 
Ministry of Danby. 

1674. Peace with Hol- 
land. 


land. 

1673. French 
amb ass a- 
dor at Is- 
pahan. 

1674. The 
Imperialists 
defeated at 
the battle 
of Sins- 
heim. — 
Turenne 
ravages 
the Pala- 
t i n a t e . — ■ 
Battle of 
Seneffe be- 
t w e e n 
Conde and 
William of 
Orange. 


1675 


Christopher Wren, archi- 


1675-76. King 




1675. Death 




tect, commences bt. 


Philip's War in 




of Turenne 




Paul's. 


New England. 




at S a 1 z - 




Ruysdael, celebrated 


Bacon's Re- 




bach. 




Dutch painter. 


bellion in Vir- 








William Temple, historian. 


ginia. 








Butler, Waller, and Dry- 


1677. Maine pur- 








den, English poets; Henry 


chased by 




1677. Victory 




More, Leighton, Baxter, 


Massachusetts . 




over the 




Boyle. 






Prince of 




Mansart, architect. 






Orange at 

Mont-Cas- 

sel. 


1678 


John Bunyan, Pilgrim's 
Progress. 




1678. The "Popish 

Plot" excitement. 

Rise of the names 

of Whigs and Tories. 


1678. Peace 
of Nime- 
guen with 
Holland 
and Spain 
— restores 
tranquil - 
lity to Eu- 
rope.— 
France 
wins Fran- 
che-Comte. 

France the 
most form- 
i d a b 1 e 
power i n 
Europe. 



1678 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



157 






Italy, Spain, and 




Ottoman 




A.D. 


Portugal. 


Germany. 


Empire. 


The World, elsewhere. 


1669 


Nithard, the Jesuit, 
driven from 
. Spain. 








1670 


Cosmo III., grand 
duke of Tuscany. 
Clement X., 
pope. 






1670. Denmark:— Chris- 
tian V. 


1671 


Spain Alliance with 
Holland. 












1672. The em- 


1672. The 


1672. Sea fight between 






peror and 


sultan in- 


the Dutch fleet, under 






elector of 


vades Po- 


De Witt and De Ruyter, 






Brandenburg 


land. 


and the English and 






ally themselves 




French fleets — Dutch de- 






with Holland 




feated. 






against France. 




Holland: William III., 






1673. War of the 


1673. —de- 


stadtholder. 






empire and 


feated by 








France. 


Sobieski at 








1673. Treaty of 


Choczim. 




1674 


Revolt of Messina 


The Hague 




1674. Poland:— John So 




in favor of 


against France 




bieski. 




France. 


1675. Turenne 




1675. The Swedes invade 


1676 


Messina blockaded 


and Monte- 


1676. Peace 


Brandenburg and are 




by the Dutch 


cuculi opposed 


of Zurawno 


defeated at Fehrbellin. 




and Spanish 


on the Rhine. 


with Po- 






fleets. 


The elector of 


land. 






Death of De 


Brandenburg 








Ruyter. 


defeats the 








Innocent XI., 


Swedes at 




1677. Battle of the Lund, 




pope. 


Fehrbellin and 
gains Pomer- 
ania. 

1678. Hungarian 
revolt under 
Tokolyi. 


1678. First 
war with 
Russia be- 
gins. 


between the Swedes and 
Danes; the latter de- 
feated. 



i 5 8 



TABULAR VIEWS 



I68O A.D.- 



A.D. 



Progress of Society, etc 



America. 



Gkeat Britain. 



France. 



1680 



1681 



1684 



(about) Tramways with 
wooden rails near New- 
castle. 

Penny post established in 
London. 

Lully, from Florence 
founder of French opera. 

John Dryden's Absalom 
and Achitophel. 

Increase Mather, American 
theologian. 

Molinos, founder of Quiet- 
ism. 



(about) Telegraphs invent 
ed. 



1682. Founding 
of Philadel 
phia by Wil 
Ham Penn. 



1687 



Newton's Principia pub 
lished. 



1684. Massachu 
setts deprived 
of its charter. 



1686. Sir Ed- 
mund Andros 
governor of 
New England 



1688. General 
suppression of 
charter govern 
ments. 



1681 

F 



The 

rench 



1683. "Ryehouse 
Plot." 

Execution of Lord: 
Russell and Algernon 
Sidney. 

Mutiny at Bom 
bay. 



1689. Beginning 
of King Wil 
liam's War 
Leisler i 1 
New York. 



1685. James II. 
Rebellion of Mon 

mouth, in England. 
and Argyle, in Scot- 
land; both defeated 
and executed. 
Judge Jeffreys. 

1686. The king favors 
the Catholics; re 
establishes the 
Court of High Com- 
mission. 



1687. Declaration of 
Indulgence pub 
lished. 

1688. "Revolution of 
1688."— The Whigs 
apply to the prince 
of Orange, who lands 
in England with an 
army — the king flees 
to France. 



1689. William III. and 

Mary II. 

The Bill of Rights, 

Toleration Act, and 

Mutiny Bill passed. 
War with France 
James II. lands in 

Ireland — besieges 

Londonderry. 



seize 
Strassburg. 
1683. Inva- 
sion of the 
Spanish 
Nether- 
lands. 



1684. Truce 
of Ratis- 
bon for 
twenty 
years with 
Spain. 

1685. Revo- 
cation of 
the Edict 
of Nantes. 



1688. War of 
Spain, 
the League 
of Augs- 
burg, the 
empire, 
Holland, 
Savoy, and 
England 
agai ns t 
France. 

1689. Grand 
alii ance 
agai n s t 
France 
headed by 
William 
III. 



1689 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



159 



Italy, Spain, and 
Portugal. 



Germany, 



Ottoman 
Empire. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1680 



Duke of Medina 
Coeli first minis- 
ter in Spain, 



1684 



1686 



16S9 



Genoa bombarded 
by the French. 



The duke of Savoy 
persecutes the 
Vaudois. 



Revolt of Cata- 
lonia in favor of 
France. 

Alexander 
VIII., pope. 



1680. Great part 
of Alsace seiz- 
ed by France. 



1683. Turkish 
war; siege of 
Vienna by the 
Turk s — v i c - 
toryot the Ger- 
mans and Poles 
under Charles 
of Lorraine 
and John So- 
bieski. 



1686. League of 
Augsburg or- 

fanized against 
Vance. 
Buda taken 
after being held 
by the Turks 
145 years. 



1687. D'ecisive 
victory of Mo- 
hacz: Croatia 
and Transyl- 
vania subdued. 
Joseph I . 
crowned king 
of Hungary. 



1689. Grand al- 
liance ratified 
at Vienna. 

The Palati- 
nate desolated 
by the French. 



1682. War 

with the 
empire. 

1683. Total 
rout be- 
fore V i 
enna. The 
vizier 
Kara Mus- 
tapha put 
to death. 

1684. Alliance 
of Venice 
with Po- 
land and 
the em- 
pire against 
the Porte. 



1686. Russia 
dec lares 
war. 

Venice 
conquers 
the Morea; 
Buda taken 
by the 
Imperia- 
lists. 

16S7. Revolu- 
t i o n in 
Constan- 
tinople; 
Moham- 
med de- 
throned 

Solyman II. 

1687. Athens 
bombarded 
by the Ve- 
netians. 



1680. Sweden:— Diet of 
Stockholm. The king 
becomes absolute. 



1682. Russia: — Ivan and 
Peter rule, their sister 
Sophia, regent. 

1683. Denmark: — The 
Code of King Christian 
published. 



1686. India:— The Dekkan 
conquered by Aurung- 
zeb. 



1688. 
III. 



Prussia: — Frederick 



1689. Russia:— Peter the 
Great begins personal 
rule after overthrowing 
his sister Sophia and 
repressing the Streltsi. 

First trade with China. 

India: — Height of the 
Mogul power under Au- 
rungzeb. 

China: — Great in- 
fluence of Jesuits. 



i6o 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1690 A.D.- 



A.D. 


Progress of Society, etc. 


America. 


Great Britain. 


France. 


1690 


Leibnitz, German philoso- 


1690. The Eng- 


1600. Wil'iam in Ire- 


1600. Naval 




pher. 


lish settle- 


land. — Battle of the 


victory 




Bossuet, French pulpit 


ments of 


Boyne. James de- 


over the 




orator; La Bruyere, 


Schenectady, 


feated, returns to 


Dutch and 




critic. 


Casco , Me., 


France . 


English at 




Purcell, English musician., 


and Salmon 
Falls, N. H., 
destroyed by 
the French. 

Port Royal, 
Nova Scotia , 
reduced by 
Sir William 
Phipps. 

Expedition 
against Quebec 
unsuccessful. 
1691. Schuyler 
defeat s the 
French at La 
Prairie. 

Leisler execut- 
ed. 


1691. Limerick taken, 
and William acknow- 
ledged. 


B e a c h y 
Head. 
Victory of 
Lux em - 
bourg, at 
Fleurus. 






1692. Maryland a 


1692. Invasion of Eng- 


1692. The 




royal province. 


land undertaken by 


French fleet 




1 


the French in favor 


defeated at 


1692 


Witchcraft superstition in New England. 


of James. — N aval 


La Hogue. 




John Locke and Sir Isaac 


victorybythe Dutch 


Marshal 




Newton in England. 




and English.— The 


Luxem- 




Boileau, F^nelon, and 




Glencoe massacre. 


bourg de 




Bayle, in France. 






feat3 Wil 
Ham at Ste 


1693 


National debt of England 


1693. N. York:— 




enkirk, and 




begins. 


Ep i sco pac y 




1693. — at 


1694 


Bank of England founded. 


introduced. 


1694. Bank of England 


Neerwin- 






William and 


incorporated. Death 


den. 




Publication of the diction- 


Mary's College 


of Queen Mary. 






ary of the French Acad- 


founded. 








emy. 












1697. Acadia re- 


1697. General peace of 


R y s wick — 






stored to the 




b e t we e n 






French by the 


1698. First partition 


France and 






Treaty of 


treaty, between 


the allies. 






Ryswick. 


Louis XIV. and 
William III., 
to dispose of the 
crown and posses- 
sions of Spain. 








1699. French 


1698. Visit of Peter 








colony in 


the Great. 








Louisiana at 










Biloxi. 







1699 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



I6l 



A.D. 



Italy, Spain, and 
Portugal. 



1691 



Incursion of the 
French into Ara 
gon. 

Innocent XII., 
pope. 



Germany. 



Ottoman 
Empire. 



1690. Joseph I. 
elected king of 
the Romans by 
the Diet of 
Augsburg. — 
Victories of 
the Turks at 
Nissa, Belgrade 
Widdin, and 
other places. 



1690. Musta- 
pha Kio- 
prili drives 
the Austri- 
ans across 
the Danube 
— recovers 
Belgrade 



The World, elsewhere. 



1693 



1697 



Battle of Marsag 
lia — the allies in 
Italy defeated by 
the Marshal 
Catinat. 



1691. Ahmed 
I I .— D e - 
feat and 
death of 
K i o p r i 1 i 
at Szelan- 
kemen. 



Peace of Ryswick 



Spain: — Intrigues 
for the success 
ion. 



1697. Victory 
over the Sultan 
Mu<=tapha at 
Zenta, by the 
Prince Eugene. 



1694. Chios 
taken by 
the Vene- 
tians. 

1695. Musta- 
pha II. 

1696. —leads 
his own ar- 
my. 

1697. Defeat- 
ed at Zenta. 



1699. Peace 
of Carlo - 
witz. 

The Ot- 
toman 
power 
broken. 



1693. Sweden:— The king 
formally declared abso- 
lute. 



1695. Holland:— Bombard- 
ment of Brussels by the 
French, under Villeroi. 

1696. Poland:— Death of 
Sobieski — succeeded by 

1697. Frederick Augustus I. 
Sweden: — Charles XII. 

(15 years old) becomes 
king. 

Russia: — I n trod uc- 
tion of various manufac- 
tures — equipment of a 
fleet, etc. 



1699. Denmark: — F r e d - 
ericklV. becomes king. 
Alliance of Denmark, 
Russia, and Poland 
against Charles XII. of 
Sweden. 



1 62 



TABULAR VIEWS 



I700 A.D.- 



A.D. 


Progress of Society, etc. 


America. 


Great Britain. 


France. 


1700 


Academy of Sciences at 
Berlin founded. 

Massillon, pulpit orator, in 

France. 
Godfrey Kneller, English 




1700. A British fleet 
sent to assist Charles 
XII., of Sweden. 






painter. 


1701. Yale Col- 


1701. War of the Spanish succession. 




Cotton Mather's Magnolia: 


lege founded . 






Clarendon's History of 








the Grand Rebellion. 






1702 


Incorporation of the 


1702. Beginning 


1702. The French invade Holland 




United British East 


ofQueenAnne's 


under Boufflers — repulsed by 




India Company. 


War. 


Marlborough . 








Anne becomes queen 




1703 


St. Petersburg founded. 


1703.Appalachian 


1703. Methuen treaty 


1703. Revolt 




Swift's Tale of a Tub pub- 


Indians sub- 


of commerce with 


of the 




lished. 


dued in the 


Portugal. 


Camisards 




Flourishing period of 


Carolinas. 




suppressed 




French literature. — 


Maine ravag- 




by Mar- 




Great splendor in the 


ed by French 




shal Villars, 




French court. 


and Indians. 










1704. DeerfieM 


1704. Marlborough enters Germany, 






attacked by 


gains the battle of Blenheim. 






the French. 


Gibraltar taken by 








Boston News- 


Rooke. 








Letter, fi r s t 






1705 


Death of Spener, founder 


Am erican 








of Pietism. 


periodical. 








1706. Carolina 


1706. Battle of Ramillies, Villeroi 






threatened by 


defeated by Marlborough. 






the French and 










Spanish. 






1707 


Isaac "Watt's Hymns. 


1707. Unsuccess- 
ful expedition 


1707. Treaty of union 
with Scotland. 








against Port 


Victory of Almanza over the 






Royal. 


English and Portuguese by the 
French under Berwick. 








The first united 










parliament of Great 










Britain meets. 








1708. The Say- 


1708. Battle of Oudena 


irde, — French 






brook platform 


defeated. 






formed. 


Sardinia and Minorca captured 
by the English. 








Unsuccessful at- 










tempt of the Preten- 










der to land in Scot- 










land. 





1708 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



163 



A.D. 



Italy, Spain, and 
Portugal. 



Germany. 



Ottoman 
Empire. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1700 



1701 



1702 



1704 

1705 
1706 



1707 



Clement XL, pope. 
Death of Char- 
les II., of Spain, 
who names the 
duke of Anjou 
as his successor. 

Spain:- -Philip V. 



Victory of Luzzara 
gained by the 
French over the 
imperialists. 



The archduke 
Charles enters 
Spain and is pro- 
claimed king. 

Barcelona taken by 
the allies. 

French driven 
from Italy by 
Prince Eugene 
after the battle 
of Turin. 

Portugal : — 
John V. 

English and 
Portuguese enter 
Madrid. 

All the Spanish 
possessions in 
Italy abandoned 
to the allies. 

Spain: — Battle of 
Almanza is fol- 
lowed by the 
downfall of the 
archduke. 



1701. Prussia is 
erected into a 
kingdom under 
Frederick I. 

Grand alli- 
ance of The 
Hague, be- 
tween England, 
Holland, and 
the empire, to 
prevent the 
union of 
France and 
Spain. 

1703. The Hun- 
garians rise 
under Ragot- 
6kyand threat- 
en Vienna. 



1703. Ahmed 
III. 



1705. Joseph I. 



1708. Hungarians 
under Ragot- 
sky defeated 
by the im- 
perial forces. 



1700. Russia: — Peter the 
Great invades Ingria — - 
defeated by Charles XII., 
at Narva. 

War of the Northern 
Powers. 

1701. Charles XII. invades 
Poland — is victorious at 
Riga. 



1702. — enters Warsaw — 
takes Cracow. 

Victory of Pultusk. 



1703. Charles wins the 
battle of Clissow. 



1704. Poland: — The throne 
declared vacant and 
Stanislas Leszczynski 
elected king. 



1706. The Swedes victor- 
ious over the Saxons and 
Russians at Frauen- 
staat. 



1707. Charles XII. con- 
cludes peace of Altran- 
stadt in which Augustus 
abandons his claims to 
the Polish crown. 

1708. Russia. — Revolt of 
the Cossack Mazeppa. 



1708. Charles invades 
Russia, crosses the 
Dnieper, and is 



164 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1709 A.D.- 



A.D. 



Progress of Society, etc. 



America. 



Great Britain. 



France. 



1710 



1713 



Berkely's 
Human 



Principles 
Knowledge. 



of 



The famous bull Unigeni 
tus against the French 
Jansenists. 



1709. First paper 
money in New 
York. 

1710. First post 
office at New 
York. 

Fruitless ex 
pedition against 
Canada. 



1713. Queen 

Anne's War 
closed * by 
the treaty of 
Utrecht which 
gives Acadia 
to the English. 



1717 



The monastery of Mafra 
"the wonder of Portu 
gal," built. 

Prior, Steele, De Foe, 
Addison, Pope, flourish 
in England. Le Sage 
publishes his Gil Bias. 



1709. The French un- 
der Villars defeated 
at Malplaquet. 

1710. Victory of Vendome at Villa- 
viciosa. 

Dr. Sacheverell's' 
trial. — Collision of 
Whig and Tory prin- 
ciples. 



1713. Peace of Utrecht. 
Perpetual separation of the 

crowns of France and Spain. 
England acquires Newfoundland, 
Acadia, and Hudson's Bay, also 
Minorca and Gibraltar. Spanish 
Netherlands ceded to Aus- 
tria; Dutch to hold Barrier 
forts against France; England ob- 
tains assiento from Spain; begin- 
ning of English naval and colonial 
supremacy. 

1714. Factions at court 
— disgrace of Harley, 
chancellor of the ex- 
chequer. 

Death of the queen. 

House of Han- 
over: — George I. 

Townshend, pre- 
mier. 



1715. Indian war 
in South 

Carolina. 



1715. Insurrection of 
Jacobites. — Battles] 
of Sheriffmuir and 
Preston. 

War against Swe 
den. 



1714. Peace 
of Ra- 
6tadt: the 
em peror 
ack now - 
ledges 
Philip V- 
king of 
Spain on 
the cession 
of Lombar- 
dy, Naples, 
and Sar- 
dinia. 

1715. Louis 
XV. 

Duke of 
Orleans re- 
gent. — Du- 
bois, minis- 
ter. 



lyiy a.d. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



I6 5 



A.D. 



Italy, Sp^in, and 
Portugal. 



Germany. 



Ottoman 
Empire. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1711 



1714 



Charles leaves 
Spain on be- 
coming emperor. 



Barcelona taken by 
Berwick. Alber- 
oni prime minis- 
ter of Spain. 



1710. Treaty 
of The Hague 
between Eng- 
land, Holland, 
and the empire 

1711. Charles VI. 
Ministry of 
Count Zin- 
zendorf. 

1713. Pragmatic 
Sanction, vest- 
ing the sue - 
cession to 
Austria in the 
daughters of 
Charles. 



1714. Peace of 
Rastadt and 
Baden with 
France. 



1709. Charles 
XII. takes 
refuge at 
Bender — 
hence war 
with Rus- 



1714. War of 
Venice 
with the 
Porte. 



1715. Corinth 
taken by 
the Turks 
— the em - 
peror joins 
V e n i c e — 
6iege of 
Corfu rais- 
ed on the 
news of 
their 

1716.defeatat 
the battle 
of Peter- 
wardein. 

1717. Prince 
Eugene 
takes Bel- 
grade. 



1709. defeated at Pultowa. 

Sweden at war with 
Denmark. 

Poland: — Frederick 
Augustus reascends the 
throne. 



1713. Prussia: — Frederick 
William I. 



1714. Russia: — Naval vic- 
tory over the Swedes. 
Aland and Finland con- 
quered. 



1715. Netherlands: — Bar- 
rier treaty with Austria. 
Sweden: — Return of 
Charles — Prussia and 
England join the alliance 
against him. 



i66 



TABULAR VIEWS 



I718 A.D.- 



A.D. 



Progress of Society, etc. 



America. 



Great Britain. 



France. 



1718 



1719 



The "Appellants" in 
France, headed by the 
Cardinal de Noailles 
appeal from the bull 
Unigenitus to a gen 
eral council ; but without 
effect. 

Robinson Crusoe. 



1718. New Or 
leans settled by 
the French. 



1719. First Phil 
adelphia news 
paper. 



1718. Quadruple alliance: the em- 
peror, England, Holland, and 
France against the designs of 
Spain. 



1719. Unsuccessful 
attempt to invade 
Scotland by tht 
Spaniards. 
"The South Sea 
Scheme." 



1719 A - D - 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



167 



A.D. 



Italy, Spain, and 
Portugal. 



Germany. 



Ottoman 
Empire. 



The World elsewhere. 



1718. Quadruple 
aLiance against 
Spain. 



1719. Italy:- Sicily 

invaded by the 

Spanish. 

Spain : — Alb er - 

oni falls from 

power. 



1718. Peace 
of Passaro- 



witz, 
tween 
Porte, 
nice, 
the empire. 
Hungary 
lost to the 
Turks. 



be 
the 
Ve- 
and 



1718. Charles XII. invades 
Norway; is killed at the 
siege of Fredericshall. 



1719. Sweden: — Ulrica 
E 1 e o n o r a becomes 
queen. 



168 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1720 A.D. 



A.D. 



Progress of Society, etc. 



America. 



England. 



1721 



1722 



1725 



1728 



1731 
1732 



1735 



1739 



Inoculation introduced by 
Lady Montague. The 
same year introduced 
into Boston by Dr. 
Boylston. 

The Moravian establish 
ment at Herrnhut under 
the protection of Count 
Zinzendorf. 



Giovanni Battista 
Scienza Nuova. 



Vico's 



Behring'sStrait discovered 



In England: 
Pope, Swift, 
Young, 
Thompson, 
Watts, Lord 
Bolingbroke 
Doddridg e, 
Chesterfield. 



In France: 

J. B. Rous 
6eau, Le 

Sage, Rollin 

Montes- 
quieu. 



1723. Increase 
died. 



Mather 



the 



1724. War against 
Abenaki Indians in 
Maine; Father Rale 
killed. 

Fort Dummer in 
Vermont built. 

1725. First New York 
newspaper. 



1727. Great earthquake in 
New England. 

1728. Cotton Mather died. 
Discovery of diamond 

mines in Brazil. 

1729. The Carolinas sepa- 
rated. 



Halley, astronomer. 

First lodge of Freemasons in America, at Philadelphia. 



Birth of Washington. 



Linnaeus publishes his 
Systema Nature. 



Hume's Treatise on Human 

Nature. 



1720. Bursting of the 
"South Sea bubble." 

1721. Sir Robert Wal pole's 

ministry begins. 



1732. Birth of Washington. 
1733. Savannah founded. 



1734. Beginning of the 
Great Awakening in 
New England. — Arrest 
of the printer Zenger in 
New York. 



1724. Swift's 
Letters. 



Drapier's 



1725. League of Hanover 
or Herrenhausen by 
England, France, and 
Prussia against Spain 
and Austria. 

1727. George I. dies at 
Osnaburg. 

George II. king. 

1728. Peace of Pardo with 
Spain. 



1729. Treaty of Seville, be- 
tween France, Spain, 
England, and Holland. 



1731. Treaty of Vienna 
with Spain and the 
empire. 



1738 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



169 



A.D. 



France. 



Spain and 
Portugal. 



1720| John Law, controller 
general of the ti 
nances. 



172; 



1724 
-25 



1726 



1728 
-29 



1733 



1734 
1735 



Louis XV. assumes 
the government 
and the Regency 
comes to an end 

Duke de Bourbon 
minister. 

Congress of Cambray 
to consider claims 
of Spain and Aus 
tria. 



Ministry of Cardinal 

Fleury. 



Congress of Soissons, 
including all the 
great powers ex- 
cepting Russia 
meets, and is dis- 
solved, without 
effecting anything 



War of the Polish 
succession: France 
Spain, and Sardinia 
against Austria. 



ConquestofLorraine. 1734. Conquest 
Preliminaries ot 

peace at Vienna 

not concluded till 

1738. 



1724. Spain:- 
Philip V. ab 
dicates but 
resumes pow- 
er after some 
months. 



Germany. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1720. Austria ob 
tains Sicily in 
exchange for 
Sardinia which 
is ceded to 
Savoy. 



1722. Charles VI 
establishes the 
Ostend Com 
pany. 



1725. Treaty of 
Vienna, alliance 

between ooain 
and Austria. 



of Maples 
and Sicily by 
Don Carlos. 



1731. Charles VI 
abandons the 
Ostend Com 
pany. 

1733. War of the 
Polish succes 
sion. 



1735. Prelimina 
ries of Vienna 
final peace not 
concluded till 
1738. 



1720. Sweden :-The queen 
abdicates in favor of her 
husband, Frederick I. 

1721. Italy: — Innocent 
XIII., pope. 

Peace of Nystadt between 
Sweden and Russia. 

Russia: — Peter as- 
sumes the title "Empe- 
ror of all the Russias 

The Danes re-enter 
Greenland. 

1723. Italy:— John Gaston 
(de' Medici), grand duke 
of Tuscany. 

Turkey:— The Turks 
and Russians attempt to 
dismember Persia. 

1724. Italy:— Benedict 
XIII., pope. 



1725. Russia: — Catherine 
I., widow of Peter. 

Turkey: — Invasion of 

1726. Russia:— Alliance 
with Austria. 

Peter II. 

1727. Turkey: — Peace of 
Bagdad with Persia. 



1730. Denmark: — Chris- 
tian VI. 

Italy: — Clement XII. 
pope. 

Russia: — Anne. 



1733. Poland:— Frederick 
Augustus II. The diet 
elects Stanislaus, but is 
compelled by the Rus- 
sian army to elect 
Frederick. 

1734. Stanislaus besieged 
in Dantzic, escapes to 
Konigsberg. 

Turkey: — Turks dri- 
ven from Persia by 
Nadr Shah. 

1736. — war with Russia 
and Austria. 

1737. Italy: — Francis of 
Lorraine, grand duke of 
Tuscany. 



170 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1739 A.D. 



Progress of Society, etc 



America. 



Great Britain. 



1747 



L. Holberg, Danish dra- 
matist. 

Frederick the Great makes 

great improvements in 

military tactics. 
Durante, Handel, and Seb. 

Bach, musical compos 

ers. 



Indigo first produced in 
Carolina. 

Swedenborg, philosopher 
and theologian. 

Mosheim, ecclesiastical his- 
torian. 



1742. Invasion of Florida 
by Indians and Span 
iards — repulsed. 



1745. Louisburg and Cape 
Breton taken from 
France by the English. 



1746. College of New Jer- 
sey at Princeton found- 
ed. 



1748. Peace of Aix-la- 
Chapelle restores Louis- 
burg to France; Ohio 
Company founded. 

1749. English settlement 
in Nova Scotia. Halifax 
founded. 



1739. War with Spain 
(War of Tenkin's Ear). 
Porto Bello taken by 
Admiral Vernon. 



1740. Anson's voyage 
round the world, and 
capture of the Manila 
galleon. 



1744.Englisn fleet defeated 
near Toulon. 



1745. Scotch rebellion — 
Charles Edward lands in 
Scotland. 



1746. He is defeated at 
Culloden. 



1747. Victories over the 
French off Belle-Isle and 
Cape Finisterre. 



1748. Peace of Aix-la- 
restitution of conquests. 



175 T A - D - 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



171 



A.D. 



France. 



Spain and 
Portugal. 



Germany. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1740 



1743 



1744 



1745 



War of the Austrian 
succession. 



French defeated by 
the allies at Det- 
tingen. 



War declared against 
England and Aus- 
tria. 

Battle of Fontenoy, 
allies defeated. 



746 The French under 
Marshal Saxe over- 
run the Austrian 
Netherlands; Mad- 
ras taken from the 
English. 
1747 Marshal Saxe defeats 
the duke of Cum- 
berland at Law- 
feld. 
French fleet defeated 
by Hawke off 
Belle-Isle. 

Chapelle. — m u t u a 1 



1739. War 
with Eng- 
land, for in 
fractions of 
the assiento 
treaty. 



1746. Ferdi 
nand VI., in 
Spain. 



1740. War of the 
Austrian suc- 
cession.— Maria 
Theresa suc- 
ceeds to the 
hereditary 
States. 

Frederick 
II. invades 
Silesia. 

1741. The French 
and Bavarians 
overrun Aus- 
tria, take Pra- 
gue, and 

1742. crown Char- 
les VI I emperor 

Treaty of 
Berlin between 
Prussia and 
Austria gives 
greater part of 
Silesia to for- 
mer. 

The French 
driven across 
the Rhine. 



1745. Charles VII. 
dies. 

House of 
Lorraine: 

Francis I., 
husband of 
Maria Theresa, 
becomes em- 
peror; 

Prussian 
vict ories 
at Hohenfried- 
berg, Henners- 
d o r f , and 
Kes s elsdorf. 
End of second 
Silesian war. 



1748. Peace of Aix-la -Chapelle; 
Spain and Prussia the only 
gainers by the war. 



1739. India: — Invaded by 
Nadir Shah who takes 
and plunders Delhi. 

Turkey. — Turks vic- 
torious at Krotzka and 
conclude advantageous 
peace of Belgrade. 

1740. Italy: — Benedict 
XIV., pope. 

Russia: — Ivan VI. 
under regency of Biron. 



1741. Sweden: — War with 
Russia. Swedes driven 
out of Finland. 

Russia : — Elizabeth. 



1743. — Peace of Abo with 
Sweden gives to Russia 
southern Finland. 

Turkey: — War with 
Persia. Defeat near 
Erivan. 

1744. India: — Hostilities 
between French and 
English. 

1 1 a 1 y: — N o r t h e r n 
Italy occupied by 
French and Spaniards, 
who take 
1745. — Parma, Milan, and 
Piacenza. Genoa bom- 
barded by the English. 



1746. — French and Span- 
iards driven from Lom- 
bardy. 

Denmark: — Fred- 
erick V. 

1747. Netherlands:— Wil- 
liam IV., stadtholder. 

Persia: — Nadir Shah 
assassinated. 



1751. Netherlands:— Wil. 
Ham V., stadtholder. 

Denmark : — Ministry 
of Count Bernstorff. 

Sweden: — House of 
Holstein-Gottorp: Adol- 
phus Frederick. 



172 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1752 A.D. 



A.D. 



Progress of Society, etc. 



America. 



Great Britain. 



1752 Franklin's discoveries 

electricity. 
England introduces the 

"New Style" Calendar. 
British Museum founded. 



1753 



British: 
Alan Ram 

say, 
Shenstone, 
Gray, 
Collins, 
Akenside, 
Churchill. 



French: 

Helvetius, 
J. J. Rous- 
seau. 
Germany: 

Gellert, 
Winck- 
elmann. 



1761 



1765 



Hogarth, Wilson, and 
Joshua Reynolds, paint- 
ers. 



1752. Hostilities between England and France over 

1752. The new style intro- 
duced; the year hereafter 
commences Jan. 1. 

1753. Washington's mis- 
sion to the French at 
Fort Le Bceuf. 

1754. Washington builds 
Fort Necessity. — King's 
College (Columbia) 
founded. 

1755. Defeat of Braddock. 



1756. Oswego taken by the 
French. 



1756. "Seven Years' 
Subsidiary alliance 

with Prussia. 

Ministry of William 

Pitt, the elder. 



1757. Fort Wm. Henry 1757. Victory of Plassey, 
captured by the French. in India, won by Clive. 



Niebuhr's travels in Ara- 
bia. Wesley and Whitefield 
preachers. 



Philadephia Medical 
School, first in America. 

Appearance of Black- 
stone's Commentaries. 



1758. Repulse of Aber- 
crombie at Ticonderoga 

Fort Du Quesne 
taken by the English; 
Louisburg captured by 
Gen. Amherst. 

1759. Invasion of Canada 
—death of Wolfe- 
Quebec taken. 

Capture of Niagara 
Crown Point, and Ticon 
deroga. 



1763. End of 
French War. 



the Old 



1759. Naval victories over 
Lagos , and in Quiberon 

Surat, in India, taken. 

1760. George III. 



1761. Earl of Bute, 
mier. 



pre- 



1762. War with Spain. 
Conquest of Havana, 

Trinidad, and Manila. 

1763. Peace of Paris, be- 
and England; Canada 
Britain. 



1765. Stamp Act resisted * 7 65. Bengal ceded to the 
in Massachusetts and East India Company by 
Virginia. the treaty of Allahabad. 

Stamp Act Congress 
at New York. 



I765 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



173 



A.D. 



France 



Spain and 
Portugal. 



Germany. 



The World, elsewhere. 



the Ohio country. 



1754 



The loss of Dupleix's 
conquests in India. 



W £ 



1757 



17581 



Invasion of Hanover 
by the French 
victorious at 

Hastenbeck, de 
feated at Ross 
bach. 



Defeat at Crefeldt 
on the Rhine. 



the French 
Bay. 



off Cape 



1760 Loss of all Canada. 



1761 



The Bourbon Fam 

ily Compact. 
Capture of Belle-Isle 

by the English. 



tween France, Spain, 
ceded to Great 
1764 Expulsion of the 
Jesuits. 



1755. Earth- 
quake at 
Lisbon. 



1759. 
Ill 



Charles 
in Spain 



1756. Seven 
Years' War be 
tween Austria 
and Prussia. 

Invasion 
and conquest 
of Saxony, by 
Frederick II. 
Battle of Lo- 
bositz won. 

Alliance with 
France. 

1757. Prussians 
victorious at 
Prague, Ross 
bach, and 
Leuthen; de- 
feated at Kol 
lin and Gross 
jagerndorf. 

1758. French de 
feated at Cre 
feldt. 



1759. and at Min 
den. 

Russians and 
Austrians de 
feat Frederick 
at Kunersdorf 
Dresden retak 
en. 

1760. Frederick 
defeated at 
Landshut, vic- 
torious at Lieg- 
nitz and Tor- 
gau. 

1762. Prussians 
victorious at 
Burkersdorf. 

1763. Peace of; 
Hubertsburg. 



1765. Joseph II. 

emperor. 



1754. 
III. 



Turkey: — Othman 



1755. Italy: — TheCorsi- 
cans under Paoli, revolt 
against Genoa. 

1756. India: — Calcutta 
taken by Surajah Dow- 
lah of Bengal; the Black 
Hole. 



1757. Turkey: — Mustapha 
III. 



'58. Italy : — Clement 
XIII., pope. 



1761. India: — Siege and 
capture of Pondicherry, 
by the English. 

1762. Kingdom of Mysore 
founded by Hyder Ali. 

Russia: — Peter III. 
Catherine II. 

1764. Poland: — Stanislaus 
Poniatowski elected 
king. 

1765. India:— Treaty of 
Allahabad. 

Establishment of a 
British Empire. 

Italy : — Peter Leopold, 
grand duke of Tuscany. 



*74 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1766 A.D.- 



A.D. 



Progress of Society, etc. 



America. 



Great Britain. 



1766 Wallis and Carteret's voy 

age of discovery in the 
South Seas. 

1767 Spinning -jenny invented 
by Hargreaves in Eng- 
land. 

1768, Cook's first voyage of dis 

covery. 
Bruce begins exploration 

of the Nile. 
Royal Academy of Arts 

in England; Joshua 

Reynolds first president. 
1769 Letters of Junius. — Ark 

Wright's spinning frame; 

Watt's steam engine. 

770 Whitefield dies at New 
bury port. 



1771 



First edition of the Ency 
clopaadia Britannica. 



1774 Priestley discovers oxygen . 



1766. Stamp Act repealed 
The Declaratory Act 



1768. British troops 
Boston. 



1766. Stamp Act repealed. 
New ministry under the 
earl of Chatham. 

1767. First war with Hyder 
Ali in Mysore begins. 



11,1768. The Wilkes agita- 
tion. 



1769. Daniel Boone ex 
plores Kentucky. 



1770. Boston Massacre. 



1772. Hancock, S. Adams 
and Patrick Henry pro 
mote the Revolution. 



1773. Tea destroyed at 
Boston. 



1774. Boston Port Bill. 
Continental Congress at 
Philadelphia. 



1775. American Revolutionary War. 

April 19, skirmish at 1775. Lord North's 



1769. Hyder Ali plunders 
the Carnatic. 



1770. Lord North, prime 
minister. 



1772. Warren Hastings 
head of government in 
Bengal. 

The Boston Port Bill 
passed. 

Warren Hastings gov- 
ernor-general of India. 



ciliatory measures" re- 
jected by the colonies. 



Lexington, 

Second Continental 
Congress. 

June 17, battle of 
Bunker Hill. 

Washington, com 
mander-in -chief. 

Montgomery takes St. John's and Montreal, and 
falls at Quebec 



1775 A - D - 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



175 



A.D. 



France. 



1766| Lorraine annexed to 
France on the death of 
Stanislaus Leszczynski 



1768| Genoa cedes Corsica to 
France. 



Germany. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1769 



1770 



1773 



Paoli defeated and Corsica 
subdued. 



Marriage of the dauphin 
with Marie Antoinette 
Fall of Choiseul ; attack 
on the parlement; Ma 
dame DuBarry rules the 
king. 



1774 



1775 



Avignon ceded to the pope 
after the suppression of 
the Jesuits. 



1772. Joseph II. takes part 
in the first partition of 
Poland, the territory 
acquired being made in 
to the kingdom of Gali 
cia. 



Louis XVI. becomes 
king; Marie Antoinette 
queen. — Maurepas, 
prime minister; Turgot 
minister of finance. 

Malesherbes, minister of 
the interior. 



1774. Austrians 
Bukovina. 



occupy 



1766. Denmark: — Chris- 
tian VII. 

1767. Spain: — Jesuits ex- 
pelled. 

India: — Hyder AH re- 
sists the English. 

1768. War between Russia 
and the Ottoman Em- 
pire. 

Ali Bey, ruler of 
Egypt,- rebels against 
Turkey. 

1769. Pope Clement XIV. 
The Russian army oc- 
cupies Wallachia and 
Moldavia. 



1771. Sweden: — Gustavus 
III. succeeds. 

The Russians overrun 
the Crimea. 

1772. First partition of 
Poland, among Russia, 
Prussia, and Austria. 



1773. Ottoman Empire: — 
The Russians are re- 

§ulsed at Varna and 
ilistria. 
Pope Clement abol- 
ishes the order of Jesuits. 
Russia: — Revolt of the 
Cossack Pugatcheff, 

calling himself Czar 
Peter. 

Ottoman Empire: — 
Abdul Hamid succeeds. 



1774. India: — Warren 
Hastings, first British 
governor-general . 

Peace of Kutchuk- 
Kainarji between Russia 
and Turkey. 

1775. Pope Pius VI. 
Bassora taken by the 

Persians. 

1776. India: — Lord Pigot, 
governor of Madras, im- 
prisoned by his own 
council. 



176 



TABULAR VIEWS 



I776 A.D.- 



A.D. 



Progress of Society, etc. 



United States. 



Great Britain. 



1776 



Appearance of Adam 
Smith's Wealth of Na- 
tions and the first vol- 
ume of Gibbon's Rome. 



In England: 

Goldsmith, 

Warburton, 

Johnson, 

Lowth, 

Garrick, 

Hume, 

Robertson, 

Blackstone, 

Adam Smith, 

Home Tooke 

Priestley, 

Horsley, 

Burke, 

Pitt, 

Fox, 

Cooper, 

Sheridan, 

McPherson, 

Burns, 

Kames 

Reid. 



1778 



1780 



1781 



France: 
Voltaire, 
Rousseau, 
Diderot, 
Condillac, 
Jussieu, 
Lavoisier, 
La Harpe, 
Barthelemy, 
Buffon. 

Germany: 

Mosheim, 
Zimmermann 
Kant, 
Klopstock, 
Lessing, 
Wieland, 
Herder, 
Goethe, 
Sw: Linnaeus, 
It:Metastasio 
Russia: 



Kheraskov, 
Derzhavin, 
Bogdanovich 
Ivhemnitzer. 
Death of Voltaire and 
Rousseau. — Discovery 
of the Sandwich Islands 
by Captain Cook. 



Sunday Schools established 
in England, by Robert 
Raikes. 



Herschel's discovery of 

Uranus. 
Appearance of Kant's 

Kritik der reinen Ver- 

nunft. 



1783 Air balloon of Montgolfier. 



1784 



1776. The British troops 
evacuate Boston. 



1776. The city of London 
remonstrates against the 
American war. 
Moultrie defeats the English at Sullivan's Island. 



The British army takes 
possession of New York. 
Hessians hired for 
service in America. 



Declaration of Inde 
pendence, July 4. 

Americans under Put- 
nam and Sullivan de- 
feated on Long Island, 
Aug. 27. 

Battle of White Plains 
Oct. 28. 

Battle of Trenton, 
Dec. 26. 
1777. Arrival of Lafayette. 

Capture of Ticonderoga by the British. 

Battles of Princeton, January 3; Bennington, 
Aug. 16; Brandywine, September 11, and Still- 
water, September 19. 

Philadelphia taken by the English. — Battle of 
Germantown, Oct. 4; Battle of Saratoga, Oct. 7; 
Gates receives Burgoyne's surrender, Oct. 17. 

Articles of confedera- 
tion, adopted Nov. 15. 



First American daily 
newspaper in Philadel- 
phia. 



1778. Capture of Pondi- 
cherry in India. 



1778 . Alliance with France. 
Battle of Monmouth, 

June 28. 

Arrival of the French 
fleet under D'Estaing. 

Massacre of Wyoming. 

Savannah taken by 
the English. 

1779. Wayne recovers 
Stony Point. 

Paul Jones's victory 
off Flamborough Head, 
England. 

1780. British take Charles- 
ton; battle of Camden; 
De Kalb killed. 

Treason of Arnold. 
Battle of King's Moun- 
tain. 

1781. Battle of Cowpens 
gained by Morgan; bat 
ties of Guilford Court 
House, Hobkirk's Hill, 
and Eutaw Springs. 

Surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown, Oct. 19. 

1782. Rodney destroys De 
Grasse's fleet at Domini- 
ca. 

1783. Peace of Versailles: 

Independence of the United States acknowledged 
by Great Britain. 

1783. Pitt, the younger. 



1780. War with Hyder Ali, 
who conquers the Car- 
natic. 

War with Holland. 
Gordon "No-Popery" 
riots in London. 

1781. Naval victory off the 
Doggerbank. 



1784. First ordinance for 
government of North- 
west Territory. 



premier. 
1784. Peace with Tippoo 
Sahib. 



1784 AD - 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



1/7 



France. 



Germany. 



The World, elsewhere. 



776 Necker, director of finance 
Silas Deane in Paris ob- 
tains help for the Ameri- 
can cause. 



1777 Franklin in France. 

Lafayette sails for America, 



1778 



1779 



1780 



1781 



1782 



1783 



Alliance with America. 



St. Vincent and Grenada 
taken by D'Estaing. 



Rochambeau sent to 
America. 



Necker resigns. 



Defeat of De Grasse in the 
West Indies, by Rodney. 



Peace of Versailles. 



1778. "Wars of the Bava- 
varian succession " re- 
sulting from Joseph II. 's 
attempt to acquire ter- 
ritory in Bavaria. 



1779. Congress and Peace 
of Teschen settles the 
differences arising from 
the Bavarian question. 



1781. Joseph II. proclaims 
freedom of religion in 
his territories. 



1782. Reforms of Joseph II. 
Punishment of death 
abolished. Monasteries 
suppressed. 

The pope visits the 
emperor, to dissuade 
him from hostilities 
against the church. 

1784. Joseph II. attempts 
to open the Scheldt to 
navigation. 



1777. Portugal : — Maria, 
queen. 

Spain:— Florida Blanca, 
foreign minister. 



1778. India: — War between 
the English and the 
Mahrattas. 



1779. Spain : — Alliance 
with the American colo- 
nists. 



1780. Declaration of the 
armed neutrality by 
Russia, Denmark, and 
Sweden to protect neu- 
tral flags from the right 
of search claimed by 
Britain. 

Hyder Ali overruns 
the Carnatic. 



1782. Gibraltar held against 
Spanish and French. 

India : — Rise of chief 
of Mahrattas. 
Tippoo sultan ofMysore. 

1783. — alliance with the 
French. 

Crimea united to 
Russia . 

1784. Pitt's India Bill: In- 
dian affairs placed under 
the Board of Control. 



i 7 8 



TABULAR VIEWS 



I785 A.D.- 



a.d. 1 Progress of Society, etc. 


United States. 


Great Britain. 


1785 


La PeYouse begins voyage 


1785. John Adams, first 






of exploration in the 


minister from the United 






South Pacific. 


States of America to 
Great Britain; Jefferson 
minister to France. 




1786 


Burns's Poems published. 


1786. Shays's Rebellion in 


1786. Warren Hastings 






Massachusetts. 


succeeded by Comwallis. 






1787. General Convention 


1787. Warren Hastings 






at Philadelphia. 


impeached. 






Federal Constitution 








of the United States, 








adopted. 




1788 


Appearance of the London 


1788. Marietta in Ohio set- 


1788. The king insane. 




Times. 


tled. 


Death of Charles Edward 
the last pretender. 


1789 


Herschel's telescope. 


1789. George Washington 


Trial of Warren Hast- 




Talma, the celebrated 


president: 


ings. 




tragedian. 


Jefferson, Hamilton, 
Knox, Randolph, and 






Tom Paine, 


Jay form the cabinet. 






Fisher Ames. 








Hannah More, 








Gainsborough, 








Morland. 








Boguslawski, 








Krasicki, Polish authors. 








Alfieri, Italian poet. 








Gluck, 








Haydn, 








Mozart, 








Beethoven. 


1791. First United States 
Bank. 

1792. Kentucky admitted 
to the Union. 

United States Mint 
established. 





179 2 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



179 



France. 



Germany. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1785 



17S7 



1788 



The affair of the Diamond 
Necklace increases the 
unpopularity of Marie 
Antoinette. 



Financial difficulties. — 
New taxation; Calonne, 
Brienne, and Necker, 
ministers successively. 

Second meeting of the 

Notables. 



1789 French Revolution. July 
14, the Bastile stormed ; 
August 4, the Constitu- 
ent Assembly resolveson 
the abolition of feudal 
privileges; Oct. 5-6, 
the Paris mob marches 
on Versailles and brings 
the king to the Tuileries 
Nov. 2, the property of 
the church confiscated. 

1790] July 14, the Feast of Fed- 
eration, the king accepts 
the newly drafted con 
stitution; Aug. 31, 

military uprising at 
Nancy suppressed by 
Bouille\ 

1791 April 2, death of Mirabeau , 
the radical element gain 
control of the revolu 
tion; June 20, the royal 
family flee to Varennes 
they are brought back. 
Sept. 14, the king swears 
to the perfected con 
stitution; Oct. 1, the 
Legislative Assembly 
convenes. 
792 April 20, war declared 
against Prussia and 
Austria; June 20, the 
mob invades the Tuil- 
eries; Aug. 10, the 
Tuileries stormed and 
the royal family lodged 
in the Temple; Sept 2 
the Paris mob massacres 
the royalists in the 
prisons; Sept. 20, the 
cannonade of Valmy, a 
Republican success; 

Sept. 21, France de 
clared a Republic by the 
Convention; Nov. 6. 
Dumouriez defeats the 
Austrians at Jemappes 



1785. Joseph's plan to ac- 
quire Bavaria frustrated 
by Frederick II., who 
form= Lhe " Fiirsten- 
bund." 

1786. Prussia:— Death of 
Frederick the Great. — 
Frederick William II. 



1788. War against Turkey. 
The Austrian Nether- 
lands revolt. 



1790. Leopold II., empe 
peror. 



1791. Conference of Pilnitz 
between Leopold II. and 
Frederick William II. of 
Prussia who issue a 
warning to the revolu 
tionary party in France. 



1792. Francis II., emperor 

French take Spires, 

Mainz, and Longwy. — 

Lafayette imprisoned at 

Olmutz. 



1787. Russia:— War with 
the Porte. 



1788. Spain:— Charles IV. 
War between Sweden 

and Russia. 

1789. Ottoman Empire: — 
Selim III. 



1790. Tuscany; — Ferdi- 
nand III. 



1792. 

IV. 



Sweden : — Gustavus 



i8o 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1793 A.D.- 



A.D. 



Progress of Society, etc. 



United States. 



Great Britain. 



1793 



1794 



1795 



1796 



Whitney's cotton gin. 



Ecole Polytechnique 
Paris founded. 



at 



Pestalozzi, educator. 
Mungo Park, African 

traveller. 
Institute of Francef ounded. 



Jenner begins vaccina- 
tion. 



1799 



Voltaic pile invented. 



1793. Washington re-elec- 
ted. 

Neutrality in regard 
to France. 



1793. First coalition against 
France, directed by Eng- 
land — Austria, the em- 
pire, Prussia, Sardinia, 
Spain, and Holland. 



1794. Jay's treaty with England. 
Commencement of the 
navy — 6 frigates built. — French 

Whiskey Insurrection in Corsica. 
Pennsylvania. 



1795. Wayne's treaty with 
the Western Indies. 



1796. Washington declines 
a re-election. 

1797. John Adams, second 
president. 

The X Y Z papers. 



1798. War with France. 
Washington commander 
in-chief. The Alien and 
Sedition Laws; the Vir- 
ginia and Kentucky 
Resolutions. 



1799. Death of Washington. 



1800. Seat of government 
transferred to Washing- 
ton, D. C. 



driven from 



1795. War with Holland. 
Cape of Good Hope 

taken. 

Warren Hastings ac- 
quitted. 

1796. Outbreak of Irish 
rebellion. 



1798. Irish rebellion. — 
Nelson's victory at the 
battle of the Nile. 



1799. Second coalition 
against France.- — Serin- 
gapatam taken by the 
English and Tippoo 
Sahib killed. 



1800. Union of England 
and Ireland effected. — 
Malta taken. 



l800 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



181 



A.D. 



France. 



Germany. 



The World, elsewhere. 



17931 Jan. 21, execution of 
Louis XVI.; March 18, 
Dumouriez defeated at 
Neerwinden; April, 

Committee of Public 
Safety under Dauton 
wields supreme power; 
July 13, assassination of 
Marat by Charlotte 
Corday; Oct. 16, Jour- 
dan victorious at Watti 
gnies;Nov. 10, the wor- 
ship of Reason at Notre- 
Dame. 

1794. March 24, execution of 
Hebert and his followers; 
April 5, execution of the 
Dantonists; June 8, Fes- 
tival of the Supreme 
Being; June 26, Jourdan 
victorious at Fleurus, 
Belgium conquered ; July 
27-28, fall and death of 
Robespierre, end of the 
Reign of Terror. 

1795|Oct. 5, popular insurrec- 
tion suppressed by Bar- 
ras and Napoleon Bona- 
parte; Oct. 26, Conven 
tion succeeded by Di- 
rectory. 

1796 War in Italy. 

I Battles of Lodi, Castigli 
one, and Arcole. 

1797 Hoche and Moreau's cele- 
brated passage of the 
Rhine. 

Revolution of lSthFructi- 

dor. 
Peace of Campo Formio 



1798 



1799 



1800 



1793. First coalition against 
France. 



1795. Prussia concludes 
Peace of Basel with 
France, recognizing 

French conquests on the 
left bank of the Rhine 



in which Austria cedes 



Belgium and Lombardy receiving Venetia. 



Bonaparte's expedition to 1799. Second coalition 



Egypt. French fleet 

defeated by Nelson at 
Aboukir, Aug. 1-2. 



against France. 



The French enter Switzer 

land under Massena 

and Jourdan. Return 

of Bonaparte. Revolu 

tion of the 18th Bru- 

maire. Bonaparte, firsl 

consul. 
Battle of Marengo, Bonaparte defeats the Austrians 

under Melas. — Moreau's victory of Hohenlinden 

over the Austrians under the Archduke John. 



1793. Second partition of 
Poland by Russia and 
Prussia. 

In Hayti freedom for 
negroes proclaimed by 
French Convention. 



1794. Poland :— Revolt 
under Kosciuszko who is 
defeated at Maciejowice. 
— P r a g a (Warsaw) 
stormed by Suvoroff. 



1795. Final partition of 
Poland — extinction of 
the kingdom. 

Holland conquered 
and the Batavian Re- 
public proclaimed. 

1796. Russia:— Paul I. 

1797. Venetian Republic 
extinguished by the 
peace of Campo Formio. 



1798. Switzerland: — 
General revolution — 
The French erect the 
Helvetian Republic. 

Prussi a: — Frederick 
William III. 

India: — Marquis 
Wellesley, governor- 

general. 

1799. Russians, under 
Suvoroft.win the battles 
of Cassano and Novi, but 
(under Korsakoff) are 
defeated at Zurich by 
Massena. 

1800. Armed neutrality of 
the north. 

Pope Pius VII. 



182 



TABULAR VIEWS 



l80I A.D.- 



A.D. 


Progress of Society, etc. 


United States. 


Great Britain. 


1 

1801 Piazzi discovers the aster - 


1801. Thomas Jefferson, 


1801 Battle of Alexandria. 




oid Ceres. 


third president. 


French defeated by 
Abercromby. Pitt re- 
signs, succeeded by Ad- 
dington. 






1802. Ohio enters the 


1802. Peace of Amiens. 






Union. 








1803. Purchase of Louisi- 


1803. Emmett's insurrec- 






ana. 


tion in Ireland. 






U. States frigate 








Philadelphia taken by 








the Tripolitans. 




1804 


First locomotive steam 


1804. Decatur destroys 


1804. Pitt again premier. 




engine used on the 


the Philadelphia. 






Merthyr Tydvil road in 


Preble bombards 






Wales. 


Tripoli. 






The Code Napolion pro- 


Burr kills Hamilton. 






mulgated in France. 


The Lewis and Clark 




1804 


Lewis and Clark's expedi- 


expedition sets out. 




-06 


tion to the Rocky Moun- 


1805. Jefferson re-elected 


1805. Third coalition . 




tains. 


president. 


Nelson defeats the 
French and Spanish 
fleets off Trafalgar. 


1806 


General University (Uni- 


1806. British Orders in 


1806. Fourth coalition 


-11 


versity of France) es- 


Council and Napoleon's 


against France. 




tablished by Napoleon, 


decrees seriously impair 






to superintend national 


American commerce. 






education. 






1807 


Fulton's first successful 


1807. Embargo on all the 


1807. Bill for the abolition 




trial of steamboats. 


ports of the United 
States. 

Trial of Aaron Burr 
for treason. 

The attack on the 
Chesapeake by the 
Leopard. 


of the slave trade, passed. 






1808. I mportation of 


1808. The English, under 






slaves abolished. 


Wellesley, enter Portu- 
gal as allies and win the 
battle of Vimeiro. 


1809 


University of Berlin found- 


1809. James Madison, 


1809. Fifth coalition. 




ed. 


fourth president. 

Embargo repealed ; 


Walcheren expedition. 






Battles of Corunna 






the non-intercourse act 


and Talavera in the 






passed. 


Peninsula. 



1809 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



183 



A.D. 



France. 



Germany. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1801 



Peace of Luneville; Germany west of the Rhine in the 
possession of France. 



1802 Bonaparte elected presi 
dent of the Italian Re 
public. 

Peace of Amiens. 

Legion of Honor instituted 

1803 Bank of France. 
War with England. 



1804 



1805 



1806 



1807 



1808 



1809 



Duke D'Enghien shot. 
Bonaparte crowned as Na 

poleon I., emperor of 

the French. 



1804. The German em- 
peror assumes the title 
of emperor of Austria. 

End of the Holy 
Roman Empire. 



Austrian campaign, battle of Austerlitz. 
Peace of Presburg. 



Formation of the Confederation of the Rhine. 
Victories of Auerstadt and Jena over the Prussians. 
Berlin decree against Brit- 
ish commerce. 

Victories of Eylau over 
the Prussians and Rus- 
sians and of Friedland 
over the latter are fol- 
lowed by the peacj of 
Tilsit in which Prussia 
loses her Polish terri- 
tories and her possessions 
west of the Elbe. — The 
duchy of Warsaw 
created for the king of 
Saxony and the king- 
dom of Westphalia for 
Jerome Bonaparte. 
Invasion of Portugal 



Conference at Erfurt be 
tween Napoleon, Alex 
ander I., and the Ger 
man princes. 



Battles of Eckmuhl, Aspern, and Wagram — Peace 
of Vienna. — Austria cedes territory to Russia 
Bavaria, and France; the Adriatic territories erected 
into the Illyrian Provinces. 



1801. Russia: — Alexander 
I. 

The kingdom of 
Etruria erected. Danish 
fleet at Copenhagen de- 
feated by Nelson. 

1802. Italian Republic: — 
Bonaparte president. 



1803. India:— Great Mah- 
ratta war. 

French driven from 
Hayti. 

1804. Russia:— War with 
Persia breaks out. 

India: — War between 
the English and Holkar. 



1806. Holland:— Louis Bo- 
naparte, king. 



1807. Ottoman Empire: 
Mustapha IV. 



1808. Spain:— Ferdinand 
VII. and Charles IV. 
compelled to renounce 
their claims; Joseph Bo- 
naparte made king. 

Naples: — Murat king. 

Denmark : — Frederick 
VI. 

Ottoman Empire: — 
Mahmud II. 

1809. Sweden: — C h a r 1 e s 
XIII.; Bernadotte be- 
comes prince royal. 



1 84 



TABULAR VIEWS 



l8lO A.D.- 



A.D. 



Progress of Society, etc 



United States. 



Great Britain. 



1811 



1812 



1810. George III. insane; 
battles of Ciudad Rod- 
rigo and Busaco. 



Appearance of Niebuhr's 1811. Engagement between 1811. George, prince of 



History of Rome 



American Board of Com 
missioners for Foreign 
Missions, founded. 



1813 



1814 



1815 



Shelley's Queen Mab. 



The Jesuits re-established 
by Pius VII. Words- 
worth's Excursion; 
Scott's Waverley. 



The North American Re- 
view established. 

Safety lamp invented by 
Sir Humphrey Davy. 

In England: 

Keats, Reg. Heber, Shelley, 
Crabbe.Sir WalterScott, 
Byron, Coleridge. Lamb, 
Montgomery, Hogg. 

In France: 

Mad. de Stael, Mad. de 
Genlis, Chateaubriand, 
Cuvier. 

Melendez Valdez, Spanish 
poet, 

Bilderdyk, Dutch. 

In Germany: 

W. Schlegel, F. Schlegel, 
Richter, Kotzebue; 

Weber and Spohr. 



the President and the 
Little Belt. 

Indians on the Wa- 
bash, defeated by Gov. 
Harrison at Tippecanoe. 



Wales, prince Regent, 

(the king being insane). 

Battles of Fuentes de 

Onoro and Albuera in 

the peninsula. 



1812. War with Great Britain 

Invasion of Canada under Gen. Hull. 
Gen. Hull surrenders Detroit to the British. 
The Constitution captures the Guerriere. 

1 1812. Lord Liverpool pre- 
mier. 
Wool victorious at Queenstown. Oct. 13. 
Captain Jones, in the Wasp captures the Frolic, 
Oct. 18. 

The United States, Captain Decatur, captures 
the British frigate Macedonian. 

The Constitution, Captain Bainbridge, captures 
the British frigate Java. 



Louisiana admitted into 
the Union. 

1813. Perry's victory on 
Lake Erie. 

Battle of the Thames. 
Tecumseh killed. 



1814. American victories 
atChippewa and Lundy's 
Lane; McDonough's vic- 
tory on Lake Champlain ; 
British repulsed from 
Baltimore; Hartford 

Convention. 

City of Washington 
burnt by the British. 

Peace of Ghent signed, Dec. 3 



Ciudad Rodrigo and 
Badajoz stormed by 
Wellington. Battle of 
Salamanca. 

1813. Battle of Vittoria 
and English invasion of 
France. 

Sixth coalit ion 
against France — Prussia 
Russia, Sweden, Great 
Britain, and Austria. 

1814. Treaty of Chaumont 
between Austria, Prus- 
sia. Russia, and Great 
Britain. 



1815. Battle of New Or- 
leans; British defeated 
by General Jackson, Jan 
8. 

War against Algiers 

Fight between the 

Penguin and the Hornet 



1815. Wellington victorious 
at Waterloo, June 18. 

Oppressive Corn Law 
enacted. 



1815 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



I8 5 



France. 



Germany. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1810 



1811 



1812 



1813 



1814 



1815 



Napoleon marries Maria 
Louisa . — Continental 
peace except with Spain. 



Birth of the emperor's 
son; created king of 
Rome. 

Soult victorious in Spain — 
takes Badajoz: is de 
feated by the English 
at Albuera. 

Russian campaign. 

Battles of Smolensk and 
Borodino. 

Moscow entered by Na- 
poleon's army — and 
burned by the Russians. 



1812. Austria in alliance 
with France against 
Russia. 



Victories of Liitzen, Baut- 1813. War of German inde 
zen, and Dresden, over pendence 
the allies. Austria joins the c 

alition. 

Battle of Leipsic — Bonaparte driven to the Rhine 



The allies enter Paris. 
Napoleon abdicates, and 

retires to Elba. 
House of Bourbon re 

6tored: Louis XVIII. 



Bonaparte returns from 
Elba. The Hundred 
Days. Napoleon vie 
torious at Ligny. Bat 
tie of Waterloo. The 
allies enter Paris. Bona- 
parte banished to St 
Helena. 



1815. Congress of Vienna 
effects the political re- 
construction of Europe 
Germanic Confedera- 
tion organized. 



1810. South America:— 
Revolt of the Spanish 
colonies; uprisings in 
Venezuela, Uruguay, 
Paraguay, Chile, Buenos 
Ayres, and Mexico. 

1811. Revolution in Peru. 



1812. Invasion of Russia 
by Napoleon. — Burning 
of Moscow. 

Kutusoff pursues the 
retreating French. 

Peace of Bucharest 
closes six years' war 
with Turkey and results 
in acquisition of part of 
Bessarabia and Mol- 
davia by Russia. 



1813. South America: — Bol- 
ivar drives the Spaniards 
from Caracas. — Mexico 
declares its indepen- 
dence. 



1814. Union of Holland 
and Belgium. — Peace of 
Kiel, between Denmark, 
Sweden, and England. 

Union of Sweden and 
Norway as two king- 
doms underone monarch. 



1815. Netherlands: —Wil- 
liam I. 

The "Holy Alliance" 
— Russia, Prussia, and 
Austria, later joined by 
France. 



1 86 



TABULAR VIEWS 



18 1 5 A.D.- 



A.D. 




United States. 



Great Britain. 



1815. Abolition of the slave 
trade by the Congress 
of Vienna. 



IS 16 Second United States Bank 
chartered for 20 years, 
capital $35,000,000. 



1817 



1818 



Invention of the kaleido- 
scope. 



Invention of the stetho- 
scope. — Appearance of 
Hallam's Europe During 
the Middle Ages. — Uni- 
versity of Bonn founded. 



1819 



Scott's Ivanhoe 
Oersted discovers electro- 
magnetism. 



1822 



1823 



1825 



1816. United States Bank 
incorporated. 

Indiana admitted. 



1817. James Monroe, 5th 
president. 

Mississippi admitted. 
First Seminole War 
begins. 



1818. Illinois admitted. 
Jackson seizes Pensa- 
cola. 



First passage of the Atlantic by steam, by the Savan- 



Hieroglyphics deciphered 
by Champollion. 



Huskisson's free trade sys- 
tem in England. 



Inland navigation of the 
United States: the Erie 
Canal opened. 

Publication of P e p ys ' s 
Diary. 



nah — New York to 
Liverpool. 

1819. Cession of Florida 
by Spain. 

1820. Missouri Compro- 
mise. Maine admitted. 

1821. Monroe re-elected. 
Missouri admitted. 



1823. The enunciation of 
the Monroe Doctrine. 



1824-25. Lafayette's visit. 



1825. Erie Canal opened. 
J. Q. Adams, 6th 
president. 



1816. Bombardment of 
Algiers. — Rise of popu- 
lar agitation. — The Spa- 
Fields riots. 

1817. Continued rioting 
and suspension of 
Habeas Corpus Act. 



1819. The Peterloo mas- 
sacre and the Six Acts. 



1820. George IV. 

Trial of Queen Caro- 
line. 



1822. Canning, foreign 
minister. 



1823. Canning opposes the 
Holy Alliance and fur- 
thers the independence 
of the South American 
colonies of Spain. 

1824. Burmese war. 



1825. Commercial treaty 
with Colombia and 
Mexico. 



1825 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY 



I8 7 



A.D. 



France. 



Austria, etc. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1816 



The Chambre Introuvable 
enters on a course of 
royalist reaction. 



1818 



1821 



1822 



1823 



Congress of Aix-la-Chap- 
elle decides on the evac- 
uation of France by the 
foreign troops. — France 
joins the "Holy Al- 
liance." 



Death of Napoleon at St. 
Helena. 



Laws against the freedom 
of the press. 



French army enters 
Spain and restores Fer- 
dinand VII. 



1824 Charles X. 



1825 



An indemnity of 1,000,000- 
000 francs granted to 
the 6migr6s. 



1816. The diet of the Ger- 
man Confederation as- 
sembles at Frankfort. 



1817. Riseof the Burschen- 
schaft in Germany and 
liberal celebration at 
the Wartburg in con- 
nection with the ter- 
centennary of Luther's 
birth. 



1819. Assassination of 
Kotzebue leads to the 
repressive Karlsbad De- 
crees against the liberal 
movement. 

1820. Congress of Troppau 
decides to intervene in 
Naples. 

1821. Congress of mon- 
archs at Laybach. — 
Greek insurrection in 
Moldavia under the 
leadership of Alexander 
Ypsilanti who is speedily 
overthrown. 

1822. Congress of Verona 
declares itself against 
the Greek and Spanish 
uprisings. 



1815. The Servians pse 
against Turkey under 
Milosh Obrenovitch. 



1816. Portugal:— John VI. 
in Brazil. 

Union of Naples and 
Sicily under Ferdinand 
I. (IV.). 

1817. Republic of the 
Ionian Islands. 



1818. Sweden :— Charles 
XIV. (Bernadotte). 

India: — The Mahratta 
power completely over- 
thrown. 
South America: — Chilean 
independence established 
by battle of Maypu. 

1819. Republic of Colom- 
bia, Bolivar, president. 



1821. Greek revolt in the 
Morea. 

South America: — 
Peru and Guatemala 
independent. 



1822. Brazil declared an 
independent empire. 

Mexico: — Iturbide, 
emperor. 

Greek declaration of 
independence. 

Massacre of Scio and 
capture of Acropolis of 
Athens by patriots. 

1823. Italy:— Leo XII. 
pope. 



1824. Death of Lord Byron 
at Missolonghi. 

The Spaniards over- 
whelmed by General 
Sucre at Ayacucho in 
Peru. 

1825. Russia:— Nicholas I. 



i88 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1826 A.D.- 



A.D. 


Progress of Society, etc. 


United States. 


Great Britain. 


1826 


Foundation of London 


1826. Death of Jefferson 


1826. England annexes 




University. 


and John Adams, July 


Assam at the conclusion 




Alexander Volta dies, dis- 


4 The Panama Con- 


of the Burmese war. 




coverer of the Voltaic 


gress. 






battery. 








In England: 


France: 








Jeremy Ben- 


Talma, tra- 








tham, 


gedian, 








Thomas 


Segur, 








Chalmers, 


La Place, 








W. Kirby, 


Beranger, 








Hallam, 


Lamartine. 








Lingard, 










Wordsworth, 










Southey, 


Germany: 








Campbell, 


Meyerbeer, 








Moore, 


Gall, 








Leigh Hunt, 


Spurzheim. 








Mrs. Hemans, 










Bulwer, 










"Barry Corn- 


Sweden: 








wall." 


Tegner, 
Dahlgren. 








Russia: 










Karamsin, 










Pushkin, 


Italy: 








Lermontoff, 


Rossini, 








Krilov. 


Paganini. 








U. S. A.: 








N. Webster, Wheaton, 








Irving, Kent, 








Cooper, Story, 








Garrison, Gallatin, 








Wirt, Livingston, 








Marshall, Channing. 










1827. Completion of first 


1827. Canning as prime 






railway in America at 


minister furthers the 






Quincy, Mass. 


cause of Greece. 

Treaty of London, 
between England, Rus- 
sia, and France, pre- 
pares way for Greek in- 
dependence. 






1828. Enactment of a high 


1828. Wellington ministry. 






protective tariff — the 


Disturbances in Ireland. 






Tariff of Abominations. 








1829. General Jackson, 7th 
president of the United 


1829. Catholic emancipa- 






tion. 






States. 


England, Russia, and 






Beginning of the 


Spain decide upon Greek 






Spoils System. 


independence. 


1830 


Liverpool and Manchester 


1830. The Webster-Hayne 


1830. William IV.— Earl 




Railroad opened. 


debate in Congress con- 


Grey, minister. 




The two Landers succeed 


cerning States Rights. 






in tracing the Niger 








from Lake Tchad to the 








ocean. 









183O A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



189 



France. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1827 



1828 



1829 



1830 



1826. Russia: — War with Persia. 

Portugal: — Maria da Gloria, queen. 
Greece: — Missolonghi and Athens (1827) taken 
by the Turks. 



Disbanding of the National 
Guard — creation of a 
new chamber of Peers. 



1827. Treaty of London concluded by Russia, France 
and Great Britain in relation to Greece. 

Greece: — Battle of Navarino. 

The Russians take Erivan and Tabriz. 
The Turkish fleet is destroyed at Navarino by the 
allies; Greek independence practically accomplish- 
ed. 



Villele ministry succeeded 1828. 
by one under Marti- 
gnac. 



Polignac ministry. 



The French enter Algeria; 

Algiers taken. 
Three Days' Revolution, 

July 27, 28, and 29. 
Lafayette, commander of 

the National Guard. 
Charles X. abdicates. 
Louis Philippe I. (House 

of Orleans). 



Portugal: — Dom Miguel usurps the throne. 
Russia: — War declared against Turkey. By the 
peace of Turkmantchai Persian Armenia is 
acquired. 



1829. Italy:— Pius VIII., pope. 

The Russians cross the Balkans and enter 
Adrianople. Turkey recognizes independence of 
Greece and protectorate of Russia over Moldavia 
and Wallachia. 

Venezuela separates from Colombia under the 
leadership of General Paez. 

1830. Greek independence declared by the Great 
Powers. 

Belgium revolts from Holland, and is declared 
independent by the Great Powers. 

Polish struggle for nationality begins, November. 



190 



TABULAR VIEWS 



183 1 A.D.- 



A.D. 




United States. 



Great Britain. 



1831 



1832 



183S 



1834 



1835 



1836 



1837 



The Factory Bill in Eng- 
land, limiting the hours 
of labor for children. 



1831. The king of the Netherlands makes his award 
on the northeastern boundary between the United 
States and the British provinces. 
The publication of the 1831. Lord John Russell's 



Reform Bill in England — 
Extension of suffrage. 

Trade unions in England, 
France, Germany, Swit- 
zerland, etc. 



Slavery abolished in the 
British colonies. 

jirard College, at Phila- 
delphia, commenced. 



Inquisition abolished in 
Spain. 



De Tocqueville's History of 
Democracy in A merica. 

James Smithson's bequest 
of £100 000 tothe United 
States for the establish- 
ment of an institution 
"for the increase and 
diffusion of knowledge 
among men," becomes 
operative. 

The Luxor obelisk erected 
at Paris. 



S. F. B. Morse takes out a 
patent for his electro- 
magnetic telegraph (in- 
vented 1832). 

Appearance of Carlyle's 
French Revolution and 
Dickens's Pickwick Pa- 
pers. 



Reform Bill introduced. 

Cholera first appears 
in England. 

London Conference 
settles affairs of Belgium 
and Holland. 
1832. Reform Bill passed. 



1833. Captain Ross returns 
from his voyage of dis- 
covery in search of a 
Northwest Passage. 



1834. Sir Robert Peel, 
premier. 



Liberator begun by Gar- 
rison. 



1832. Nullification in South 
Carolina.— General Jack- 
son's celebrated procla- 
mation. — Organization 
of the New England 
Anti -Slavery Society — 
General Jackson enters 
upon second term in the 
Presidency. 

1833. Clay's Compromise 
Tariff. 

Removal of the de- 
posits of the United 
States from the U. S. 
Bank. 



1834. The president cen- 
sured by the Senate for 
removing the deposits. 

1835. Great Fire in New 
York. _ 

Beginning of the sec- 
ond Seminole war. 



1836. The national debt of 1836. England takes part 
the United States being in the suppression of 
paid, the surplus revenue the Carlists in Spain, 
is divided among the 
States. 

Massacre of the Ala- 
mo and the defeat of the 
Mexicans by the Texans 
at San Jacinto. 

The independence of 
Texas acknowledged. 

1837. Martin Van Buren, 1837. Victoria queen. 
8th president. 

Financial crisis. 
Insurrection in Canada 
headed by Papineau. 



1838. Congress refuses to 
receive anti-slavery pe- 
titions. 



1838 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



IQI 



A.D. 



France. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1832 



1833 



1834 



1836 



1837 



1838 



Republican uprising in 
Paris during funeral of 
General Lamarque. 

Ministry of Marshal Soult. 

French enter Belgium to 
enforce decision of Lon- 
don Conference; they 
take Antwerp. 

Guizot organizes common 
school education. 



Death of Lafayette. 



Insurrection attempted by 
Louis Napoleon at Stras- 
burg. 



Constantine in Algeria 
taken. 



Talleyrand dies. 
Difficulty with Mexico: 

capture of San Juan 

d'Ulloa. 



1831. Brazil: — Revolution; Dom Pedro II., emperor. 
Belgium: — Leopold I., king. 
The Poles defeated at Ostrolenka; Warsaw 
capitulates. 

Italy: — Gregory XVI., pope. 



1832. The kingdom of Greece founded; Otho I., 
Poland: — The insurrection crushed and Poland 
incorporated with Russia; thousands of families 
sent to Siberia. 



1833. Spain: — Isabella II., queen; Don Carlos claims 
the throne. 

Portugal: — Dom Pedro overthrown and a con- 
stitutional monarchy restored. 

Egypt: — Mehemet Ali receives Syria from the 
Sultan. 

Mexico: — Santa Anna, president. 

1834. Quadruple alliance — England, France, Spain, 
and Portugal, against Dom Miguel and Don Carlos. 



1835. Austria: — Ferdinand I., emperor. 



1836. Spain: — The queen regent adopts the consti- 
tution of 1812. 



1838. Mexico: — The castle of San Juan d'Ulloa taken 
by the French. 



192 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1839 A.D.- 



a.d. Progress of Society, etc. 



United States. 



Great Britain. 



1839 



1840 



1841 



The daguerreotype 
vented in Paris. 



Penny postage system in 
England. 

Wheatstone's improve- 
ment of the electric 
telegraph in England. 



Appearance of Emerson's 
Essays. 



1842 The old Croton Aqueduct 
in New York completed. 
Bain's electro - magnetic 
telegraph patented in 
London. 
Gutta percha in use. 



1844 



1845 



1846 



A great defection from the 
Roman Catholic Church 
under Ronge, in Ger- 
many, who founds the 
German Catholic Church. 

Lord Rosse's telescope. 



Discovery of the planet 
Neptune, predicted by 
Leverrier and Adams. 



1839. Disturbances in the 
"disputed territory," 
between Maine and New 
Brunswick. — The Liber- 
ty Party formed. 

Begininning of Anti- 
Rentism in New York. 

1840. Establishment of In- 
dependent Treasury. 



1839. The British take 
possession of Ghuzni and 
Cabul in Afghanistan. — 
Outbreak of opium war 
with China. 

The rise of the Chart- 
ist agitation. 

1840. The uniform penny 
postage system estab- 
lished. 

Marriage of Queen 
Victoria to Prince Al- 
bert of Saxe-Coburg. 

War in Syria: Great 
Britain taking part with 
Austria and Turkey 
against Mehemet Ali of 
Egypt. Lord Palmer- 
ston's foreign policy 
excites the ill-will of 
France, Chartist riots. 

1841. W. H. Harrison, 
9th president. 

He dies April 4. 

John Tyler succeeds 
him, as 10th president. 

Failure of the attempt 
to restore the United 
States Bank owing to 
the opposition of the 
president. 

1842. The Dorr Insur- 1842. The war with China 
rection in Rhode Island. ended: Hong-Kong 

ceded to Great Britain; 
Chinese ports opened to 
trade. 

British disasters in 
Afghanistan. 
Webster-Ashburton Treaty between the U. S. 
and England, settling the northeastern boundary. 
End of the Seminole 

1843. Great "Repeal" 
agitation in Ireland. 
The giant meeting on 
Tara Hill and the arrest 
of O'Connell. 

The British gain pos- 
session of Scinde. 
to 1844. Daniel O Connell's 
trial and imprisonment 
— the sentence reversed 
by the House of Lords. 



1845. Texas annexed 
the United States. 

Anti-rent riots in New 
York. 

James K. Polk, 11th 
president. 



1846. War with Mexico. 

Hostilities commence 
ontheRioGrande, April 24. 
Battle of Palo Alto, 
May 8. 

Battle of Resaca de la 
Palma, May 9. 



1845. Sir John Franklin 
sails in search of the 
Northwest Passage. 

The outbreak of the 
Sikh war. 

1846. Famine in Ireland; 
the repeal of the Corn 
Laws. 



1846 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



193 



A.D. 



France. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1840 



1842 



1844 



1846 



Prince Louis Napoleon at- 
tempts a hostile descent 
on the coast of France, 
near Boulogne — is taken 
prisoner, and imprisoned 
at Ham. 

Thiers retires : Guizot 
minister for foreign 
affairs. 

The remains of Napoleon 
removed from St. Hele- 
na, and deposited with 
great honours at the 
Invalides, in Paris. 



The duke of Orleans, heir 
to the throne, killed by a 
fall from his carriage. 



Successful 
Morocco. 



with 



Louis Napoleon escapes 
from Ham, May 25. 



1839. Peace between France and Mexico. 
China: — The opium trade forbidden. 

Turkey at war with Egypt. The Turks crushed 
by Ibrahim Pasha at Nisib. Mahmud II. suc- 
ceeded by Abdul Medjid who formulates reforms 
in the Hatji-sherif of Gulhane. 

India: — Ghuzni taken by the British. 

Denmark: — Christian VIII. succeeds. 

1840. China: — Canton blockaded by the English, to 
compel the renewal of the opium trade. 

Holland: — William I. abdicates. William II. 
succeeds. 

Syria: — Acre taken by the English, Austrian6, 
and Turks. 

Spain:— Carlist insurrection suppressed. 



1841. China: — Canton taken by the British. 

Mexico: — Santa Anna enters the capital and 
places himself at the head of the government. 

Spain: — Espartero made regent. 

Turkey: — Mehemet Ali recognized as hereditary 
ruler of Egypt. 



1842. India: — British withdraw from Afghanistan. 
Natal taken by the British. 

China: — Peace with Great Britain; Hong-Kong 
ceded. 



1843. Spain: — The Regent Espartero overthrown by 
Narvaez. Personal rule of Isabella II. 

Greece: — King Otho compelled to accept 
constitution, Sept. 15. 

India: — Scinde annexed to the British Empire. 



1846. Poland: — An unsuccessful insurrection at 
Cracow. The city deprived of its independence 
and annexed to Austria. 

Rome: — Pius IX., pope; he inaugurates a 
liberal era. 



194 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1846 A.D.- 



A.D. 



Progress of'Society, etc 



United States. 



Great Britain. 



1846 



1848 



The planet Neptune dis- 
covered. — Use of ethei 
by Morton in Boston. 
Grote's History oj 
Greece begun. 



Appearance of Thackeray's 
Vanity Fair, Lowell's 
Biglow Papers,a.nd Mill's 
Political Economy. Gold 
discovered in California. 



1846. The Oregon Treaty with Great Britain, settling 
the Northwestern Boundary, signed at London, 
June 18. 

Commodore Sloat 
takes possession of Cali 
fornia, July 6. 

New tariff bill passed 
establishing ad valorem 
duties. 

Capture of Monterey, 
September 24. 

Tampico occupied No- 
vember 14. 

1847. Battle of Buena 
Vista, February 23 

Vera Cruz surrenders, 
March 29 

Battle of Cerro Gordo, 
April 18. 

Battle of Contreras 
August 20. 

Battle of Molino6 del 
Rey, September 8. 

Battle of Chapultepec, 
September 13 

Mexico surrenders, 
September 14. 

1848. Treaty of Peace with 1848. Disorders in Ireland. 
Mexico signed at Guada- Chartist meeting in 
loupe Hildalgo, Feb. 2. London, April 10. 

John Mitchell tried 
and condemned to trans- 
portation, May. 
Postal convention between the United States and 



1847. Severe famine con- 
tinues in Ireland. Large 
supplies of food sent from 
the United States; ex- 
tensive emigration. 
Death of O'Connell. 



Extensive emigration from 
this year, particularly form 



Great Britain. 

Formation of the Free| 
Soil Party 
Europe to America during 
Ireland 



Corpus Act 
in Ireland , 



Habeas 
suspended 
July. 

Smith O'Brien arrest- 
ed and Condemned, Aug. 
5. 



1848 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



195 



A.D. 



France. 



Austria, Prussia, 
etc. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1847 



Reform banquets in Stras 
burg, Chartres, etc. 

Michelet's lectures inter- 
rupted by the ministers, 
Dec. 

Abd-el-Kader surrenders, 
Dec. 22. 



1848 Debate on the Reform 
Bill, Feb. 8. 

Proposed banquet at Pa- 
ris, abandoned, Feb. 21. 

Revolution commenced, 
Feb. 22. 

Barricades erected, Feb. 
23. Guizot dismissed. 

Louis Philippe abdicates 
and flies, Feb. 24. 

Provisional government 
established. 

Lamartine, provisional 
president, Feb. 24. 

French Republic pro- 
claimed, Feb. 27. 

Meeting of the National 
Assembly, May 4. 

Socialist insurrection, May 
15. 

Bloody insurrection 
Paris, June 23-26. 

Cavaignac, military dicta- 
tor, June 24. 

Paris in a state of siege. 

New Constitution adopted, 
Nov. 4. 

Louis Napoleon Bonaparte 
elected president, Dec 
10. 



1846. Austria takes 
possession of Cra- 
cow. 



1847.Prussia:— Fred 
erick William as- 
sembles the United 
Diet. 



1848. Revolution in 
Vienna and fall of 
Metternich, March 
13; revolution in 
Buda-Pesth, Mar. 
15-17; insurrection 
in Berlin, Mar. 18- 
19; German Vor 
parlament meets at 
Frankfort Mar. 31 
Prussia at war 
with Denmark 
April; Emperor 
flees from Vienna 
May 17; insurrec 
tion at Prague ; 
meeting of Hun- 
garian N a t i o n a 1 
assembly, July 5 
Hungarians pre- 
pare for war against 
Austria, Sept . : 
They defeat the 
Croatian Ban 

Jellachich, Sept. 
29. 

Insurrection at 
Vienna, Oct. 6. 

The emperor 
leaves the city . 
The Hungarian 
army advances 
within 6 miles of 
Vienna, Oct. 11. 
Windischgratz ap- 
pointed comman- 
der of the imperial 
army. 



1847. Hayti: — Soulouque, presi- 
dent, March 2. 

Sardinia: — Charles Albert 
initiates reforms. 

Algiers: — Abd-el-Kader 
made a prisoner, Dec. 22. 



1848. Italy:— Sicily in revolu- 
tion — Constitutions granted in 
Sardinia, Tuscany, and Rome; 
Northern Italy rises against 
Austria — Charles Albert of 
Sardinia declares war against 
Austria in March; the Sar- 
dinians defeated at Custozza 
in July and Austrians occupy 
Milan. Insurrection in 

Rome against the pope, and 
assassination of his chief 
minister, Rossi, Nov. 

Bavaria: — Disturbances on 
account of Lola Montez — the 
king abdicates in favor of his 
son, Maximilian II, March 20. 

Denmark: — Frederick VII., 
king; revolt of Schleswig- 
Holstein, March. 

Poland : — Unsuccessful re- 
volt at Cracow, April. 

Sicily declares itself inde- 
pendent, April. 

Holland receives a constitu- 
tion, April. 

Sicily: — The duke of Genoa 
elected king, July 10. 

Armistice signed between 
Denmark, Prussia, and Swe- 
den, Aug. 26. 

Sicily: — Messina bombarded 
and taken, by the royal forces 
Sept. 7. 



196 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1848 A.D.- 



A.D. 



Progress of Society, etc. 



United States. 



Great Britain. 



1849 



Emigration from Europe to America during this year 
at the rate of 1000 a day. 

1849. Zachary Taylor, 12th 
president. 



1850 



Great agitation on the 
Slavery Question in the 
United States Congress. 
University founded at 
Sydney, New South 
Wales . 

in 1850: 

EUROPE. 

Wordsworth, 



Deaths 
u. s. A. 
A. Judson, 
S. M. Fuller, 
John C. 

Calhoun, 
Zachary 

Taylor. 



Jeffrey, 

Neander, 

Louis 

Philippe, 
Balzac, 
Rob't Peel, 
Woman's Rights Conven 
tion, held at Worcester 
Mass., Oct. 23. 



1850. Death of President 
Taylor. 

Millard Fillmore, 13th 
president. 

California admitted. 
Texas boundary settled 
by the payment of 
10,000,000 dollars to 
Texas. 

New Mexico and Utah 
organized as Territories 

Bill for the arrest of 
fugitive slaves passed by 
Congress. 

Slave trade in the 
District of Columbia 
abolished. 



1849. Moultan, in India, 
taken Jan. 2; battle of 
Gujerat ends Sikh war; 
the Punjab is annexed. 



1850. A British fleet block- 
ades the ports of Greece, 
to enforce the alleged 
claims of British sub- 
jects. 

Haynau, ' ' the Aus- 
trian butcher, " chastised 
by the draymen in Lon- 
don, Sept. 



1850 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



I97 



A.D. 



France. 



Austria, Prussia, 
etc. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1850 Louis Philippe dies in Eng- 
land. 

French ambassador re- 
called from London, in 
consequence of a diffi- 
culty connected with an 
English claim on Greece, 
May 16. 

New electoral law, re- 
stricting the right of 
suffrage, passed, May 31 

Arrangement with Eng 
land on the Greek dis- 
pute, June 21. 

Dotation Bill, giving the 
president 2 , 16 0,000 
francs (8405,000) per 
annum, passed, June 24 



1848. The emperor 
issues a proclama- 
tion against Vien- 
na. Hungarians 
driven from Vien- 
na, October 30. 

The Imperialists 
under Windisch 
gratz storm Vienna 
Oct. 31. 

Ferdinand abdi- 
cates, Dec. 2. 

Francis Joseph 
becomes emperor. 
The Prussian 
king promulgates 
a constitution. 
1849. The Frankfort 
Parliament offers 
the imperial crown 
of Germany to the 
Prussian king who 
declines. Insur- 
rections in Dresden 
and Baden sup- 
pressed; National 
Assembly ends 
June 18; armistice 
between Denmark 
and Prussia, July 
10. Russia brings 
aid to Austria 
against the Hunga- 
rians, Feb.; Hun- 
garians defeated at 
Kapolna, Feb. 26- 
27 ; Hungary de- 
clares its indepen 
dence, April 14; 
Haynau crushes 
the Hungarians at 
Temesvar; Gorgey 
capitulates to the 
Russians at Vila- 
gos, Aug. 13; the 
Hungarian revo- 
lution is crushed. 



1850. Prussia:— The 
king takes the oath 
required by the 
Constitution, Feb. 
6. Attempt to 
assassinate him, 
May 22. 

Treaty signed at 
Munich between 
Austria, Bavaria, 
Saxony, and Wiir- 
temberg, to main- 
tain the German 
Union, Feb. 27. 



1849. Italy:— Republic pro- 
claimed at Rome under Maz- 
zini and others, Feb. 8. 

The grand duke of Tuscany 
flies. Provisional govern- 
ment proclaimed, Feb. 9. 

Charles Albert of Sardinia 
defeated by Radetsky, March 
21 — again totally defeated at 
Novara, March 23, he abdi- 
cates the throne in favor of his 
son, Victor Emanuel I. 

Insurrection in Genoa. 
April 1. 

Rome: — The French army, 
despatched to the aid of the 
pope, arrives under the walls 
of Rome, April 29. 

Rome surrenders to the 
French, July 2. Garibaldi 
leaves the city, July 3. 

The government placed in 
the hands of the pope's com- 
missioners, Aug. 3. 

Venice capitulates to Rad- 
etsky, Aug. 22. 

Austrian power in Northern 
Italy re-established. 



1850. Rome: — The pope returns, 
April, and revokes liberal 
constitution. 

Greece disputes the claims 
of Great Britain for losses of 
British subjects: is forced to 
submit. 

China: — Outbreak of the 
Taiping rebellion. 



198 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1850 A.D.- 



A.D. 



Progress of Society, etc. 



United States. 



Great Britain. 



1850 



Northwest Passage dis- 
covered by Capt. Mc- 
Clure in the Investigator 
Oct. 26. Imprisoned in 
the ice and does not 
reach England till 1854. 

The British consul at 
Charleston calls the at- 
tention of the governor 
of South Carolina to a 
law of that State, under 
which British seamen 
(colored) are imprisoned 
when they enter her 
ports for trade or in dis- 
tress, Dec. 

Appearance of Tennyson's 
In Memoriam; Dickens's 
David Copperfield; Wag- 
ner's Lohengrin. 



1851 



Jas. Richardson, the Afri- 
can traveller, dies at the 
village of Ungouratona, 
six days distant from 
Kuka, the capital of 
Bornou, March 4. 

According to the evi- 
dence of Mr. Baines be- 
fore a Committee of the 
House of Commons 
there were in Great 
Britain 13,193 places of 
worship dissenting from 
the tenets of the Es- 
tablished Church, to 
which may be added 
Roman Catholic chap- 
els, 597, minor sects and 
Jews, 550; total non-con- 
formist churches, 14,340. 
Exhibition of the 
Works of Industry of all 
Nations, inaugurated by 
Queen Victoria, May 1, 
at the Crystal Palace. 



1850. The Clayton-Bulwer 
treaty with England in 
regard to an inter- 
oceanic canal. 

Disunion Meetings 
held at Natchez (many 
present opposed to dis- 
union); at Yazoo City 
(resolutions proposed 
voted down), Oct. 7; at 
Nashville (this conven- 
tion passed resolutions 
recommending a con- 
gress of slaveholding 
States), Nov. 19. 

The Advance and 
Rescue, American ves- 
sels in search of Sir 
J. Franklin, completely 
fastened in the ice, Sept. 
13. In their northerly 
drift reach lat. 75° 23', 
Oct. 1. 

Conventions held to 
amend the Constitutions 
of the States of Indiana 
(Oct. 7), Virginia (Oct. 
14), Maryland (Nov. 4), 
New Hampshire (Nov. 
6). 

Narcisso Lopez and 
others tried at New Or- 
leans for engaging in an 
expedition against Cuba, 
Dec. 17. 

Webster replies to 
Hulsemann on the rights 
of neutral nations, Dec. 
21. 



1851. Lopez lands in Cuba 
at the head of a filibus- 
tering expedition; is 
captured and executed. 
General Quitman of 
Mississippi arrested for 
alleged violation of the 
neutrality law of 1818, 
by setting on foot a 
military expedition 
against Cuba. He resigns 
his office of governor, 
Feb. 3. 

Initial point of the 
boundary between the 
United States and Mexi- 
co established on the 
right bank of the Rio 
Grande del Norte, in 32° 
22' north latitude, and 
219.4 meters from the 
centre of the bed of the 
river, April 24. 



1850. Searches for Sir J. 
Franklin — the North 
Star returns to Spithead 
unsuccessful, Sept. 28. 
The Prince Albert ar- 
rives at Aberdeen with 
the intelligence that 
traces of his party had 
been found at Cape 
Reilly and Beechy Isl- 
and, at the entrance to 
Wellington Channel, Oct. 
1. 

Appointment by the 
pope of several Roman 
Catholic bishops and 
archbishops in England 
causes great excitement, 
and an indignant letter 
from Lord Russell, the 
premier, Nov. 



1851. A strong force of 
Kaffirs attacks Fort 
White, Cape of Good 
Hope, and are repulsed. 
The Kaffir chief, Her- 
manus, attacks Fort 
Beaufort, but is re- 
pulsed, he and his son 
killed, his band com- 
pletely routed. 3000 
Kaffirs attack the colo- 
nists and their allies near 
Fort Hare; driven back 
with the loss of 100 killed, 
Jan. Col. Somerset 
captures and burns Fort 
Armstrong, Feb. 23. 
Tne Hottentots of the 
Theopolis Mission Sta- 
tionin Lower Albany join 
in the insurrection, May 
31. They are defeated 
in actions with the Eng- 
lish troops on the 3d and 
5th of June. 



1 85 1 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



I99 



A.D. 



France. 



Austria, Prussia, etc. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1851 



Presidential Dotation Bill, 
proposing an additional 
grant of 1,800, 000 
francs, rejected in the 
Assembly, Feb. 18. 



The Sub -Committee of the 
Assembly, appointed by 
the Committee of Re- 
vision of the Constitu- 
tion to authenticate 
petitions, reports that 
up to July 1 the petitions 
had been signed by 
1,123,165 persons thus 
classfied: For revision, 
741,01 1 ; for revision and 
p'o'ongation of powers, 
370,511; for prolonga- 
tion of powers, 12,103- — 
July 5. 



1850.Wurtembergdenoun- 1850. Turkey: — Insurrec- 
ces the ambition of the tion in Bosnia, 
king of Prussia, and 
announces a league be- 
tween Wurtemberg, Ba- 
varia, and Saxony, un- 
der the sanction of 
Austria, March 15. The 
Union Parliament 
meets at Erfurt in 
M rch and April. 

Treaty of peace between Prussia and Denmark, 
July 2. 



Denmark: — Bloody bat- 
tle of Idstedt, be- 
tween the Danes and 
Schleswig-Holsteiners, 
July 25. 



Prussia refuses to join 
the restricted Diet of 
Frankfort, Aug. 25. 

Difficulties occurring 
in Hesse-Cassel, between 
the elector and his peo 
pie, in regard to the 
mode of taxation, Aus 
tria and Prussia re 
spectively send armies 
to the Electorate to take 
opposite parts in the 
struggle, Sept.-Nov 

Austrian ultimatum 
delivered at Berlin, di 
recting that Prussia 
evacuate Hesse in eight 
days, dissolve the Er 
furt League, and recog 
nize the Diet, etc., re- 
plied to by the Prussian 
king's signing the order 
calling out the whole 
military force of the 
monarchy, Nov. 6 

Prussian prestige 
overthrown by Austria 
at the conference of 
Olmutz, Nov. 29, 

1851. Denmark: — Schles- 
wig-Holstein yields to 
the Commissioners 
of the Germanic Con- 
federation, Jan. 10. 
1851. The Austriangovernment and the Ottoman Porte 
come to the following settlement respecting the 
Hungarian refugees: Full and entire amnesty con- 
ditioned on their not attempting to enter Hungary. 
Eight excepted, among them Kos6uth and Bat- 
thyany, Feb. 17. 



Charles L. Brace, an 
American, arrested and 
imprisoned in Hungary 
on a charge of fomenting 
revolution, May 23. 

Unveiling of Rauch's 
colossal statue of Fred- 
erick the Great, at Ber 
lin, May 31. 



Australia : — Discovery 
of large gold fields near 
Bathurst, Feb. 

East Indies: — Fort of 
the celebrated pirate 
sultan of Sulu destroyed 
by the Spanish govern- 
ment of Manilla, Feb. 28. 



200 



TABULAR VIEWS 



185 I A.D.- 



Progress of Society, etc 



United States. 



Great Britain 



1851 



Wyld's monster globe 
erected in London; em 
ployed 300 men nearly 
30 days in fitting up the 
interior. 

The lord mayor of London, 
with several of the alder- 
men and common coun- 
cilmen, the royal com- 
missioners of the Expo- 
sition of Industry, etc., 
and the executive com- 
mittee of the royal com- 
missioners, leave Eng- 
land for France, by 
invitation of the prefect 
of the Seine. — Aug. 1. 

The inauguration of the rail - 
way between St. Peters- 
burg and Moscow, in 
Russia, takes place Sept. 
1. 

The town of Lagos, on the 
coast of Africa, destroy- 
ed by an English force, 
because the native chief 
refused to sign a treaty 
for the effectual sup- 
pression of the slave 
trade in his domimions. 
The chief is deposed, 
and another substituted 
in his place, Dec. 26-27. 

Deaths in 1851. 



U. S. 

J. J. Audu- 
bon, 

S. Olin, 

J. F. Cooper, 

T. H. Gal- 
laudet, 

S. G. Morton 



Europe. 

Lord Bexley 
Joanna 

Baillie, 
Codrington, 
Sheil, 
Lingard, 
Daguerre, 
Soult, 
Oersted, 
Jacobi, 
Turner. 
Ruskin begins publication 

of Stores of Venice; 

Helmholtz invents the 

ophthalmoscope. 



1851. Presidentissuesapro- 
clamation, warning all 
persons within the juris- 
diction of the United 
States not to aid or en- 
gage in any expedition 
against the Island of 
Cuba, April 25. 

Convention of dele- 
gates from the Southern 
Rights Associations of 
South Carolina meets at 
Charleston, May 5; and 
adjourns after resolving 
that, "with or without 
co-operation, they are for 
a dissolution of the 
Union," May 8. 

Erie Railroad opened 
from New York City to 
Dunkirk, 439 miles, by 
President Fillmore, 
Daniel Webster, etc., 
May 15. 

Serious conflagrations 
in California. San Fran- 
cisco alone suffers by 
them in May and June 
to the amount of 
$12,000,000. 
"Vigilance commit- 
tee" at San Francisco, 
enforces order by sum- 
mary execution. 

Nicaragua route, be- 
tween New York and 
San Francisco, opened, 
Aug. 12. 

Great riot in New 
Orleans, growing out of 
the Cuban expedition 
Houses of Spanish resi- 
dents attaciced. The 
Spanish consul is obliged 
to ask protection, and is 
placed in the city prison 
for safety, Aug. 21. 

Riot, with loss of life 
at Christiana, Pa., upon 
an attempt to arrest a 
fugitive slave, Sept. 11. 

U. S. brig Dolphin 
sails on an expedition to 
run a line of soundings 
for telegraphic purposes 
across the Atlantic, Oct. 

U. S. steam frigate 
Mississippi sent to Tur- 
key for Kossut h , receives 
him on board in the 
Dardanelles. The 
French government re- 
fuses to allow Kossuth 
to pass through France. 



1851. The Russell Ministry 
resign, Feb. 22 ; but after- 
wards resume office, the 
Earl of Derby not hav- 
ing succeeded in forming 
a Cabinet. 

Hostilities with the 
Burmese. 
1851. "The great aggregate 
meeting" of Roman 
Catholics, from all parts 
of the United Kingdom, 
for the inauguration of 
the Catholic defence as- 
sociation, is held at 
Dublin, Aug. 19. 

The American yacht 
"America," at the re- 
gatta at Cowes, wins 
"The cup of all nations," 
Aug. 22. 

Kossuth arrives by 
English steamer from 
Gibraltar, at Southamp- 
ton, Eng. Ovations are 
offered him in various 
parts of the country. 
He leaves for the United 
States, Nov. 

The submarine tele- 
graph between Dover 
and Calais completed 
Oct. 17. Opened for 
public use, Nov. 13. 



185 1 a.d. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY 



201 



France. 



Austria, Prussia, etc. 



The World, elsewhere. 



Revolution: Louis Napo- 
leon by a coup d'etat 
6eizes the reins of gov- 
ernment; dissolves the 
National Assembly; de- 
clares a state of siege; 
arrests the leaders of the 
opposition; consti- 
tutes an entire new 
ministry. The president 
orders the restoration of 
universal suffrage; an 
immediate election by 
people and army of a 
president to hold office 
for ten years, to be sup- 
ported by a Council of 
State and two houses of 
Legislature. The vote of 
the army shows a large 
majority for Napoleon. 
Resistance to the usur- 
pation is shown in 
various parts of France, 
but the overwhelming 
power of the army and 
a "state of siege" in 33 
departments crushes all 
opposition. The election, 
under various controll- 
ing influences, results in 
the confirmation of Na- 
poleon as president for 
ten years, by a vote of 
about seven out of eight 
millions. — Dec. 2-21. 



1851. The Germanic Diet 
in answer to Lord 
Palmerston's protest 
against annexing the 
non-Germanic provin- 
ces of Austria to the 
Germanic Federation, 
says, "That no foreign 
interference should be 
allowed in a purely 
German question." — 
July 17. 

Marshal Radetzky, 
by proclamation from 
Monza.'declares the Lom- 
bardo-Venetian king- 
dom to be in a state of 
siege, July 19. 

The emperor of 
Austria urges the minis- 
ter president to tai<e 
"into ripe and serious 
consideration the possi- 
bility of carrying out the 
Constitution of March 
4, 1349."— Aug. 20. 

Louis Kossuth and 35 
of his countrymen sen- 
tenced to death in con- 
tumaciam, at Pesth, for 
not appearing after cita- 
tion, Sept. 22. 



1851. Hawaii:— The diffi- 
culties between the Ha- 
waiian and French 
governments are ar- 
ranged according to the 
terms of a "mutual de- 
claration," published at 
Honolulu, March 25. 

New Granada: — Con- 
gress abolishes slavery 
in the republic, to take 
effect January 1, 1852. 
—May 29. 

Italy: — A n earth- 
quake destroys Melfi, a 
city of 10,000 inhabi- 
tants, about 100 miles 
S. E. of Naples, and 
other towns in its vi- 
cinity. Seven shocks 
occurred within 24 
hours. Melfi was sepa- 
rated by a ravine from 
Mount Vulture, upon 
which are many extinct 
craters. Not less than 
3000 persons supposed 
to have perished. — July 
14. 

Russia: — Her troops 
repeatedly defeated by 
the Circassians. — June. 

Nicaragua : — G e n . 
Munoz, ex-minister of 
war, deposes President 
Pineda, and sends him 
and most of his cabinet 
prisoners to Tigre Isl- 
ands and makes Albau- 
naz president. The 

Senate assembles at 
Grenada, and elects 
Montenegro, president 
Aug. 4. 

West Indies: — Volca- 
nic eruptions from eight 
craters in the mountains 
of Martinique, Aug. 5. 



202 



TABULAR VIEWS 



185 I A.D.- 



A.D. 



Progress of Society, etc 



United States. 



Great Britain. 



1851. Kossuth arrives at 
New York in December. 
Ovations are offered him 
in the principal cities of 
the Union. He has an 
interviewwith the presi- 
dent and addre sses 
Congress. 

Principal room of 
the library of Congress 
destroyed by fire, to 
gether with paintings 
statuary, models, and 
about 35,000 volumes of 
books, Dec. 24. 

Immigration, June 1, 
1850, to Dec. 31, 1851 
558,000. 



1852 Immigration into Cali- 
fornia, from Asia 
is 60 large as *o require 
special legislation.— April. 

Telegraphs across the Eng- 
lish Channel. 

First national agricultural 
convention assembles 
at Washington, D. C. 
consisting of 151 mem 
bers, representing 22 
States, and the District 
of Columbia; organized 
by the choice of Marshal 
P. Wilder, of Mass., 
president. June 24. 

At Stafford House in Lon 
don, 6ome English ladies, 
headed by the Duchess of 
Sutherland, adopt an 
address to the women of 
America on the subject 
of negro slavery. It 
subsequently receives 
576,000 signatures. Nov 
26. 

Punishment of death re- 
stored in Tuscany. 



1852. Deputations from 
the various States, in 
behalf of the Irish exiles 
wait upon President 
Fillmore — Jan. 23. 

The Ohio State House 
entirely consumed by 
fire. 

Gold medal presented 
to Henry Clay by citi- 
zens of New York, Feb 
10. 

Memorial presented to 
House of Representa 
tives of California, from 
1218 citizens of South 
Carolina and Florida, 
asking permission "to 
colonize a rural district 
with a population of 
not less than 2000 
slaves." Feb. 10. 

Southern Rights con 
vention at Montgomery 
Ala., passes resolutions 
against making resist 
ance to the compromise 
measures an issue of 
their party, and against 
intervention, March 5. 



1852. Lord Granville, in 
relation to the firing on 
the American steamer 
Prometheus by the Brit- 
ish man-of-war Express, 
states to Mr. Lawrence, 
for the information of 
his government, that 
her majesty's govern- 
ment entirely disavow 
the act. Jan. 10. 

Dr. Rae returns un- 
successful from his 
search for Sir John 
Franklin, down the 
Mackenzie River, and 
from its mouth eastward 
500 miles. He was sent 
out in the 6pring of 1851 
by the Hudson's Bay 
Company. Feb. 

British troops occupy 
Rangoon in Burmah, 
April 14. 



1852 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



203 



A.D. 



France. 



Austria. Prussia, etc. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1852 President Bonaparte or 
ders the confiscation of 
the Orleans property, 
Jan. 22. 

President Bonaparte com 
menceshis tour through 
Southern France, Sept. 
16. Visits the Chateau 
D'Amboise, and releases 
Abd-el-Kader, who had 
been a prisoner for five 
years, Oct. 10. Returns 
to Paris, making a pom 
pous entry into the city, 
Oct. 16. 

A decree of the president 
convokes the Senate foi 
Nov. 4, for the purpose 
of deliberating on the 
restoration of the em 
pire. Oct. 19. 



1852. The emperor of 
Russia visits the em 
peror of Austria at 
Vienna, May 8. 



1851. Cuba: — Expedition 
against Cuba under Gen- 
eral Narcisso Lopez, 500 
strong, sails from New 
Orleans, Aug. 3, and 
Key West, 10th; effects 
a landing at Cubanos, 
11th; is routed on the 
20th. Lopez is taken, 
29th, and publicly gar- 
rotted, Sep. 1. His fol- 
lowers shot or condemn- 
ed to ten years' labor in 
Spain. The funeral 
obsequies of the Span- 
iards and Cubans who 
fell in the contest with 
Lopez are celebrated 
with great pomp at the 
Cathedral in Havana. 
$70,000 are subscribed 
by the inhabitants of 
Havana, for the benefit 
of their widows and 
children, Sept. 9. 

Mexico: — General 
Mariana Arista inaugu- 
rated president, Jan. 15; 
Canales, Carvajal, and 
others issue pronuncia- 
mentos against the 
general government. 
Some fighting follows 
with varied success, 
Sept.-Oct.-Nov. 

1852. Argentine Confedera- 
tion: — General Urquiza 
completes the passage of 
the Parana and prepares 
to approach Buenos Ay- 
res, Jan. 8. Battle of 
Santos Lugares, (Mon- 
te Caseros.) between 
Urquiza and Rosas, re- 
sults in the total defeat 
of Rosas and his flight to 
England, Feb. 3. During 
the night the city is 
saved from pillage by 
detachments from the 
various ships of war of 
all nations in the harbor. 
The allied army enters 
Buenos Ayres, Feb. 18. 

—Urquiza, director 
of the Argentine Con- 
federation, deposed, 
Sept. 1 1 . — B u e n o s 
Ayres leaves the Argen- 
tine Confederation. 

—The Chamber of 
Representatives of 
Buenos Ayres declares 
the river Parana open to 
the navigation of all 
nations, Oct. 13. 



204 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1852 A.D.- 



A.D, 



1S52 



Progress of Society, etc. 



Deaths in 1852. 



U.S. 

H. Clay, 
D. Webster, 
S. Nott, 
M. Stuart, 
D. Drake, 
J. H. Paine, 
H.Greenough 
Amos Law- 
rence, 
P. Milledoler, 
J. Vanderlyn, 
J.L.Kingsley, 
J.P.Norton, 
HoseaBallou. 

Appearance of Uncle 
Tom's Cabin. 



Europe. 

Thos. Moore 
Schwart- 

zenberg, 
Pradier, 
Wellington, 
Dr.Mantell, 
D'Orsay, 
Lee, 
Gioberti. 



United States. 



1S52. Kossuth continues to 
be feted in different 
cities, and finally quits 
the country under the 
name of Alexander 
Smith, July 16. 

Henry Clay dies, June 
29. Obsequies cele- 
brated at New York, 
July 20. 

Daniel Webster dies 
Oct. 24. Funeral solem 
nities celebrated at Bos 
ton, Nov. 15. 

The United States 
declines the tri -partite 
convention respecting 
Cuba proposed by Eng- 
land and France, Dec. 1. 

Immigration, 375,000 



Great Britain. 



1852. Submarine telegraph 
wires coated with gutta 
percha laid across St. 
George's Channel from 
Holyhead, a distance of 
eighty miles, completing 
the communication be- 
tween London and Dub- 
lin. June 1. 

Queen Victoria issues 
her proclamation against 
'Roman Catholic eccles- 
iastics, wearing the habit 
of their order, exercising 
the rites and ceremonies 
of the Roman Catholic 
religion in highways and 
places of public resort." 
June 15. 

Duke of Wellington 
dies, Sept. 14. His ob- 
sequies take place in 
London, Nov. 18. 

Fall of the Protection- 
ist ministry of Lord 
Derby and Mr. DTsraeli, 
after an existence of 
nine months, Dec. 17. 

By a decree of thegov- 
vernor general of British 
India, the province of 
Pegu (Burma.,) is an- 
nexed to t.ie British 
dominions. Dec. 



1852 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY- 



205 



A.D. 



1852 



France. 



The Senate decrees the re- 
establishment of the em- 
pire, subject to the rati- 
fication of the people, 
Nov. 7. The vote is 
taken throughout France 
and Algeria., Nov. 21 
and 22; result— 7,824,- 
129 in favor of re-estab- 
lishing the empire 
against 253,149 negative 
and 63,126 void ballots. 

At the Hotel de Ville, in 
Paris, Louis Napoleon is 
publicly proclaimed Em-, 
peror of the French, un-| 
der the name of Napo- 
leon III., Dec. 2. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1852. Greece: — Signing of a convention in London by- 
England, France, Prussia, Bavaria, and Greece in 
reference to the affairs of Greece. Nov. 18. 

Hawaii: — Eruption of Mauna Loa; lasts several 
weeks. Feb. 

India: — The British take Prome in Burmah, 
October 9. 

Italy: — The punishment of death is re-established 
in Tuscany, for treason, crimes against religion, 
murder, and robbery with violence, Nov. 10. 

— The pope addresses a letter to the king of 
Sardinia, strongly adverse to the bill under con- 
sideration in the Piedmontese parliament, per- 
mitting marriages without religious ceremonies; 
it is consequently withdrawn by the ministry, 
Dec. 20. 

— At Rome, Bishop Ives, of North Carolina, U.S., 
formerly an Episcopalian, is received into the 
Catholic Church by the pope, Dec. 26. 

Liberia: — President Roberts attacks and gains 
possession of the native chief Boyer's principal 
town, Jan. 15. 

Mexico: — Carvajal attacks Camargo and is 
defeated, Feb. 21. 

A French filibustering expedition under Raous- 
set de Boulbon in Sonora is defeated at Her- 
mosillo, Nov. 1. 

Spain: — Murderous assault on the queen by a 
priest, Feb. 2. 

Switzerland: — The Canton of Ticino suppresses 
the order of Capuchin monks, and expels all of that 
order under 65 years of age, Nov. 

Turkey: — War breaks out between the Turks 
and Montenegrins, Dec. 15. 



206 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1853 A.D. 



A.D. 



Progress of Society, etc 



United States. 



Great Britain. 



1853, Firmans accorded to all 
subjects of the Porte 
(not Mussulmans) con- 
firming their religious 
rights, June. 

The firet Norwegian rail- 
way opened, July 4. 

The American expedition 
under Com. Perry ar- 
rives in Japan, July 8. 
On the 14th he lands 
and delivers to the 
imperial commissioners 
the letter from the Amer- 
ican president. 

The first Presbyterian 
Chinese church organ- 
ized at San Francisco, 
U. S., Nov. 

Cholera prevails in Europe. 

Several new asteroids dis- 
covered. 

Deaths in 1853: 



U.S. 
C.B.Adams, 
Junius Smith, 
W. R. King, 
B. Bates, 
Sim. Green- 
leaf. 



Europe. 

Tieck, 
Arago, 
Von Buch, 
Mrs. Opie, 
Ralph 
Wardlaw. 



1853. Adverse decision of 
Napoleonlll., arbiter be- 
tween the United States 
and Portugal, in case of 
the General Armstrong, 
read at Washington, Jan. 
17. 

Franklin Pierce and 
William R. King de- 
clared duly elected 
president and vice- 
president for four years 
from 4th, March next, 
Feb. 9. 

Departure of Kane's 
Expedition in search of 
Franklin, May 31. 

Important amend- 
ments to the city charter 
of New York, restraining 
the power of municipal 
officers in money matters 
adopted, June 7. 

The Koszta affair, in- 
volving the United 
States and Austria, 
July-Sept. 

Crystal Palace at New 
York opened in the pres- 
ence of the president of 
the United States July 14. 

Remaining portion 
of "Table Rock," at the 
Falls of Niagara, breaks 
off, Sept. 9. 

Great Republic, clipper 
of 4,000 tons, largest 
merchantman in the 
world, launched at East 
Boston, Mass., Oct. 4. 

Captain Gunnison and 
party massacred by the 
Indians in Utah, Oct. 26. 

Yellow fever epidemic 
in the States bordering 
on Gulf of Mexico, 
carries off from 12,000 to 
15,000 persons. 

Bedini, the papal 
nuncio, tries to influence 
the Roman Catholic 
laity to give up their 
church property to the 
bishops, but does not 
succeed. He quits the 
country. 

The Gadsden Pur- 
chase concluded with 
Mexico, Dec. 30. 

Immigration, 368,000. 



1853. Kaffir chiefs send 
in their submission to 
General Cathcart, there- 
by closing the war in 
South Africa, Feb. 10. 
Peace concluded, March 
9. 

Doncaster church, 
built in 1070, destroyed 
by fire, Feb. 28. 

Warlike stores, sup- 
posed to be for Kossuth, 
seized, April 14. 

Mrs. H. B. Stowe, 
authoress of Uncle 
Tom's Cabin received at 
Stafford House by many 
of the nobility and 
statesmen of England, 
May 7. 

Dublin Industrial Ex- 
hibition opened, May 12. 

The English and 
French fleet co-operate 
in the East. 

The " strike" at 
Stockport ceases, and 
20,000 men resume labor, 
having accomplished 
their object, an advance 
of ten per cent, in their 
wages, August 8. Sim- 
ilar strikes occur at 
Leeds, Kidderminster, 
and other cities. 

Queen Victoria visits 
Ireland, Aug. 

Captain Inglefield, of 
the Phamix, arrives 
from the Arctic regions 
with the news of the 
discovery of the North- 
west Passage, by Cap- 
tain McClure of the 
Investigator, Oct., 1850. 

The first stone of a 
Roman Catholic cathe- 
dral laid at Shrewsbury, 
by Bishop Brown, Dec. 
12. 

The Dublin Exhibi- 
tion building is formally 
opened as a winter gar- 
den, by the Lord Lieu- 
tenant and the Countess 
St. Germains, Dec. 15. 



1853 A - D - 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



207 



A.D. 



France. 



Austria, 
Prussia, etc. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1853 Russia, Austria, and Prus- 
sia at last acknowledge 
Napoleon III. emperor 
of the French, Jan. 

Marriage of the emperor 
and Eugenie de Montijo, 
countess de Teba, cele- 
brated at Cathedral of 
Notre Dame, Paris, 
Jan. 29. 

General St. Priest, and 
many other legitimists, 
secretly arrested in 
Paris, on the charge of 
political communication 
with the count of Cham 
bord , and some of having 
sent false intelligence 
to foreign journals, Feb. 

Application is made by the 
French government to 
the English for Napo 
leon's will, Feb. Sub- 
sequently granted. 

Funeral of Mme. Raspail 
at Paris, the occasion 
of a formidable socialist 
demonstration. 40,000 
persons march in pro- 
cession to Pere la Chaise, 
March. 

Preparations to oppose 
Russia in her preten- 
sions in the East. 

Fleet sent to Turkish 
waters, March. 

A peace address, signed by 
4000 English merchants, 
bankers, and traders, is 
presented to Napoleon 
III., at the Tuileries. 
March. 

A bill restoring capital 
punishment forattempts 
on the life of the em- 
peror, or to subvert the 
imperial government, is 
passed, May. 

Plot to assassinate the 
emperor, while on his 
way to the Opera Com- 
ique, discovered at 
Paris, July 7. 

The duke de Nemours, on 
behalf of the entire 
Orleans family, effects a 
reconciliation with the 
count de Chambord, 
Nov. 

A plebiscite declares in 
favor of the empire by 
a large majority, Nov. 

Unveiling of the statue of 
Marshal Ney, on the spot 
where he was shot, and 
the anniversary of hi6 
execution, Dec. 7. 



1853. Austria 
offers herself 
as a mediator 
between the 
Turks and 
Montene- 
grins, Feb. 1. 
_ Attempt 
on the life of 
emperor of 
Austria at 
the ramparts 
of Vienna 
Feb. 18. 

Baden :— 
Prof. Gervi 
nus tried for 
high treason 
in publishing 
his Introduc- 
tion to the 
History of 
19th Century. 
Sentence, ten 
months' im- 
prisonment, 
and book to 
be destroyed 
March 5. 

Prussia: — 
Democratic 
conspiracy 
discovered at 
Berlin, Mar. 
29. 



1853 Belgium : — Marriage of the duke 
of Brabant, heir -apparent of the 
throne, and the Archduchess Maria, 
Aug. 22. 

Canada: — Gavazzi lectures at 
Quebec and Montreal; riots ensue; 
military called out; June 6-9. 

— The first sod of the European 
and North American Railroad 
turned at St. Johns, Sept. 14. 

China: — Nankin taken by the 
Taipings, March 21. Amoy cap- 
tured, May. 

Denmark: — P a r 1 i a m e n t pro- 
rogued and a "fundamental" law 
issued, by which the government 
becomes hereafter an absolute one, 
July. 

Holland : — The first chamber 
adopts the much -disputed law on 
religious liberty, Sept. 

India: — Battle of Donabew, in 
Burmah: Sir J. Cheape conquers 
Pegu, March. 

Italy: — An insurrection breaks 
out at Milan, but is vigorously sup- 
pressed by Radetsky, Feb. 6. The 
property of the Lombardo -Venetian 
refugees sequestered till they can 
prove they are not implicated in 
this outbreak, and 10,000 Ticinese 
expelled from Austrian Italy, Feb. 
26. Protracted diplomatic contro- 
versies between Austria and both 
Sardinia and Switzerland follow — 
Sardinia solemnly protesting, April 
16. 

— The pope prohibits the circula- 
tion of Uncle Toms Cabin in his 
dominions, May 10. 

Guerazzi tried at Florence for 
high treason, and found guilty, 
June 11. 

— New church, built for the Wal- 
denses, opened and consecrated at 
Turin, Dec. 15. 

Mexico: — New revolution; Arista 
resigns the presidency, Jan. 

— Santa Anna, having been elect- 
ed president, is received in Mexico 
with great enthusiasm, April. 



208 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1853 A.D. 



A. D. 



Progress of Society, etc. 



United States. 



Great Britain. 



1854 



Deputation of "Friends" 
presents to the emperor 
of Russia a peace me- 
morial, Feb. 

Complete equality before 
the law secured to all 
subjects of the Porte, 
without distinction of 
creed, by treaty, March. 

Commercial treaty con- 
cluded between the U. 
S. and Japan, March; 
this is the opening of the 
modern era in Japan. 

The first railway is opened 
in Brazil, the emperor 
and empress being 
present at the inaugura- 
tion, April. 



1854. The steamer San 
Francisco founders at 
sea; 240 U. S. troops 
washed overboard ; the 
rest of 700 rescued by 
the Three Bells, Kilby, 
and Antarctic, Jan. 5. 

Astor Library opened 
for use of the public, in 
New York City, Jan. 9. 

Massachusetts Emi- 
grant Society organized 
and incorporated by 
Eli Thayer, April 20. 

Mass meetings at 
Boston, Feb. 23; New- 
market, N. H., Feb. 27; 
New York, May 13, 
against the Kansas-Ne- 
braska bill, which, how- 
ever, becomes a law, 
May 30. 

Leavenworth, Kansas, 
founded, June 13. 



1854. Parliament openea 
by queen, who expresses 
a desire that exertions 
for an amicable settle- 
ment of the Eastern 
difficulties should be 
persevered in, Jan. 31. 

The queen reviews 
the fleet on its departure 
for the Baltic, March 11. 

Treaty of alliance be- 
tween England, France, 
and Turkey, March 12. 

War declared against 
Russia, March 28. 

A day of humiliation 
and prayer observed, 
April 26. 

Launch of the Royal 
Albert, the queen chris- 
tening the vessel, May 
13. 

Crystal Palace at Sy- 
denham opened by the 
queen, June 10. 



1854 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY 



209 



Austria, Prussia, etc. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1854 



Alliance, offensive and de- 
fensive, between Aus- 
tria and Prussia, signed 
April 20, for the exclu- 
sion of Russia from 
the permanent occupa- 
tion of the Danubean 
principalities. 

By agreement with 
Turkey, Austria occupies 
the Danubian princi- 
palities, June. 



1853. Spain: — New and stringent law against liberty 
of the press published, Jan. 2. 

Switzerland: — Insurrection in Fribourg by the 
Jesuit party speedily suppressed, April. 

Persia: — Earthquakes at Shiraz (12,000 lives 
lost), May 9; and Teheran, July 11. 

Venezuela: — Earthquake at Cumana; 600 per- 
sons killed, July 15. 

Peru: — Difficulty at Chincha Islands between 
Peruvian commandant and American shipmasters, 
Au?. 17. 

China: — Shanghai taken by Taipings, Sept. 7. 

Portugal: — Maria II. (queen) dies, Nov. 10. 
Succeeded by Pedro V. 

Eastern Affairs: — War between Turkey and 
Russia. — -Prince Menschikoff sent by the emperor 
of Russia with demands which are rejected by the 
Porte and he leaves Constantinople, May 21. The 
Russians cross the Pruth, July 2. The Porte ad- 
dresses a protest to the Russian cabinet against 
the occupation of the Principalities, July 14. The 
Conference of Vienna draw up the celebrated 
"Vienna Note," for the joint acceptance of Russia 
and Turkey, July 26. Russia at once accepts; 
Turkey requires modifications, Aug. 19; which 
Russia will not accede to, Sept. 14. Military con- 
gress at Olmutz, Sept. 20. The note is dropped, 
Sept. 30. Turkey declares war against Russia, 
Oct. 23. The allied French and English fleet 
enter the Bosporus, Oct. 25. Hostilities commenced 
on the Danube, Oct. 30. Turks capture Fort St. 
Nicholas in the Black Sea, Oct. 31. Turks defeat 
Russians at Oltenitza, Nov. 4. Turkish fleet de- 
stroyed at Sinope by Russians, Nov. 30. The 
Vienna Conference continues its efforts to effect 
an arrangement between the belligerents, Dec. 
Decided manifestation of the people of Constanti- 
nople in favor of war, Dec. 21. The religious 
fanaticism of both parties is aroused. 



1854. Brazil: — San Salvador destroyed by an earth- 
quake, causing a loss of 200 lives, and $4,000,000 
of property, April 16. 

Canada: — Parliament House at Quebec burnt, 
including government library and philosophical 
apparatus, Feb. 1. 

India:— The Ganges Canal, a work of great 
magnitude, opened, April 8. 

Mexico: — Battle of Guayamas, between a 
filibustering expedition under count de Boulbon 
and the Mexicans, July 13" The count is defeated, 
taken prisoner, and, Aug. 12, shot. 

Spain: — The insurrection of the people at Ma- 
drid against the Regent Maria Christina (July 17) 
triumphs, and the Rivas ministry resign, July 19. 
Espartero enters the city, and is received with 
great enthusiasm, July 29. 

— Maria Christina, the queen mother, leaves Ma- 
drid for Portugal. 

Venezuela: — Slaves emancipated, April 25. 

Saxony: — King Frederick Augustus II. killed 
in the Tyrol by a fall from his carriage, Aug. 9. 



2IO 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1854 A.D. 



A.D. 



Progress of Society, etc. 



United States. 



Great Britain. 



1854 



Deaths in 1854: 

U. S.:— 

N. B. Blunt, Jacob Bur- 
nett, John Davis, Com. 
Downes, J. Harrington, 
last survivor of battle 
of Lexington, Mrs. E. 
Judson, Bishop Wain- 
wright. 

Europe: — 

Anglesey, Cockburn, E. 
Forbes, Jameson, Mait- 
land, Melloni, Mont- 
gomery, Paixhans, Pel- 
lico, Plunkett, Rubini, 
Schelling, Mme. Sontag, 
Mrs. C. Southey, Tal- 
fourd, Wilson, St. Ar- 
naud, Denman, Lock- 
hart. 

"Immaculate Conception 
of the Virgin " proclaimed 
as a dogma by the 
pope, Dec. 8. 



1854. San Juan, Nicaragua, 
bombarded and burnt 
by the U. S. sloop-of- 
war, Cyane, July 13. 

Lawrence, Kansas.' 
settled by anti-slaveryj 
men, July 30. 

Giulia Grisi and Giu- 
seppe Mario, the two 
most renowned lyric 
artists of Europe, arrive 
at New York, Aug. 19. 

Cholera prevails June- 
Nov. ; yellow fever pre- 
vails, Aug.- Nov. 

Immigration about 
500,000. 

Ostend Manifesto by 
the American ministers 
in Europe, Buchanan, 
Mason, and Soule\ call- 
ing for the purchase of 
Cuba by the United 
States. 



1854. Treaty between Ja- 
pan and Great Britain. 

England consents to 
the establishment of the 
Orange River republic, 
Feb. 23. 

Law passed for the 
enlistment of foreigners 
in the British service, 
Dec. 22. 



I 854 A - D - OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



211 



A.D. 



Eastern Affairs. 



1854 The Anglo-French fleet en- 
ters the Black Sea, Jan. 
5. Turks defeat Rus- 
sians at Citate, Jan. 6. 
Negotations for peace 
continue through the 
Vienna Conference, Jan. 
Russian ambassadors 
quit London, Paris, Feb. 
7. English and French 
ambassadors dismissed 
St. Petersburg, Feb. 16. 
England and France re- 
solve to summon Russia 
to evacuate the Princi- 
palities by the 30th 
Aoril, Feb. 28. Russians 
crossthe Danube, March. 
Treaty of alliance con- 
cluded between England , 
France, and the Porte, 
March 12. Anglo-French 
ultimatum forwarded to 
St. Petersburg. Russia 
refuses a reply. Eng- 
land and France declare 
war against Russia, 
March 28. Counter dec- 
laration of war by Rus- 
sia against England and 
France, April 12. Con- 
vention between Eng- 
land and France, April 
18. Odessa bombarded, 
April 22. Anglo-French 
fleet scours the Baltic, 
May, June. A u s t r o - 
Turkish Convention, 
June 4. Russians raise 
the siege of Silistria, 
June 22, and re-cross the 
Danube, July 7. Rus- 
sians defeated by 
Turks at Rutschuk, July 
12 and 13. Are com- 
pelled to evacuate the 
Principalities and re- 
cross the Pruth, Aug. 16. 
Bomarsund capitulates 
to the allied fleet and 
French army, Aug. 16. 
Austrian armies enter 
the Principalities, Aug. 
23. Allies land in the 
Crimea, Sept. 14. De- 
feat the Russians at the 
Alma, Sept. 20. Com- 
mence the siege of Se- 
bastopol, Sept. 28. Fire 
opened, Oct. 17. Battle 
of Balaklava, Russians 
repulsed, Oct. 25. Bat- 
tle of Inkermann, Rus- 
sians again repulsed, 
Nov. 5. 



The World, elsewhere. 



212 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1855 A.D.- 



a.d. Progress of Society, etc. 



United States. 



Great Britain. 



1855 



Panama railroad complet- 
ed, first train on it Jan. 
28. 

Financial panic in Califor- 
nia, Feb. 

Suspension Bridge at 
Niagara first crossed, 
March 14. 

Difficulty in Phila. about 
slaves of J. H. Wheeler 
of N. Carolina, July 18. 

Bessemer's process for 
manufacturing steel, 
patented. 

Deaths in 1S55: 



U. S.: 

S. H. Cone, 

Abbott Law- 
rence, 

John C. 
Spencer, 

T. R. Beck. 



1856 



Europe: 
Jos. Hume, 
MissMitford 
Nicholas I. 
Charlotte 
Bronte 
Lord Raglan 
Saml. Rog- 
ers, 
Ans. Roths- 
child, 
Mickiewicz. 



1855. Southern Com- 
mercial Convention at 
New Orleans, Jan. 8. 

U. S. S. Waterwitch 
fired on, on the Paraguay, 
Feb. 1. 

U. S. Dist. Court in 
Wisconsin pronounces 
the Fugitive Slave Law 
unconstitutional, Feb. 3. 

Missourians invade 
Lawrence and perpetrate 
frauds at the elections 
for a tegislature in Kan- 
sas. 

Free-State convention 
at Lawrence, Kansas, 
Aug. 14. 

William Walker (fili- 
buster) takes possession 
of Granada, Nicaragua, 
Oct. 16. 

Kansas Free -State 
convention at Topeka. 
Oct. 23, draws up con- 
stitution. 

Proclamation against 
filibustering by Presi- 
dent Pierce, Dec. 8. 

British Arctic vessel 
Resolute found and 
brought to New London 
by an American whaler, 
Dec. 23. 



Submarine telegraph cab- 
le laid from Cape Breton 
to Newfoundland, July 
12. 

Dudley Observatory inaug- 
al Albany, Aug. 28. 

N. Y. and Newfoundland 
telegraph line, 17 15 
miles, opened to St. 
John's, Nov. 10. 

Revival of the African 
slave trade recommend- 
ed by Gov. Adams in S. 
Carolina. 

Arctic discovery ship 
Resolute presented to 
Queen Victoria by 
Lieut. Hartstene for the 
U. S. Government, Dec. 
30. 



1856. N. P. Banks. Jr., of 
Mass., elected Speaker 
of House of Repre- 
sent, of U. S., after a 
contest of 9 weeks, by 
plurality of 3 votes, Feb. 
2. 

Free State Legisl. at 
Topeka, Kansas, elect 
Reeder and Lane as 
delegates to Congress, 
Feb. 8. 

Kansas Investigation 
Committee appointed, 
Mar. 19. 

Lawrence, Kansas, 
captured and plundered 
by the slavery men. 

Personal assault on 
Senator Sumner of Mass. 
in the U. S. Senate by 
Brooks of S. Carolina, 
May 22. 



1855. Resignation of the 
Aberdeen ministry, Jan. 
29. 

Formation of the 
Palmerston ministry, 
Feb. 

Visit of the emperor 
and empress of France, 
April 16. 

Introduction of Civil 
Service Reform, May 21. 

Death of Lord Raglan, 
commander-in-chief at 
Sebastopol, June 28. 

The queen and Prince 
Albert visit the emperor 
Louis Napoleon at Paris, 
Aug. 18. 

Visit of the king of 
Sardinia to England, 
Nov. 30. 

Captain McClure re- 
ceives the reward of 
£5,000 for discovery of 
"the N. W. passage," 
and is knighted, Nov. 



1856. Annexation of the 
kingdom of Oudh in 
India, Feb. 

Seizure of a vessel 
under the British flag by 
Chinese authorities the 
cause of a war between 
the two countries Oct. 8. 

British fleet bombard 
and partially destroy 
Canton, China, Oct. 23. 

Occupation of Herat 
by Persians leads to 
declaration of war by 
the British, Nov. 1. 



1856 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



213 



A.D. 



France. 



1855 



Industrial Exhibition 
opened at Pans, May 15. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1856 



: -Death of the 

Nicholas I., 

-Alexander II. 



1855. Russia 
Emperor 
March 2.- 
succeeds. 

— The Sardinian troops 
join the allied forces in 
the Crimea. 

— The allies take pos- 
session of K e r t c h , 
May 24. 

— The allies repulsed 
in an assault on the 
outposts of Sebastopol, 
June 18. 

— Kars invested by 
the Russians. June 23. 

Russians in the Cri- 
mea defeated in the bat- 
tle of the Tchernaya 
Aug. 16. 

Fall of Sebastopol — 
The Malakhoff carried 
by the French, Sept. 8. 

Terrific attack of the 
Russ ; ans on Kars re- 
pulsed, Sep. 29. Town 
capitulates to Russians, 
Nov. 28. 

Austria: — Death at 
Trieste of Don Carlos 
claimant of the Spanish 
throne, March 10. 



1855. Mexico; — Santa Anna 
abdicates, Aug. 9. 
Carrera chosen to suc- 
ceed him. 

Alvarez resigns the 
presidency and is suc- 
ceeded by Comonfort, 
Dec. 



Peace conference at Paris 
opened Feb. 25. 

Birth of an heir to the 
throne, March 16. 

Treaty of peace marking 
the end of the Crimean 
War, signed at Paris, 
March 30 Black Sea 
neutralized; Kars re- 
stored to Turkey; Se- 
bastopol to Russia; 
Danubian Principalities 
freed from Russian 
protectorate; navigation 
of the Danube free. 

Destructive floods near 
Lyons, etc., whole vil- 
lages destroyed, June. 



1856. Preliminaries of 
peace signed at \ ienna, 
Feb. 1. 

Austria issues a de- 
cree of amnesty for the 
Hungarian revolution- 
ists of 1848-49 (July). 

The Crimea wholly 
evacuated by the allies, 
July 12. 

Gunpowder explosion 
at Salonica, Turkey, 700 
killed and wounded, 
July 17. 

Russia: — - Alexander 
II. crowned emperor, 
Sept. 7. 

Spain: — Narvaez suc- 
ceeds O'Donnell in the 
government. 

Naples: — French and 
English ministers leave, 
Oct. 28. 



1856. Costa Rica: — 
Walker's invasion de- 
feated at Guanacaste, 
March 20. 

— Walker defeats 3000 
Costa Ricans at Rivas. 
April 11. 

Panama: — Riot on the 
Panama R. R., 30 pas- 
sengers killed, April 15. 

Walker elected presi- 
dent of Nicaragua, June 
25. 

Earthquake in Egypt, 
Syria, and isles of Medi- 
tertanean Sea. About 
1200 lives lost, and 
many thousand build- 
ings destroyed, Oct. 12. 



214 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1856 A.D.- 



A.D. 



Progress of Society, etc. 



United States. 



Great Britain. 



1856 



1857 



Deaths in 1856: 

U. S — 

J. M. Berrien, Ogden Hoff- 
man, Com. Morris, J. G. 
Perceval, Jno. C. Warren, 
J. M. Clayton. U. S. S., 
George Steers, naval 
architect, T. Crawford, 
sculptor. Louis M'Lane 

Europe: — 

Heinrich Heine, Jno. Bra- 
ham, Sir W. Hamilton, 
metaphysician, Von 

Biela, astronomer, Lord 
Hardinge, Father Mat- 
thew, Hugh Miller, Sir 
John Ross, Westmacott, 
Yarrell, Delaroche. 



Geo. Peabody gives $300,- 
000 to establish a free 
Literary and Scientific 
Institute at Baltimore, 
Feb. 12. 

The Atlantic telegraph 
cable first joined at sea 
by the Niagara and 
Agamemnon, Aug. 5, 
but breaks, Aug. 11. 

Loss of the Central America 
and 450 lives, Sept. 8. 

Deaths in 1857. 



U.S. 

C. Colton, 
E.K.Kane, 
W. L. Marcy, 
Thos. J.Rusk, 
Eli Smith. 



Europe. 

De Musset, 
Beranger, 
J.W. Croker 
Marshall 

Hall, 
Douglas 

Jerrold, 
Eugene Sue, 
Cavaignac, 
Aug. Comte, 
Chris. 

Rauch. 



1856. Buchanan nominated 
for president by Dem. 
Convention at Cincinnati 
June 7. 

Fremont nominated 
for president by Repub. 
Convention at Philadel- 
phia, June 17. 

H. of Repres. pass a 
bill admitting Kansas 
under Topeka Constitu- 
tion, July 3. 

Topeka legislature dis- 
persed by U. S. troops 
under Col. Sumner, July 
4. 

John W. Geary con- 
firmed as Gov. of Kan- 
sas, July 31. 

Whitefield and Reeder 
both rejected by H. of 
Repres. as delegates 
from Kansas, Aug. 1. 

U. S. troops in Kansas 
arrest and disarm par- 
ties of emigrants from 
New England, Oct. 10. 

Buchanan elected 
pres. Nov. 4. 

Barrier Forts, near 
Canton, China, destroy- 
ed by U. S. squadron 
for an attack on an 
American boat, Dec. 6. 

1857. Buchanan inaugu- 
rated president, March 
4. 

The Dred Scot De- 
cision delivered by Chief 
Justice Taney, March 6. 

R. J. Walker accepts 
appointment as Govern- 
or of Kansas, March 26. 

General financial pan- 
ic beginswith suspension 
of Ohio Life and Trust 
Co., Aug. 24. 

Lecompton Conven- 
tion, Kansas, meets Sept. 
7, and adopts pro -slavery 
constitution, Nov. 7. 

Suspension of Phila- 
delphia banks, Sept. 25 
and 26, followed by gen- 
eral suspension of banks 
in Pa., Md., D. C, R. I. 

Suspension of N. Y. 
city banks, Oct. 13-14, 
and Massachusetts bank 
same day. 

Payments resumed, 
Dec. 12. 



1857. Palmerston ministry 
outvoted on the Chinese 
question, March 3. 

Treaty of Peace with 
Persia signed March 4 
after a four months' 
war. 

New septennial Parlia- 
ment meets, April 30. 

The Manchester Art 
Exhibition opened, May 
5. 

Sepoy Rebellion in 
India, mutiny at Meerut 
May 10; King of Delhi 
proclaimed sovereign of 
India, May 12; Mutiny 
at Lucknow, May 30; at 
Cawnpore, June 5 ; 
Massacre at Cawnpore, 
July 15. 

Havelock defeats the 
rebels under Nana Sahib, 
and recapturesCawnpore 
July 17. 

Sir Colin Campbell 
the new com. -in-chief, 
arrives at Calcutta, Aug. 
14. 

Delhi taken after an 
assault of 6 days, Sept. 
20. 



1857 A - D - 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



215 



A.D. 



France. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1856. Granada, Nicaragua, 
destroyed by Walker, 
Nov. 20-25. 



1857 



Congress for the purpose of 
settling the controversy 
between Prussia and 
Switzerland over Neuf- 
chatel, meets at Paris, 
March. 

Commercial treaty be- 
tween France and Rus- 
sia, June. 



1857. Austria: — Amnesty 
to political offenders in 
Lombardy, &c, Jan. 25. 

Denmark abolishes 
the Sound Dues, March 
14. 

Prussia renounces its 
claims to Neufchatel, 
May. 

Sweden and Norway: 
— Charles Louis, prince- 
royal, made Regent, 
Sept. 26. 



1857. Mexico: — New con- 
stitution promulgated, 
March 11. 

Costa Rica: — Walker 
surrenders Rivas, and 
agrees to leave Nicara- 
gua, May 1. 

Nicaragua: — Walker 
and his men surrender to 
U. S. ship Wabash, Com. 
Paulding, Dec. 8. 

China: — Canton bom- 
barded by the English 
and French and taken, 
Dec. 28-29. 



2l6 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1857 A.D.- 



a.d. Progress of Society, etc. 



United States. 



Great Britain. 



1S5S 



1S5Q 



Commercial failures in one 
year, ending Dec. 25, 
1857, amount to 5123: 
liabilities, $291,750,000. 

Launch of the monster 
steamer Great Eastern at 
London, Jan. 31. 

Crawford's monument to 
Washington, at Rich- 
mond, inaugurated, Feb. 
22. 

Donati's comet seen in 
June and July. 

Burton and Speke discover 
Lakes Tanganyika and 
Victoria Nyanza. 

Atlantic telegraph laid 
successfully Aug. 5. 

National Teachers' Associ- 
ation — 1st Ann. Conven- 
tion at Cincinnati, Aug. 
11. 



1858. Mr. Buchanan's 
" Kansas Message" to H. 
Reps., with Lecompton 
Constitution Feb. 2. 

" Anti-Lecompton De- 
mocratic" meetings in 
Phila., N. Y., etc., Feb. 
and March. 

Bill to admit Kansas 
as a State, under Le- 
compton Const., passes 
the Senate, March 23. 

The House passes 
another bill. 

New Free State Con- 
vention of Kansas, at 
Leavenworth, March 25. 

The "English Kansas 
bill "passed both Houses 
of Congress, April 30. 



1857. Lucknow relieved by 
Havelock, Sept. 25. 

Havelock in Luck- 
now relieved by Camp- 
bell, Nov. 17;Campbell's 
victory at Cawnpore, 
Dec. 6. 

1858. The Princess-Royal 
of England married to 
the Prince of Prussia, 
Jan. 25. 

Steamer Great Eastern 
first floated, Jan. 31. 

Resignation of Pal- 
merston's ministry, Feb. 
22, and accession of 
Lord Derby, March 1. 

Lucknow taken by 
the British, March 21. 

Suppression of the 
Sepoy mutiny, July. 

Eng. steam. Cyclops 
bombards Jeddah, July 
25-26. 

Baron Rothschild 
takes his seat in H. 
of Commons, July 26, 
the first Jewish member 
of Parliament. 



Queen Victoria's message to President Buchanan sent and received, August 16 



carried to Charleston, 



olaver Eao captured and 
August 27. 

First overland mail for 
California leaves St. 
Louis, Sept. 16. 

Boston Public (Free) Li- 
brary opened, costing 
$450,000, Sept. 17. 

Deaths in 1858. 

li. S.— 

T. H. Benton, Rob. Hare, 

H. W. Herbert, Freeman 

Hunt, Com. Perry, Gen. 

Quitman, Gen. P. F. 

Smith, N. W. Taylor, 

B. F. Butler, Parker 

Cleveland, Wm. Jay. 
Europe — 
K. Brown, botanist, Geo. 

Combe, Rachel, Reschid 

Pacha, Radetsky, Ary 

Scheffer, Robt. Owen, 

Sir W. Reid, Foresti. 

Appearance of Buckle's 
Introduction to the His- 
tory of Civilization. 
U. S. Agricultural Conven- 1S59. New hall of the U. 
tion at Washington, D.C. S. Senate first occupied 
Jan. 3. Jan. 4 

Slidell's bill, giving $30,000,000 to facilitate the ac- 
quisition of Cuba, introduced, Jan. 10. 

Mr. McLane recog- 
nizes the Juarez govern- 
ment in Mexico, April 4 
Southern Convention at Vicksburgh discusses the 
opening of the slave trade, May 11. 



The East India Com- 
pany ceases to exist, and 
its vast possessions pass 
into thehandsof the Brit- 
ish Government, Aug. 2. 
fleet sails from Plymouth, 



Queen Victoria 
Prince Albert visit 
French emperor 
Cherbourg, Aug. 4. 



and 

the 
at 



Minnesota State Gov- 
ernment organized at St. 
Paul, May 23. 

Atlantic telegraph 
England, June 10. 

The President sends a 
message announcing 

peaceable settlement of 
trouble in Utah, JunelO. 

Treaty of Peace and 
Amity with China, sign- 
er. atTien-Tsin, June 13. 

Modified Lecompton 
Constitution rejected by 
people of Kansas, Aug. 2 

News of the completion of Atlantic telegraph re- 
ceived with joyful demonstrations, Aug. 5. 

Magnificent celebra- 
tion at New York, Sept. 
1. 



1S59. Disraeli introduces 
a new Reform Bill, Feb. 
28. 

England protests 
against Austrian men- 
aces of Sardinia, April 
21. 



1 859 A - D - 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



217 



A.D. 



France. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1S58 



Attempt by Orsini and 
others to assassinate the 
emperor with a hand 
grenade: 8 persons k. 
and 156 wounded, Jan. 
14. 

Meeting between Napoleon 
III. and Cavour at 
Plombieres where an 
alliance is determined on 
against Austria on con- 
dition of the cession of 
Savoy and Nice to 
France, July. 



185) 



1858. Russia: — Process of 

emancipation begun, 
Jan. 

Outbreak of war be- 
tween Turkey and the 
Montenegrins, Feb. 

Spain : — O'Donnell 
again at the head of the 
government, June. 



The emperor's New Year's 

speech to Hubner, Aus- 
trian minister, causes a 

war sensation, Jan. 1. 
Prince Napoleon, cousin of 

the emperor, marries 

the Princess Clothilde, 

daughter of the king of 

Sardinia, Jan. 30. 
French troops reach Turin and Genoa A pnl 2Q-60 



1858. Mexico: — Revolu- 
tion, Comonfort gives up 
the government to Ju- 
arez; Zuloaga proclaim- 
ed president by a H. of 
Representatives ; war be- 
tween the liberals under 
Juarez and the reaction- 
aries under Miramon. 

China : — The Pei-ho 
forts captured by the 
English and the French, 
May 19; treaty of Tien 
Tsin (June 26) between 
China and Great Britain, 
France, Russia, and the 
United States. Russia 
obtains the Amur prov- 
ince. 

Turkey: — Massacre of 
Christians at Jeddah — 
45 killed, June 15. 

Japan concludes treat- 
ies with the United 
States, Great Britain, 
France, and Russia. 

Egypt: — First train 
on the Suez railroad 
crosses the isthmus in 
eleven hours from Suez 
to Alexandria, Dec. 5. 

Hayti: — Revolution; 
Faustin banished; Gen- 
eral Geffrard proclaimed 
president, Dec. 21. 



1859. Austria demands 
that Sardinia shall dis- 
arm, April 23. England 
protests against this 
menace. 

Sardinian army on a 
war footing. 



1859. Peru: — Earthquake 
destroys part of Quito, 
March 29. 

Mexico: — M i r a m o n 
fails in his attempt on 
Cuba but shares in the 
victory of Tacubaya, 
April 11. 



218 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1859 A.D.- 



A.D. 



Progress of Society, etc. 



United States. 



Great Britain. 



1859 



1860 



Great fire at Key West, 
110 houses; loss $2,750,- 
000, May 16. 

Several slavers captured 
by U. S. vessels. 

Remarkable religious re- 
vival in Ireland, June, 
July, etc. 

Excessive heat in Califor- 
nia and in Europe, 
June-July. 

Wise travels 1200 miles in 
a balloon from St. Louis 
to New York state, 
July 11. 

Celebration of 100th birth- 
day of Schiller, Nov. 10. 

Darwin's Origin of Species. 



Deaths in 1859: 



1859. Gen. Harney takes possession of the island 
of San Juan (now Y ancouver ' s _J s l ai ?d) July 9. 



U.S. 

J. W. Alex. 

ander, 
Rufus 

Choate, 
Bp. Doane, 
Hor. Mann, 
Den. Olms- 
ted, 
W. H. Pres- 

cott, 
Rich. Rush, 
Geo. Bush, 
J. Y. Mason, 
Washington 
Irving. 



Europe. 
H. Hallam, 
Or. Abbott, 
T. K.Hervey 
Humboldt, 
Leigh Hunt, 
Lady Morgan 
De Tocque- 

ville, 
Metternich, 
De Quincey, 
I. K. Brunei, 

arl Ritter, 
Louis Spohr, 
Sir J.Stephen, 
Macaulay, 
Robert Ste - 

phenson. 



Law passed in Arkansas, 
Jan. 1, to banish free 
negroes from the state. 

Discovery of oil in Penn- 
sylvania. 

Decree by the Emperor of 
Austria in favor of 
rights of the Jews, Jan. 
10. 



Kansas Const. Con 
vention meets at Wyan- 
dotte, July 5. Constitu- 
tion ratified by the peo- 
ple, Oct. 4. 

Gen. Harney proclaims 
possession of the island 
of San Juan for the U. 
States, July 27. 

Mr. Ward, U. S. min- 
ister, reaches Pekin, July 
30. 

Treaty with China 
ratified, Aug. 16. 

J. Y. Mason, U. S. 
minister to France, dies 
at Paris, Oct. 3. 

John Brown seizes the 
arsenal at Harper's berry, 
Va.,Oct. 16-17. Captur- 
ed, Oct. 18; executed 
December 2. 

Congress assembles 
Dec. 5. 



1859. Tne Derby ministry 
defeated on the second 
reading of the Reform 
Bill, March, and suc- 
ceeded by a Palmerston 
ministry, June. 

Captain Mc Clintock 
returns, bringing relics 
of Franklin's expedition, 
Sept. 21. 

Steamer Royal Charier 
wrecked in British Chan- 
nel; 445 persons lost. 

Separation of Queens- 
land from New South 
Wales, Dec. 4. 

Death of Lord Ma- 
caulay, Dec. 28. 



1860. Pennington of N. 
Jersey elected speaker of 
the House of Repre- 
sentatives, after a bal- 
loting for nearly two 
months, Feb. 1. 



1860. Lord Clyde pro- 
claims the rebellion in 
India subdued, Jan. 7. 

French commercial 
treaty ratified in the 
Commons, Feb. 



i860 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



219 



,D. 



France. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1859 



1860 



War declared, in alliance 1859. 
with Sardinia, against 
Austria, May 3. 

Subscriptions for loan of 
500 million francs ex- 
ceed four times that sum 
from 525,000 persons. 



Tuscany: 



Grand 
Duke flees; his troops 
fraternize with revolu- 
tionists, April 27. 

Austria declares war 
against Sardinia, and 
her troops cross the Ti- 
cino, April 29. 
The Emperor L. Napoleon arrives at Genoa May 12. 
Empress made regent. 
Battle of Montebello: Austrians defeated May 20. 

GaribaldientersComo, 
May 27. 
Battle of Palestro: Austrians defeated. May 30. 
Battle of Magenta: Allies victorious June 4, and 

enter Milan June 8. 
Perugia sacked by papal troops, June 20. 
Battle of Solferino, June 24. Austrians under the 
emperor in person defeated by the allies: 
great loss on both sides. 
Preliminaries of Peace signed by the emperors of 
France and Austria, at Villafranca, July 11. 
Confirmed by conference at Zurich, Nov. 10 



The emperor returns to 
St. Cloud, July 27. 

Entrance of the "Army of 
Italy" into Paris, Aug 
14. 

Political amnesty, Aug. 17 

Treaty with Japan, rati- 
fied at Jeddo, Sept. 22. 

The emperor urges on 
Victor Emanuel a pro- 
gramme for the Regener- 
ation of Italy, October. 

Exchange of ratifications 
of the Treaty of Zurich, 
Nov. 21. 



Treaty with Nicaragua 

ratified, Jan. 11. 
Commercial treaty with 

Great Britain signed 

Jan. 23. 



Tuscan y: — Council 
of State votes in favor of 
annexation to Sardinia, 
July 12. 

Sardinia: — Cavour re- 
signs from the ministry. 
July 13. 

Tuscany: — The Na- 
tion. Assem. decrees the 
permanent exclusion of 
the Austrian dynasty, 
Aug. 16. 

Modena: — Farini dic- 
tator, opens the Nat. 
Assembly, Aug. 16, and 
assumes government of 
Parma, Aug. 18. 

Rome: — Co n c o r d a t 
between the pope and 
Spain, Aug. 26. 

Russia: — S c h a m y 1 
gives himself up pris- 
oner in Caucasia, Sept. 6. 

Bologna. — A s s e m . 
Nat. under pres. of 
Minghetti decree in- 
dependence from the 
pope, Sept. 7. 

Romagna: — Decree of 
annexation to Sardinia, 
Oct. 7. 

Spain declares war 
against Morocco, Oct. 
22. O'Donnell named 
com. -in-chief of Spanish 
army. 
1860. Spain:— The Moors 
defeated at Castellejor 
Jan. 1. 

Sardinia: — Cavour re- 
called to the premier- 
ship, Jan. 15. 



1859. Naples: — Death of 
Ferdinand II., and ac- 
cession of Francis II., 
May 22. 

Swede n: — Oscar 1., 
died July 8; succeeded 
by his son Charles XV. 

Mexico: — Juarez de- 
crees the confiscation of 
church property, July 

Venezuela : — Civil war ; 
downfall of Castro, the 
president, July. 

Costa Rica: — Revo- 
lution — fall of Mora, 
Aug. 14. 

Japan: — The ports of 
Yokohama, Nagasaki, 
and Hakodate, opened 
to trade. 

Buenos Ayres: — Bat- 
tle with troops of Argen- 
tine Confederation, Oct 
28. — Buenos Avres com- 
pelled to ioin the Con- 
federation. 



1860. Argentine Confed. 

Derqui president Feb. 5. 

Mexico: — Miramonat- 

tacks Vera Cruz, March. 

— Zuloaga proclaims 

himself president, May 1. 



220 



TABULAR VIEWS 



i860 A.D. 



Progress of Society, etc. 



United States. 



Great Britain. 



1860 First "Pony Express" reaches Carson Valley in eight 
and a half days from Missouri; and news thence 
by telegraph reaches San Francisco in nine days 
from New York. 

1860. U.S. corvette Saratoga 

captures Miramon's 

vessels at Vera Cruz, 

March 7. 

Japanese Embassy arrives at San Francisco. March 28; 

at Washington, May 14; at Baltimore, June 8; at 

Philadelphia, June 9; at New York, June 16. Sails 

for Japan, in the U. S. frigate Niagara, June 30. 



Papal bull against agita 
tors and reformers. 

Fight of Heenan and Sav- 
ers for the champion- 
ship of England, April 
17. 



Democratic Conven- 
tion at Charleston, 
April 23. 

Mr. McLane's treaty 
with Mexico (Juarez) 
rejected by the Senate, 
May 31. 

National Republican 
Convention at Chicago 
meets May 16, and nom- 
inates Abraham Lin- 
coln for president, and 
Hannibal Hamlin for 
vice-president of U. S. 

Law of Maryland prohibiting the manumission of 
slaves takes effect, June 1. 

Nat. Democratic Con- 
vention (adjourned) at 
Baltimore, June 18, 
nominates Douglas and 
Fitzpatrick: a seceding 
Convention nominates 
Breckenridge and Lane. 

The Great Eastern arrives at New York, from 

Dr. Hayes's Arctic Expedition from Boston, sails 
July 7. 

Remarkable meteor in various northern statesjuly 20. 

Visit of the Prince of 
America and the United 
John's, July 24; arrives 
Montreal, 24th; Ottawa, 
tember 14; Detroit. 
September 20; Washing- 
ton, Oct. 3; Philadelphia, 
Oct. 9; New York, Oct. 
11; Boston, 17th; Port- 
land, 20th; Plymouth, 
England, Nov. 15. 

Lincoln and Hamlin 
elected pres. and v.- 
pres. of the U. S. by the 
votes of all the Northern 
Statesexcept New Jersey, 
which chose 3 electors 
for Douglas and 4 for 
Lincoln, Nov. 0. 

This election is made 
the cause for the seces- 
sion of the Southern 
States — S. Carolina lead- 
ing, and adopting in Con- 
vention an ordinance of 
secession from the U. S., 
Dec. 20. 



Deaths in 1860: — 
U. S. I Europe. 

rr. a. 



Alex- 



ander, 
W.E. Burton 
C. A. Good- 
rich, 
S. G. Good- 
rich, 
Theo. Parker 
J.K.Pauld- 
ing 



Sir. C. Barry, 
Lady Noel 

Byron. 
G.P.R. 

James, 
Anna Jame- 
son, 
SirW. Napier, 
Baden Pow- 
ell, 



W. C. PrestonjH. H. Wilson 



1860. Lord J. Russell pro 
poses a new Reform 
Bill, March, but aban- 
dons it, June. 

Great Britain in al- 
liance with France 
makes war in China for 
the enforcement of the 
treaty of Tien Tsin, 
Aug. Nov. 



Southampton, June 28. 



Wales to British North 
States. He lands at St. 
at Quebec, August 18; 

August 31; Niagara, Sep- 



i860 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



221 



A.D. 



France. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1860 



Negotiations respecting 
annexation of Nice and 
Savoy. Treaty for ces- 
sion to France signed at 
Turin, March 24; but 
Switzerland protests. 

Nice votes for annexation 
to France 24,448 for, 
and 160 against. 

Savoy gives 131,744 for 
and 233 against. 



French troops sent to 
Syria to punish the 
Druses, Aug. 5. 

Napoleon III. concedes 
greater freedom of 
speech in the Legislative 
Chambers. 



1860. Spain: — Decisive 

victory over the Moors at 
Tetuan, Feb. 6. 

Tuscany: — Result of 
voting on annexation to 
Sardinia: For, 366,571; 
against, 14,925 (for 
separate kingdom.) 

Spain: — Peace with 
Morocco ratified, March 
29. 

Rome: — Papal bull 
against revolutionists, 
March 29. 

Revolution in Sicily 
begins at Palermo, Mes- 
sina, and Catania, April 
4. 

Rome: — Antonelli pro- 
tests against Sardinian 
annexation of Romagna. 

Sicily: — Garibaldi 
lands at Marsala, with 
2000 men from Genoa, 
May 10. Proclaims him- 
self dictator on behalf of 
Victor Emanuel, 14th. 

Naples : — Concessions 
proclaimed to the people 
May 19. 

Garibaldi takes Paler- 
mo, June 6. 

A liberal ministry 
formed at Naples, June 
28. The king grants 
new constitution and 
amnesty. June 25. 

Garibaldi's victory at 
Melazzo, July 20-21. 

Sicily (excepting the 
citadel of Messina) 
evacuated by the Nea- 
politans, July 30. 

Garibaldi's troops 

land in Calabria, Aug. 8. 
— Enters Naples, Sept. 
7. 

The King of Naples re- 
tires to Gaeta, Sept. 6, 
and is besieged there by 
the troops of Garibaldi 
and Victor Emanuel. 

Sardinians defeat pa- 
pal forces under Laro- 
miciere at Castelfidardo 
Sept. 18; Ancona surren- 
ders Sept. 29. 

Garibaldi resigns his 
power to Victor Eman- 
uel, and retires to Ca- 
prera. 



1860. Syria: — Massacre of 
the Christians of Da- 
mascus and the Maro- 
nites of Lebanon by the 
Druses, May-July. 3000 
killed at Damascus, 
July 9. 

War between the al- 
lied English and French 
against China, Aug. 12; 
Taku forts taken by the 
allies, Aug. 21; allies ad- 
vance on Pekin which 
surrenders, Oct. 12; 
Treaty of Tien Tsin rati- 
fied, Oct. 24; allies leave 
Pekin, Nov. 5. 

Honduras:— W. Wal- 
ker the "filibuster," 
taken prisoner and shot, 
Sept. 12. 

Syria: — Fuad Pasha 
sent against the Druses, 
Aug. 5. 167 Moslems 
implicated in the mas- 
sacres are executed at 
Damascus, Aug. 20. 



222 



TABULAR VIEWS 



l86l A.D.- 



A.D. 



ProgressofSociety. 



United States. 



British Empire. 



1861 



Deaths in 1861: 
Prince Albert, 
Mrs. Browning, 
Count Cavour, 
Czartoryski. 
Dr. J. W. Francis, 
Geof. St. Hilaire, 
Pr. Gortchakoff, 
Nathaniel Lyon, 
Eugene Scribe. 

Emancipation of the 
serfs in Russia, 
March 3. 



July — F i r s t War 
Loan of the United 
States Govern- 
ment, $250,000,- 
000. 

Oct. 1. Commercial 
treaty between 
France, England, 
and Belgium in 
force. 

Nov. 1. Telegraph 
between Malta and 
Alexandria opened. 



1861. Example of secession set by 
South Carolina followed by Missis- 
sippi, Jan. 9, Florida, Jan. 10, Ala- 
bama, Jan. 11, Georgia, Jan. 19, 
Louisiana, Jan. 26, Texas, Feb. 1. 

Attempt to carry Virginia, Kentucky, 
Tennessee, N. Carolina, Missouri, and 
Arkansas for secession defeated, Jan.- 
March, 1861. Confederate Con- 
gress at Montgomery, Ala., Feb. 4; 
Peace Conference meets at Wash- 
ington, Feb. 4. 

Jefferson Davis chosen president, 
Feb. 9. Gen. Twiggs surrenders the 
U. S. forces in Texas, and the mil- 
tary stores, to the State, Feb. 18. 

Inauguration of Lincoln (Repub.) presi- 
dent U. S., March 4. 

April 12. bombardment of Fort Sumter 
begins. 

April 14, Fort Sumter surrenders. 

April 15, 75,000 men called for by proc- 
lamation. 

April 17. Virginia secedes. 

April 18. Harper's Ferry arsenal burned 
by its garrison. 

Great meeting in New York to sup- 
port the Government. 

April 19. Attack on Massachusetts troops 
in Baltimore. — Blockade of Southern 
ports declared. 

May 6. Arkansas secedes. 

May 21. North Carolina secedes. 

June 8. Tennessee secedes. 

June 10. Big Bethel defeat. 

July 4. Congress meets. 

July 11. Rich Mountain victory (Mc- 
Clellan). 

July 21. Bull Run defeat. 

Aug. 10. Battle of Wilson's Creek, Mo., 
and death of Gen. Lyon. 

Aug. 29. Fort Hatteras taken by 
Butler. 

Oct. 21. Ball's Bluff disaster. 

Nov. 1. McClellan commander-in-chief. 

Nov. 7. Port Royal forts taken. — Bat- 
tle of Belmont, Mo. 

Nov. 8. Wilkes seizes Slidell and Mason. 

1862. 

Jan. 1. Mason and Slidell released. 

Jan. 19. Mill Spring victory. 

Feb. 6. Fort Henry taken. 

Feb. 8. Roanoke Island taken by 
Burnside. 

Feb. 16. Fort Donelson taken. 

Feb. 23. Nashville taken. 

March 7-8. Battle of Pea Ridge, Ark. 

March 8. The Cumberland and Con- 
gress destroyed by the Virginia 
(Merrimac) . 

March 9. Battle between Monitor and 
Merrimac. 

March 11. McClellan takes command 
of Army of Potomac. 

March 14. Newbern taken by Burnside. 

April 5. McClellan besieges Yorktown. 

April 6-7. Battle of Shiloh.— A. S. 
Johnston killed. 



1861. 

May 13. Queen's 
proclamation of 
"neutrality" in 
the American 
conflict. 



Nov. — Excitement 
about seizure of 
Mason and 
Slidell in British 
steamer Trent. 

Dec. 14. Death of 
Prince Albert. 



1862. 

April 7. Treaty 
with U. S. to sup- 
press slave trade. 



1 862 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



223 



A.D. 



France. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1861 



Treaty of commerce con- 
cluded with Turkey 
(April). 



1862 



Speech of Prince Napoleon 
in favor of Italian unity 
and against the popes' 
temporal government. 



June 10. "Neutrality" in 
American conflict pro- 
claimed by the emperor. 



Oct. 31. Convention with 
England and Spain, tor 
intervention in Mexico. 



Jan. 7. French army lands 
at Vera Cruz. 



March 28. French vic- 
tories in Cochin China — 
six provinces ceded to 
France by Annam (June) . 



April 16. War against 
Mexico declared, Eng- 
land and Spain retiring, 
from Mexico. 



1861. Frederick William 
IV., of Prussia, dies; 
succeeded by William I. 

Gaeta surrenders to 
Victor Emanuel's troops, 
Feb. 13.— The king of 
Naples escapes on board 
a French frigate. 

End of Bourbon rule 
in Italy. 

The Italian parlia- 
ment declares Victor 
Emanuel king of Italy, 
Feb. 26. 

Austria: — February 
patent of the emperor 
outlining a consti 
tutional scheme for the 
monarchy. 



1861. 

Mexico: — Juarez en- 
ters Mexico and is elec- 
ted president, Jan.; 
Juarez made dictator, 
June; suspends pay- 
ments on foreign debt, 

July. 

Santo Domingo de- 
clared annexed to Spain 
by Santana, March. 



Death of Cavour, 
June 6. 

Turkey: — June 25. 
Sultan Abdul Medjid 
dies; succeeded by Ab- 
dul Aziz. 

Portugal: — Pedro V. 
dies; succeeded by 
Luis I. 

Moldavia and Wal- 
lachia united as Rou- 
mania under Alexander 
I. 



1862. 

Feb. 13. Military revolt in 
Greece. 



China: — Oct. 21. Canton 
restored to the Chinese 
by the French and 
English. 



224 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1862 A.D. 



A.D. 



Progressof Society. 



United States. 



British Empire. 



1862, 



1863 



May 1. Interna- 

tional Exhibition 
at London. 



Deaths in 1862: Bro- 
die (surgeon), M. 
Van Buren, T. 
Hartwell Home, 
Sam Houston, T 
J. Jackson, A. Sid 
Johnston, Phil. 
Kearny, Duchess 
of Kent, J. Sher. 
Knowles. Sir James 
Ross, Joseph Wolff. 

Herbert Spencer's 
First Principles. 



Jan. 1. Abolition of 
slavery in the 
subjugated States 
by proclamation 
of Lincoln. 



April 7. Island No. 10 taken by 

Unionists. 
April 11. Fort Pulaski taken. 
April 16. Congress abolishes slavery 

in the District of Columbia. 
April 25. New Orleans taken. 
May 5. Yorktown occupied by Mc- 

Clellan- — Battle of Williamsburg. 
May 10. Norfolk taken — the Merrimac 

burnt— Farragut ascends the Mis- 
sissippi — Little Rock taken. 
May 27. Battle of Hanover C. H., Va. 
May 30. Corinth, Miss., occupied by 

the Union forces. 
May 31-June 1. Battle of Fair Oaks 

or Seven Pines. 
June 8. Battle of Cross Keys, Va. 
June 26-July 1. "Seven Days' Battle": 

Mechanicsville, June 26; Gaines's 

Mill, June 27; Savage Station, June 

29; Frazier's Farm, June 30; Malvern 

Hill, July 1. 
July 2. 300,000 more volunteers called 

for. 
July 11. Halleck, commander-in-chief. 
July 17. Confiscation Act signed by 

the president. 
Aug. 9. Banks defeated at Cedar 

Mountain. 
Aug. 16. McClellan retreats from 

Harrison's Landing. 
Aug. 29-30. Second defeat at Bull 

Run. 

Union defeat at Richmond, 



Battle of Chantilly 
McClellan again commander- 



Aug. 30. 

Ky. 
Sept. 1. 
Sept. 2. 

in-chief. 
Sept. 4-5. Confederates begin invasion 

of Maryland. 
Sept. 14. Union victory at South 

Mountain, Md. 
Sept. 15. Harper's Ferry taken by 

the Confederates. 
Sept. 17-18. Antietam, Union victory. 

Lee recrosses the Potomac. 
Sept. 19. Battle of luka, Miss. 
Sept. 22. Lincoln's preliminary 

Emancipation Proclamation issued. 
Sept. 24. Habeas Corpus suspended. 
Oct. 3-4. Battle of Corinth, Miss. 
Oct. 8. Battle of Perryville, Ky. 
Nov. 4. Democratic victory in New 

York elections. 
Nov. 7. Burnside supersedes McClellan. 
Dec. 13. Battle of Fredericksburg. 
Dec. 31-Jan. 2. Battleof Murfreesboro, 

Tenn. 
1863 
Jan. 1. Proclamation of Emancipation 

issued. 
Jan. 26. Hooker supersedes Burnside. 
April 7. Monitors repulsed at Charles- 
ton. 
April 20. President's proclamation 

admitting West Virginia into the 

Union. 



1862 

May 1. Internation- 
al Exhibition 
opened at Lon- 
don. 



Great distress in 
the cotton manu- 
facturing dis- 
tricts. Famine 
at its height in 
December. 

1863 

Mar. 10. Marriage 
of Prince of 
Wales to Alex- 
andra of Den- 
mark. 



1S63 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



225 



A.D. 



France. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1862 



June 31. Peace concluded 

with Annam. 



1862 

Bloody conflict be- 
tween Servians and 
Turks in Belgrade, June 
19. 



Aug. 19. Garibaldi in 
Sicily, proclaims a pro- 
visional government. 

Aug. 29. He is wounded 
and taken prisoner by 
the king's troops at As- 
promonte. 



1863 



Oct. 30. Mediation pro- 
posed in American con- 
flict declined by Russia 
and Gt. Britain. 



Jan. 9. Mediation of 
France again offered to 
U.S. 



Sept. 30. Bismarck, premier 
of Prussia. 

Oct. 5. Garibaldi and his 
followers released under 
general amnesty, and 
the state of siege in 
Sicily abolished. 

Oct. 17-23. Insurrection in 
Greece: King Otho de- 
posed. 



1863. 

Jan. 18. Egypt: Ismail, 

viceroy; succeeds Said 

Pasha. 

Unsuccessful uprising 

against Russia in Poland. 



1862 

Oct. 7. China:— Death of 
Gen. Ward. American 
commander of Chinese 
imperial troops against 
Taipings. 



226 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1863 A.D. 



A.D. 



Progress of Societv. 



United States. 



British Empire. 



1863 



1864 



Feb.Q.TheGeo.Gris- 
wold, with food 
given by New 
Yorkers for Lan- 
cashire operatives, 
arrivesat Liverpool 

Mar. 4. Nat. Academy 
of Arts and Scien- 
ces founded by 
Congress. 

June — Grant and 
Speke arrive in 
England from the 
sources of the Nile. 



Deaths in 1863: R. 
Hildreth, Mar. 
Lansdowne, Mul- 
ready, Mrs. Trol- 
lope, Archbishop 
Whately, Thack- 
eray, Jakob 
Grimm, H. Vernet. 



Feb. 29. Peabody 
fund — D wel lings 
for the poor in 
London — First 
block opened. 

April 3. Garibaldi's 
visit to England. 

May 16. Conven- 
tion between 
France, Brazil, 
Italy, Portugal, 
and Spain, for 
telegraph to 
America. 



Deaths in 1864: 
Frank. B a c h e, 
Josh'a Bates, W. 
J. Fox, T. C. Grat- 
tan, Nathaniel 
Hawthorne, Edw. 
Hitchcock, Leon- 
ard Horner, Arch- 
bishop Hughes, 
Jasmin (poet), C. 
M. Kirkland, W. 
Savage Landor, 
John Leech, J. R. 
Macculloch, Mey- 
erbeer, W. Curtis 
Noyes, Pellisier, 
Josiah u i n c y , 
Edw. Robinson, H. 
R. Schoolcraft, R. 
B. Taney, J. G. 
Totten. 



1863 May 2-4. Chancellorsville defeat.— 
Jackson killed. 

May 18. Vicksburg invested by Grant. 

June 13-15. Battle of Winchester. 
Maryland and Pennsylvania in- 
vaded by Lee. 

June 27. Meade supersedes Hooker. 

July 1-3. Gettysburg victory. 

July 4. Vicksburg surrendered by 
Pemberton. 

July 8. Port Hudson taken. 

July 13-16. Draft riots at New York. 

Sept. 7. Fort Wagner, S. C, taken. 

Sept. 19-20. Battle of Chickamauga. 

Oct. 17. President calls for 300,000 
more volunteers. 

Nov. 23-25. Battles of Chattanooga, 
Lookout Mountain, Nov. 24.; Mission- 
ary Ridge, Nov. 25. 



1864. 

Feb. 1. Draft for 500,000 men ordered. 
Feb. 20. Olustee (Fla.) defeat. 
March 2. Grant succeeds Halleck as 

commander-in-chief. 
April 8. Battle of Sabine Cross Roads 

(Red River Expedition). 
April 12. Massacre at Fort Pillow. 
May 5-6. Battle of the Wilderness. 
May 6. Sherman begins his march to 

the sea. 
May 9. Battle of Dalton, Ga. 
May 10. Battle of Spottsylvania. 
May 13—16. Engagements at Resaca, 

Ga. 

June 2-3. Battle of Cold Harbor. 
June 15. Grant before Petersburg. 

Kearsarge sinks the Alabama. 
Battle of Kenesaw Mountain, 



June 19. 
June 27. 

Ga. 
July — 



and 



at 



Early raids Maryland 

Pennsylvania. 
July 9. Battle of Monocacy. 
July 22-28. Sherman's victories 

Atlanta, Ga. 
July 30. Chambersburg, Pa., burnt by 

Early. 
July 30. Grant's mine at Petersburg, 

Va., exploded. 
Aug. 5. Farragut's victory in Mobile 

Bay. 
Aug. 31. McClellan nominated for 

president by Democratic Convention 

at Chicago. 
Sept. 2. Atlanta captured by Sherman. 
Sept. 19. Sheridan's victory at Win- 
chester. 



1864 



April 24. European 
conference at 
London on 
Schleswig-Hol- 
stein question. 



July — Palmer- 
ston sustained 
in the general 
election. 



Aug. 15. English 
fleet visits Cher- 
bourg. 

Aug. 30. French 
fleet visits P orts 
mouth. 



1864 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



227 



A.D. 



France. 



Europe, elsewhere 



The World, elsewhere. 



1863 



Thiers, Ollivier, Faure, 
and other opposition 
candidates are elected, 
May 31. 

French overrun Mexico 
and occupy the capital, 
June 10. 



Nov. — Thiers and his 
friends form a new op- 
position. 



1864 



1863 

March 30. Greece: George 
I. , of Schleswig-Holstein, 
proclaimed king — 
England agreeing to 
give up Ionian Isles to 
Greece. 



Aug. 16. Congress of Ger- 
man sovereigns at 
Frankfort. — "One Fed- 
eral State" proposed. 



Nov. 15. Denmark: Chris- 
tian IX. succeeds 
Frederick VII. 



1863 

Mexico: — A National 
Assembly offers the 
imperial crown to Max- 
imilian of Austria, July 
10. — Resistance by the 
Nationalists under 

Juarez. 

June 10. French enter 
Mexico. 



May 20. Convention be- 
tween France and Japan 
signed. 

May 22. Death of Marshal 
Pellisier. 



1864 

Jan. — War of Austria and 
Prussia against Den- 
mark about Schleswig- 
Holstein — German 
troops enter Holstein 
and Schleswig. 

March 10. Louis II., king 
of Bavaria. 

April 18. Lines of Diippel 
taken by Prussians. 



June 1. Ionian Isles made 
over to Greece. 



July 8. Prussians take Al- 
sen. 



Sept. 15. Franco -Italian 
Convention signed — 
French troops to quit 
Rome in two years. 

Florence made the capital 
of Italy, May; riots at 
Turin in consequence, 
Sept. 21-22. 



1864 

Peru: — Chincha Isl- 
ands seized by Spain as 
pledge for the satisfac- 
tion of pecuniary claims. 



Mexico: — J u n e 12. 
Emperor Maximilian 
enters the capital. 

Final conquest of the 
Circassians by Russia. 

July 18. China: — Nankin 
taken ("a heap of ruins"; 
by Gordon for the Im- 
perialists; end of the 
Taiping Rebellion. 



Japan: — In retaliation 
for firing upon foreign 
ships, Americans, Eng- 
lish, French, and Dutch 
bombard Shimonoseki 
Sept. 4. 



228 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1864 A.D.- 



A.D. 



Progress of Society. 



United States. 



British Empire. 



1865 



Slavery abolished in 
the United States. 

Deaths in 1865: 
Richard Cobden, 
Bishop Brownell, 
Adm. Dupont, 
Val. Mott, Edw. 
Everett, Mrs. Gas- 
kell, Sir W. J. 
Hooker, Kiss 
(sculpt.), Leopold 
I. Ah. Lincoln, Dr. 
Lindley. 



Aug. — Treaty of com- 
merce between 
Italy and Japan. 

Sept. -Several South- 
ern States pass 
ordinances annul- 
ling secession, and 
abolishing slavery. 

Rinder-pest or cattle 
plague in England, 
July, 1865, to Feb., 
1866. 



1864 

Oct. 19. Cedar Creek defeat made a 

victory by Sheridan. 
Oct. 21. Rebel raid at St. Albans, Vt. 
Nov. 8. Lincoln re-elected president. 
Nov. 30. Schofield repulses Hood at 

Franklin, Tenn. 
Dec. 15-16. Hood crushed by Thomas 

at Nashville. 
Dec. 13. Fort McAllister stormed, and 
Dec. 21. Savannah occupied by Sher- 
man. 
Dec. 24-5. Butler and Porter repulsed 

at Fort Fisher, N. C. 
1865. 

Jan. 15. Fort Fisher taken by Terry. 
Feb. 2-3. Peace conference between 

President Lincoln and Southern 

representatives in Hampton Roads. 
Feb. 18. Charleston occupied by Union 

forces. 
Feb. 22. Wilmington captured by 

Schofield. 
March 19. Battle of Bentonville, N. C. 
March 31-April 1 . Battle of Five Forks. 
April 2. Selina, Ala., taken. 
April 3. Richmond and Petersburg 

occupied by U. S. forces. 
April 9. Surrender of Lee with his 

whole army. 
April 12. Mobile taken. 
April 14. Fort Sumter occupied. 

Assassination of President Lincoln 

and attack on Seward; death of 

Lincoln on following day. 
April 15. Andrew Johnson sworn in as 

president. 
April 26. Johnston's surrender to 

Sherman at Durham Station, N. C. 
April 26. Booth, the assassin, shot. 
May 4. Gen. Richard Taylor surren- 
ders. 

May 10. Jefferson Davis captured. 
May 26. Kirby Smith surrenders in 

Texas. 

End of the Rebellion. 

May 22. Proclamation opening South- 
ern ports and exceptional amnesty. 

June 1. National fast. 

June 29. Trial of assassins of Lincoln 
ended. 

July 7. They are hung. 

July 29. Prisoners of war released on 
oath of allegiance. 

August — Rebel privateer Shenandoah 
destroyed about thirty vessels. 

Nov. 2. National thanksgiving. 

Nov. 9. Shenandoah at Liverpool — 
crew released. 

Nov. 10. Capt. Wirz executed for 
cruelty to U. S. prisoners in Ander- 
son ville. 

Dec. 18. Thirteenth Amendment rati- 
fied. 



1865 



March — F e n i a n 
outbreaks in Ire- 
land. 



May 6. Reform 
League meeting 
in Hyde Park in 
defiance of Gov- 
ernment. 



Oct. -Movements of 
Fenians at New 
York, Phila., etc. 

Oct. 7. Riots in 
Jamaica ;Gordon, 
a Baptist minis- 
ter, hanged by 
Governor Eyre 
as a rioter. 

Oct. 18. Death of 
Lord Palmer- 
ston. — Lord John 
Russell, premier. 

Nov. 27. Trial of 
Fenians at Dub- 
lin. 



1865 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



229 



A.D. 



France. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



World, elsewhere. 



1865 



1864 

Oct. 30. Peace between Den- 
mark and the allies, to whom 
Schleswig-Holstein and Lauen- 
burg are surrendered. 



1865 



1864 

Paraguay: — O u t - 
break of war 
with Brazil, Nov. 

Mexico: — Dec. 27. 
Imperialists de- 
feated by Repub- 
licans at San 
Pedro. 

Famine in Bengal 
and Madras. 



1865 



May. — Napoleon III. begins 
his visit to Algeria. 



Apr.— Paraguayans 
under Lopez in- 
vade Argentina, 
which concludes 
alliance with 
Brazil and Uru- 
guay. 



May 7. Hayti: — 
Military insur- 
rection against 
Geffrard. 



Sept. — Napoleonlll, meets 
Bismarck at Biarritz; 
consents to the Italo- 
Prussian alliance against 
Austria. 

Sept. 11. Death of Lamori- 
ciere. 



Aug. 14. Convention of Gastein 
between Prussia and Austria 
with regard to the administra- 
tion of Schleswig and Holstein; 
Lauenburg sold to Prussia. 



Dec. 10. Leopold II. succeeds his 
father Leopold I. in Belgium. 



Sept. lS.Paraguay- 
ans defeated by 
allies at Santa- 
yuna. 

Japan: — Rat ifies 
treaties with 

foreign powers, 
Nov. 25. 



230 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1866 A.D.- 



A.D. 



ProgressofSociety. 



United States. 



British Empire, 



1866 



1867 



July 28. Atlantic 
Telegraph suc- 
cessfully complet- 
ed ; cable landed at 
Newf o un dlan d 
and reports peace 
between Prussia 
and Austria. 

Deaths in 1866: 
Marquis D'Azeglio, 
Jared Sparks. Wm. 
Whewell, Gibson. 



April 1. Opening of 
the Great Exposi- 
tion of Industry of 
all nations at 
Paris. 



July 1. Awards of 
the juries in the 
Great Exposition. 

July.— 1800th anni- 
versary of St. Pe- 
ter's martyrdom 
celebrated at 
Rome. 

July. —England visit- 
ed by the sultan. 

Reform in England. 

Deaths in 1867: 
Victor Cousin, 
Charles A n t h o n, 
Faraday. 



1866. 

April 9. Civil Rights Bill passed. 

May 3. Colorado bill vetoed. 

May 29. Death of Winfield Scott. 

June 13. Fourteenth Amendment 
adopted by Congress. 

July 28. Congress adjourns, having 
passed Freedmen's Bureau (continua- 
tion) Bill; Civil Rights Bill- Pacific 
Railway (supp.) Bill; Army Bill, and 
other important measures. 

July — Grant appointed general-in-chief 
Sherman, lieut. -general ; Farragut, 
admiral; Porter, vice-admiral. 

Aug. 14. "National Union Conven- 
tion" at Philadelphia. 

Sept. 3. Southern Loyalist Convention 
at Philadelphia. 

Sept. 6. Corner-stone of Douglas monu- 
ment laid at Chicago by President 
Johnson. 

Oct. 6. Elections in Pennsylvania, 
Ohio, Indiana, and Iowa result in 
increased Republican majorities. 

Nov. — Republicans also victorious in 
Mass., N. H., N. Y., N. J., Mich., 
Minn., Nevada, and Mo. In Delaw 
and Md. the Democrats are success- 
ful. 

Dec. 8. Suffrage given to colored men 
in Dist. of Columbia, by act of 
Congress. 

1867 

Feb. 9. Nebraska admitted into the 
Union. 

March 2. "Tenure of Office" Bill 
passed. 

Military government for the South: 
"Reconstruction Act" passed over 
the president's veto. 

March 23. Supplementary Bill on 
Military Government of the South 
passed over President's veto. 

Southern States divided into five mili 
tary districts, under 

Gen. Schofield, at Richmond; Sickles, at 
Columbia, etc.; Pope, at Montgomery. 
Ord, at Vicksburg; Sheridan, at New 
Orleans. 

March 30. Treaty for purchase of 
Alaska signed. 

May 13. Jefferson Davis released on 
bail. 

July 3. Congress meets in extra special 
session, and enacts, over president's 
veto, a bill to confirm and strengthen 
the Military Government, passed 
in March (July 19). 

Aug. 10. Jury in trial of Surratt (as- 
sassination of Lincoln) disagree. 
Surratt discharged, Nov. 6, 1868. 

Aug. 12. Sec'y of War Stanton sus- 
pended after refusing to resign. 

Sept. 7. Pres. Johnson proclaims gen- 
eral amnesty. 

Sept. 17. Antietam cemetery dedicated. 



1866 

Jan. 6. Gov. Eyre 
in Jamaica super- 
seded by Storks; 
hot discussions 
in England as to 
his conduct in 
the riots. 

June 26. Fall of 
Lord John Rus- 
sell. Lord Derby 
enters on his 
third ministry. 



1867. 



May 11. Conference 
at London on 
the question of 
Luxemburg. 
Treaty signed 
making the 
duchy neutral 
territory — fort- 
ress to be razed. 

May 21. Proclama- 
tion of the newly 
established Do- 
minion of 
Canada. 

July. — The viceroy 
of Egypt and the 
sultan of Turkey 
visit London. 

July 15. Passage of 
New Reform 
Bill in the House 
of Commons. 

Sept. 24-27. Pan- 
Anglican synod 
at Lambeth. 

Sept. — Hostilities 
against Abys- 
sinia begun. 



1867 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



231 



France. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



World, elsewhere. 



July 5. Venetia ceded to 
France by Austria. 



1866 

Jan. 15. Death of D'Azeglio, 
Italian statesman. 

June 18. Prussia and Italy declare 
war against Austria. 

June 24. Italians defeated at 
Custozza. 

July 3. Battle of Sadowa or 

Koniggratz, Austrians totally de- 
feated by the Prussians. 

July 4. Austria cedes Venetia to 
France. 

July 11. Prussians defeat Bavar- 
ians at Kissingen. 

July 14. Prussians occupy Frank- 
fort. 

July 20. Italian fleet defeated off 
Lissa. 

Aug. 23. Treaty of Prague be- 
tween Prussia and Austria. 

Oct. 3. Treaty of peace between 
Austria and Italy, signed at 
Vienna. 

Nov. 5. Venetia proclaimed to be 
part of kingdom of Italy. 

Nov. 7. Victor Emanuel's pub- 
lic entry into Venice. 



Dec.-France withdraws its 
forces from Rome. 



1867 

Feb. 18. Hungarian constitution 
restored by Austrian emperor. 

Feb. 24. First parliament of the 
North German Confederation 
opened by king of Prussia. 



Jan. — Railway between 
Boulogne and Calais 
opened. 

Jan. 19. Emperor decrees 
greater freedom of dis- 
cussion in Legislature 
and the Press. 

April 1. Great Exposition 
opened by the emperor. 

May 11. France adopts 
treaty providing for the 
neutralization of Lux- 
emburg. 

June 6. Attempt on life of the Czar, while riding with the 
emperor, in Paris. 

The sultan, viceroy of Egypt, king of Prussia, prince of 
Wales and other notables, also visit the Great Exposition 
in Paris in June and July. 



July 1. The emperor dis- 
tributes medals of honor 
at the Great Exposition 

Oct. 30. French troops 
enter Rome. 

Nov. 18. Pacific speech of 
emperor on opening 
Chambers. 

Dec. 5. Rouher declares 
(for government) that 
Italy shall never seize 
upon Rome. 



June. — Promulgation of the con- 
stitution of the North German 
Confederation. 

July.— Great excitement in Europe 
respecting the death of Maxi- 
milian in Mexico. 

Russian America sold to the 
United States. 

Aug. 6. Violent outbreak of chol- 
era at Albano, Italy. 

Sept. 24. Garibaldi arrested while 
preparing to invade Papal States 
and sent to Caprera. 



1866 

Chile: — Valparaiso 
bombarded by 
the Spanish, Mar. 
31. 

Peru: — Callao bom- 
barded by the 
Spanish, May 2. 



Sept. 18. Brazil: 
Uruguayano sur- 
renders to the 
allies. 

Sept. — Greeks in 
Crete rise in re- 
volt against the 
Turks. 

Oct. 7. Jamaica 
riots. 



1867 

Feb. 5. Mexico : — 
The city of Mex- 
ico evacuated by 
the French 
troops. 

May 15. Mexico: — 
Maximilian and 
his generals cap- 
tured at Quere- 
taro. 

June 19. Execution 
of Maximilian in 
Mexico. 

Ruler of Egypt re- 
ceives from sul- 
tan the title of 
khedive, with 
the succession 
in direct line. 

July 1. Cuba: De- 
cree of the queen 
of Spain free- 
ing all children 
of slave parents 
born after this 
date. 

Oct. 29. Destruc- 
tive hurricane in 
West Indies. 

Japan: — Nov. 19. 
Keiki, the last 
shogun, resigns. 



232 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1867 A.D.- 



A.D. 



ProgressofSociety. 



United States. 



British Empire. 



1868 



1869 



Jan. 15. Education 
conference opens 
at Manchester, 
England. 

June 25. Luther 
monument in- 
augurated at 
Worms. 

Oct. 5. Papal emis- 
saries and Greek 
patriarch of Con- 
stantinople dis- 
agree as to general 
council. 

Deaths in 1868: 
Ex-Pres. Buchan 
an, Thad. Stevens, 
Ex-Sec'y Bates. 
Lord Broughan, 
Rossini. 



Jan. 24. First Pro- 
testant meeting 
for public worship 
in Madrid. 

Apr. 3. Bibles in 
foreign languages 
admitted into 
Spain. 

May 10. Railway 
connection com- 
pleted in U. S. be- 
tween Atlantic and 
Pacific 

July 14. French At- 
lantic telegraphic 
cable completed. 

Deaths, 1869: W. P. 
Fessenden; Ad- 
miral Stewart 
("Old Ironside") 
G. Peabody, Ex- 
Pres. Pierce, Gen. 
Wool, Ex-Sec'y. 
Stanton, Lamar - 
tine, Sainte-Beuve. 



1867 

Dec. Treaty for purchase of Danish 

islands, St. Thomas and St. John, 

for $7,500,000, signed. 



1868. 

Feb. 24. House votes to impeach Pres. 
Johnson. 

March 5. Senate constitutes itself a 
court of impeachment. 

May 21. Republican Convention nomi- 
nates Grant and Colfax. 

May 26. Senate adjourns, after ac- 
quitting President Johnson. 

June 5. Chinese embassy received at 
Washington. 

July 9. Democratic Convention nomi- 
nates Seymour and Blair. 

July 20. Fourteenth Amendment rati- 
fied. 

Nov. 3. Grant and Colfax elected. 



1869 

Feb. 11. Nolle prosequi ends prosecu- 
tion against Jefferson Davis. 

Feb. 26. Fifteenth Amendment (negro 
suffrage) passed by Congress. 

April 15. Naturalization treaty with 
Great Britain ratified. 

May 10. Union Pacific Railway thrown 
open to traffic. 

June 15. Peace Jubilee at Boston. 

Sept. 24. "Black Friday," in New 
York. 



1868 

Jan. 28. More than 
one hundred 

thousand special 
constables sworn 
in in the United 
Kingdom from 
apprehension of 
Fenians. 

Feb. 25. Derby 
ministry resigns 
— D'Israeli pre- 
mier, 29th. 

Dec. 2. D'Israeli 
ministry out: 
Gladstone's suc- 
ceeds, 9th. 



1869 

July 26. Irish 

Church dises- 
tablishment bill 
passed. 

Nov. — Expiration 
of the Charter of 
Hudson's Bay 
company and in- 
corporation of 
its territory in 
the Dominion of 
Canada. 



1869 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



233 



France. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



World, elsewhere. 



1868 



1809 



June 1. New press law, 
less stringent. 

Aug. 1. Rochefort's Lan- 
terne suppressed; he 
escapes to Belgium. 



June 9. Violent election 
riots at Paris. 

June 26. Great increase of 
opposition in Assembly. 

July 13. Ministerial re- 
sponsibility introduced 
by the emperor. 

Aug. 15. Centenary of 
birth of Napoleon I.; 
pensions, amnesty, etc. 

Sept. 10. New constitution 
promulgated. 

Sept. 30. Pere Hyacinthe 
protests against papal 
infallibility and en- 
croachments. 



1867 

Oct. 13. Garibaldi escapes from 

Caprera; 26, defeats pope's troops 

at Monte Rotondo; 30, French 

troops enter Rome. 
Nov. 3. Garibaldi beaten and 

taken prisoner at Mentana. 



1868 

Austria-Hungary: — the Ausgleich 
of Dec. 21 reorganizes the mon- 
archy on a dualistic basis. 

Mar. 21. Defeat of papal party at 
Vienna on civil marriage bill. 

Serrano and Prim head revolution 
in Spain; royal forces defeated 
by Serrano, Sept. 28; queen of 
Spain flees into France Sept. 30; 
provisional government set up. 

Dec. 30. Final surrender of revo- 
lutionary Cretan government 
announced at Constantinople. 



1869 

May 20. Spanish Cortes votes for 
monarchical government. 

June 10. Serrano chosen regent of 
Spain. 

Dec. 8. Vatican Council opened at 
Rome. 



1868 

Japan: The mikado 
assumes sole 
power; civil war 
between ad- 

herents of mika- 
do and shogun. 

Feb. 19. Brazilians 
force the pass of 
Humaita against 
Paraguayan bat- 
teries. 

Apr. 13. Capture of 
Magdala, Abys- 
sinia, by British; 
death of King 
Theodore. 

May 22. Russians 
occupy Samar- 
cand. 

June 25. Paraguay- 
ans evacuate 
Humaita, after 
over 2 years, 
siege. 

Sept. — Outbreak of 
insurrection in 
Cuba. 

1869 

Japan: Mikado tri- 
umphs; Tokio 
(Yedo) made the 
capital. 

Nov. 17. Suez 
canal formally 
opened. 



234 



TABULAR VIEWS 



I87O A.D. 



a.d. Progress of Society 



United States. 



British Empire. 



1870 



Apr. 2. Railway from 
Calcutta to Bom- 
bay opened. 

May 25. Organization 
of English com- 
mittee to revise 
authorized version 
of Bible. 

Dec. 25. Mount Cenis 
tunnel completed. 

Deaths, 1870: Ad- 
mirals Dahlgren 
and Farragut, 
Gen. Lee, Chas. 
Dickens, Alexan- 
dre Dumas. 



1870 

Jan. 26. Darien canal scheme ap- 
proved by Congress. 

Feb. 25. Mr. Revels, first colored mem- 
ber of United States Senate (from 
Mississippi), takes his seat; his first 
speech for universal amnesty and 
suffrage. 

March 30. Fifteenth Amendment rati- 
fied. 

July. — New tariff adopted, to take effect 
Jan. 1, 1871. 

Oct. 1. Internal taxation begins to be 
reduced. 

Nov. 5. J. L. Motley, minister to Eng- 
land, recalled. 

Republican majority in Congress 
greatly reduced by the fall elections. 

Dec. 5. President Grant's message 
regrets failure of proposal to annex St. 
Domingo. 

Dec. 22. General Schenck minister to 
London. 



1870 

July 19. Neutrality 
in Franco-Prus- 
sian war pro- 
claimed. 

Aug. 1. Irish Land 
Act passed. 

Aug. 9. Elementary 
Education Act 
passed. 



187O A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



235 



A.D. 



France. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



World, elsewhere. 



1870 



1870 1870 

Jan. 2. Liberal (Ollivier) Jan. 12. Pope's decree condemn- Jan. 15. Salnave 
ministry formed. | ing the Fenians. , shot in Hayti; 

Jan. 10. Victor iSoir mur- June 25. Queen Isabella of Spain Saget president 



Pierre 



abdicates in favor of her 

Alfonso. 
July 18. Vatican Council votes 

the pope's infallibility. 
July 30. Austrian government 

dissolves the concordat with 

Rome. 
Sept. 20. Italian troops occupy 

Rome. 
Oct. — Vote of people of Papal 



son Mar. 1. Defeat and 
death of the 
Paraguayan 
president Lopez, 
near the Aquida- 
ban. 
May 25. Fenian 
raid into Canada 
repulsed by vol- 
unteers. 



States for annexation. to Italy, June 21. Mob at 



133,681 yeas to 1,507 nays. 

Oct. 31. Russia refuses to be 
bound by the provisions of the 
Treaty of Paris, of 1856, neutral- 
izing the Black Sea. 

Nov. 16. Prince Amadeus, of 
Italy, elected king of Spain by 
the Cortes; accepts, Dec. 4 

Nov. 23. Pope excommunicates 
all concerned in annexing Rome 
to Italy. 

Dec. 28. Marshal Prim assassinat- 
ed at Madrid. 

Dec. 31. King Victor Emanuel 
arrives at Rome. 



T i e n-T sin in 
China; French 
consul and resi- 
dents murdered. 



dered by Prince 
Bonaparte. 

Jan. 22. Rochefort fined 
and imprisoned for libel. 

May 8. Plebiscite on gov- 
ernment amendments to 
constitution, adopted by 
5 to 1. 

May 14. Riots and barri- 
cades in Paris. 

May 15. Duke of Gramont 
becomes foreign minis- 
ter. 

July 2. Orleans family de- 
mand permission to re- 
turn to France; refused 
by Assembly. 

July. — Prince Leopold de- 
clines candidacy for 
Spanish throne; Prussia 
refuses guaranties; 13, 
Benedetti s interview 
with King William of 
Prussia at Ems; 19, 
France declares war. 

July 23. Empress regent; 
emperor joins army, 
26, first skirmish at 
Niederbronn. 

Aug. 2. Action at Saar- 
bruck; 4, Germans de- 
feat French at Weissen- 
burg; 6, severe defeat of 
French at Woerth; and 
at Forbach or Spic- 

heren; Bazaine in command at Metz; 10, new ministry under Palikao; 
12, Germans pass the Vosges; 14, Germans gain battle of Courcelles; 16, of 
Vionville or Mars -la-Tour; 18, of Gravelotte and Rezonville; Trochu governor 
of Pans; 22, Bazaine isolated at Metz; 25, Germans occupy Chalons; 30, 
several engagements lost by parts of MacMahon's army retreating north; 31, 
they retreat to Sedan; Aug. 31 and Sept. 1, Bazaine repulsed and driven into 
Metz Sept. 1, Battle of Sedan; 2, surrender of MacMahon's army and 
Napoleon 111.; Sept. 4. revolution at Paris; republic declared, and gov- 
ernment of defence, Trochu president; 19, siege of Paris formed- 19, 
Pans completely invested; 23, Durnouf gets out of Paris with mails by bal- 
loon; levte en masse in French departments ordered; 28, Strasburg capitu- 
lates; red republican rising put down at Lyons. 

Oct. 7, Gambetta escapes from Paris by balloon; 9, organizes a government at 
lours; 7, great sortie from Metz repulsed; 10, 11, red republican attempt 
to establish the commune at Paris defeated; 11, Germans take Orleans; 16, 
take Soissons; 21, French sortie from Mont Valerien (Paris) repulsed; 27, 
Metz and army surrendered by Bazaine; 31, uprising in Paris; Nov. 9, battle 
of Coulmiers; 28, battle of Beaune-la-Rolande; Nov. 30, Dec. 2, unsuccessful at- 
tacks on the German lines of investment. 
Dec.2-4.French def sated at Orleans; 9-10, removal of seat of government to 
Bordeaux; 23, battle of Pont-Noyelles. 



236 



TABULAR VIEWS 



187I A.D. 



A. P. 



1871 



Progressof Society 



United States. 



British Empire. 



Sept. 22. Old Catho- 
lic meeting at Bonn 
againstnew dogma 
of infallibility. 

Sept. 28. Gradual 
s 1 a v e-emancipa- 
tion law passed in 
Brazil. 

Deaths, 1871: G. 
Ticknor, Alice and 
Phoebe Cary, Gen. 
R. Anderson, R. 
Chambers, Scha- 
myl, the Circas- 
sian chief, Omer 
Pasha, Thalberg, 
Herschel, Auber, 
G. Grote, Princess 
Belgiojoso.Paul de 
Kock, R. Bentley, 
C. Babbage, Sir R. 
Murchison, Mar- 
shal Benedek, G. 
Hudson ("railway 
king"). 



1871 

A pril 5. Report of commissioners to St. 

Domingo, in Senate. 
May 8. Treaty of Washington, laying 

down basis for arbitration of Alabama 

claims. 
June 10. Statue of S. F. B. Morse un- 
veiled in N. Y. 
June 29. Polaris expedition sails for 

North Pole. 
July 12. Riot in New York, Catholics 

against Orangemen: 62 killed, 117 

wounded. 
July. — Exposure of Tweed ring by N. 

Y. Times. 
Oct. — Great fires in Minn., Wis., and 

Mich, forests. 
Oct. 8-9. Great fire at Chicago; 18,000 

buildings destroyed; $200,000,000 

lost. 
Dec. 19. First attempts at civil service 

reform made by President Grant. 



1871 

Mar. London Con- 
ference nullifies 
provisions of 

Treaty of Paris 
regarding neu- 
trality of Black 
Sea. 

Apr. 3. 8th census 
taken. 

July 20. Purchase 
of army com- 
missions stopped 
by royal warrant. 

Sept. 30. South 
Kensington Ex- 
hibition closed 
(open since May 
1). 



1872 



Aug. 6. Spain pre- 
pares to free slaves 
in Porto Rico and 
Cuba. 

Sept. 8. Australia 
connected by sub- 
marine telegraph 
with the Indo- 
European tele- 
graph system. 

Deaths in 1872: J. 
Mazzini; Rev. F. 
D. Maurice, S. F. 
B. Morse, C. 

Lever, L. Feuer- 
bach, Charles XV., 
of Sweden, Mrs. 
Parton ("Fanny 
Fern"), T. Gau- 
tier, Sir J. Bow- 
ring, Merle d'Au- 
bigne, Gen. Hal- 
leck, W. H. Sew- 
ard, H. Greeley. 



1872 

Jan. 16. General amnesty bill passed. 

June 17. Boston Peace Jubilee opens. 

July 10. Democrats and Liberal Re- 
publicans join to nominate Greeley 
for president. 

Sept. 14. Geneva award (Alabama 
claims) announced. 

Oct. 23. Island of San Juan awarded to 
United States. 

Nov. 5. Grant re-elected president. 

Nov. — Modoc war begins. 

Nov. 9-10. Great fire in Boston re- 
sulting in loss of S80.000.000. 



1872 

Feb. 29. Arthur 
O'Connor pre- 
sents an empty 
pistol at the 
queen. 

March. — Agricultu- 
ral laborers' 
strike in War- 
wickshire. 

June. — Strikes in 
various trades. 

Sept. 14. Final 

Alabama award. 

Nov. 5. New com- 
mercial treaty 
signed with 

France. 

Nov. 24. Serious 
illness of prince 
of Wales; begins 
to recover Dec. 
14. 



1872 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



237 




1871 



Europe, elsewhere. 



IWorld, elsewhere. 



1872 



1871 

Feb. 8. Complete amnesty for 
political offences in Austria. 

Mar. 21 Meeting of the first Ger- 
man Reichstag. 

June 16. 25th anniversary of 
accession of Pius IX. celebrated 
at Rome. 

July 1. Rome becomes the capital 
of Italy. 

Nov. 18. Uniform coinage law 
enacted in Germany. 



1871 

June 11. Americans 
and French storm 
Corean strong- 
holds and punish 
Coreans for in- 
sults. 

Oct. 1. Military re- 
volt in city of 
Mexico; sup- 
pressed with 
much bloodshed. 

Japan: Abolition of 
feudalism; begin- 
ning of the era of 
western civiliza- 
tion. 

Tan. 3. Battle of Bapaume 10-12, battle of Le Mans; 15-17, Bourbaki defeated 
near Belfort;18, William I. proclaimed emperor at Versailles; 19, battle of St. 
Quentin; 19, great sortie of 100,000 men from Paris repulsed ; 23, Trochu rssigns; 
28, Paris capitulates; 30. Bourbaki's army of 80,000 driven into Switzerland 
and"interned"; treaty of peace, ceding Alsace and part of Lorraine, and to pay 
Germany $1,000,000,000; preliminaries signed Feb. 26. 

Feb. 17. Thiers becomes executive. 

March 1-3, German troops enter Paris, and remain 48 hours. Treaty concluded 
May 10, ratified by French Assembly, May 18. 

March 18. Insurrection at Paris, and commune established there; 20, regular 
government at Versailles; 28, government of the commune proclaimed 
3,t Pciris 

April 2. Military operations begin between government and commune; 
4, communist insurrection suppressed at Marseilles; 6, Versailles army under 
MacMahon begins attack on Paris. 

May 21. Government troops enter Paris and occupy part; 23-24, Tuilenes, 
Hotel de Ville, etc., burned by communists; 28, fighting ends and communists sup- 
pressed; about one-fifth of Paris burned, and loss of property through com- 
mune, $160,000,000; 29, decree disarming Paris; 31, Thiers made president 
for 3 years. 

1872 



Apr. 23. Law against the 
" International " society. 

Sept — Government is es- 
tablished at Paris. 

Oct. 6. Pilgrimages of 
some 20,000 persons to 
Lourdes. 

Nov. 5. New commercial 
treaty signed with Great 
Britain. 



Jan.— Insurrectionary Carlistmove- 

ments begin in north of Spain. 
Apr. 1. Tercentenary of Dutch 

independence observed. 
April 24. — May 1. Eruption of 

Vesuvius. 
May 1. University of Strasburg 

reopened (closed by French, 

1792). 
May 2. Don Carlos enters Spain; 

6, flees back to France. The 

Carlist war begins. 
June 12. Jesuits expelled from 

Germany. 
July 18. 1000th anniversary of 

kingdom of Norway celebrated. 
July 31. Extradition treaty sign- 
ed, Belgium and Great Britain. 
Sept. 18. Death of Charles XV., 

of Sweden; succeeded by Oscar 

II. 
Sept. 30. Revolt in Montenegro. 
Dec. 18. Coinage made uniform in 

Denmark, Sweden, and Norway. 
Dec. 31. Diplomatic relations 

broken off between the pope and 

Germany. 



1872 

Mar. 1. War be- 
tween Honduras 
and San Salva- 
dor. 

Mar. 26. Attemptto 
assassinate the 
mikado of Japan. 

July 18. Death of 
Juarez; succeed- 
ed in the presi- 
dency of Mexico 
bv Lerdo de 
Tejada (Oct.) 

July 22. Military re- 
volt at Lima; 
President Balta 
killed. 

Aug. 17. Japanese 
embassy in Eng- 
land. 



238 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1873 A.D.- 



a.d. ProgressofSociety 



United States. 



British Empire. 



1873 



1874 



1875 



Jan. 1. European 
calendar introduc- 
ed into Japan. 

Mar. 22. Slavery 
abolished in Porto 
Rico. 

May 1. International 
Exposition at 
Vienna. 

May 5. Treaty of 
Great Britain with 
Zanzibar to sup- 
press slave trade. 

Deaths, 1873: Na- 
poleon III., M. F. 
Maury, Rev. T. 
Guthrie, C. Knight, 
Baron Liebig, W. 
C. Macready, Dr. 
Livingstone, John 
Stuart Mill, A. 
Manzoni, F. von 
Raumer, M. Odil- 
lon-Barrot, Sir. E. 
Landseer, U. 
Ratazzi, S. P. 
Chase, Agassiz. 



June 22. Telegraph 
opened between 
Great Britain and 
Brazil. 

Aug. — International 
congress at Brus- 
sels on laws of war 

Sept. 15. Interna 
tional postal con- 
gress at Berne; 
adopts a system 
Oct. 7. 

Deaths 1874: Ex- 
Pres. Fillmore, C. 
Sumner, F. Guizot, 
A. von Rothschild, 
Chang and Eng 
(Siamese twins), 
Dr. D. F. Strauss, 
J. Michelet. 

Jan. — Civil registra- 
tion and civil mar- 
riage adopted by 
law in Germany. 

May 23. People of 
Switzerland adopt 
civil marriage by 
vote. 

Nov. 28. Italian gov 
ernment buys the 
Northern Italian 
railroads. 



1873 

Jan. 6. House of Rep. appoints com 

mittee to investigate Credit Mobik 
^scandals. 
'Feb. — Fighting and disturbances in New: 

Orleans. 

pr. 11. Gen. Canby and others mu 
ered by Modocs. 
June. — Modocs surrender. 
Sept. — Financial panic in New York City 
Nov. — Excitement over execution by 

Spaniards of Americans from steamer 

Virginius. 



1873 

Jan. — Strikes of 

colliers; coal 

very scarce. 
June- July. — Shah 

of Persia visits 

England. 
June. — Outbreak of 

war with Ashan- 

tis. 



1874 

Feb. — Women's whiskey-war; women try 
to stop liquor-selling, by prayer, etc., 
in Ohio and N. Y. 

Apr. 22. President Grant vetoes bill 
for inconvertible paper money. 

July. — Beecher scandal breaks out. 

Aug. 17. Riotsat Austin, Miss., negroes 
and whites; so-called negro insurrec- 
tion also in Aug. at Trenton, Tenn. 

Sept. — Centennial of meeting of colonial 
delegates at Philadelphia. 

Sept. 18. Gov. Kellogg of La., deposed 
by a rising of whites; restored by U. 
S. forces. 

Oct. 27. Triennial Episcopalian con- 
vention: canon against ritualism. 

Dec. — Senate passes bill to resume 
specie payment Jan. 1, 1S79. 



1875. 

Feb. 4. Senate rejects new reciprocity 
treaty with Canada. 

Feb. — Civil Rights Bill (for negroes) 
passed. 

Apr. 19. Centenary of Lexington. 

June 17. Centenary of Bunker Hill. 

July 2. Beecher trial ends. Jury dis- 
agrees (9 to 3 for Beecher). 

Sept. 30. First American cardinal 
(McCloskey) received at Rome. 

Oct. — Inflationist defeats in Ohio 
and Iowa. 



1874 

Jan. 23. Duke of 
Edinburgh 
marries Grand 
Duchess Marie of 
Russia. 

Feb. 17. Gladstone 
ministry out ; 
D'Israeli suc- 
ceeds him, Feb. 
21. 

Feb. 28. Close of 
the celebrated 
Tichborne trial. 

May 13-21. Visit 
of czar of Russia. 



1875 

March 9. Moody 
and Sankey, the 
revivalists, ar- 
rive in London; 
sail (on return) 
Aug. 4. 

Sept. 27. Railway 
jubilee at Darl- 
ington. 

Nov. 25. Govern- 
ment purchase of 
Suez canal shares 
announced. 



1875 a.d. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



239 



A.D. 



France. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



World, elsewhere. 



1S73 



1874 



1875 



Feb. — Letter of Comte de 
Chambord, destroying 
all hope of Bourbonist 
fusion. 

Mar. 15. Convention for 
complete evacuation by 
Germans on payment of 
whole indemnity. 

May 24. Thiers and his 
ministry resign; Mc- 
Mahon chosen president 
by the Assembly. 

Aug. 2. Germans have left 
France, except Verdun; 
5, the Orleanists recog- 
nize Comte de Chambord 
as chief. 

Sept. 5. Last instalment of 
German indemnity paid; 
13, Germans leave Ver- 
dun; 16, last Germans 
leave France. 

Nov. 20. MacMahon's term 
made 7 years. 

Dec. 10. Bazaine condemn- 
ed to death for surrender 
of Metz; commuted to 
20 years, imprisonment. 

Mar. 16. Imperialist de- 
monstration at Chisel - 
hurst, at majority (18 
years) of prince im- 
perial. 

July 2. Royalist proclama- 
tion by the Count de 
Chambord. 

Aug. 9. Escape of Marshal 
Bazaine. 

Aug. 31. Vendome column 
restored. 

Dec. 3. Public thanks to 
Britain for friendship 
during war with Ger- 
many. 



Feb. -Mar. — Constitutional 
changes in a republican 
direction. 

June 23. Destructive floods 
at Toulouse. 

Nov. — The National As- 
sembly adopts the sys- 
tem of voting by arron- 
dissement. 

Dec. — Reports on trial of 
communists show 
9,596 convictions and 
110 death sentences. 



1873 

Feb. 9. Extradition treaty signed, 
Italy and Great Britain. 

Feb. 11. King Amadeus of Spain 
abdicates. 

May. — The Falk Laws in Prussia 
mark the height of the struggle 
with the Roman Catholic 
Church known as the Kultur- 
kampf. 

June 8. Spain declared a republic 
by the Cortes; communist and 
Carlist risings in the south; 
Sept. 7. Castelar chosen presi- 
dent of the executive. 

Oct. 21. Jesuits expelled from 
their convents and colleges at 
Rome. 



1874 

Jan. 4. Serrano head of ministry 
in Spain. 

Jan. 12. Cartagena last commu- 
nist stronghold taken. 

Apr. 19. Revised constitution 
adopted in Switzerland. 

July 23. Extradition treaty rati- 
fied, Netherlands and Great 
Britain. 

Dec. 31. Alfonso, son of Queen 
Isabella, proclaimed king of 
Spain and Canovas del Castillo 
head of ministry. Throughout 
the year the Carlist war rages. 



1875 

Jan. — Alfonso XII. arrives in 
Spain and takes possession of 
the government. 

July. — Insurrection against the 
Turks in Herzegovina. 

Aug. — Insurrection in Bosnia. 

Oct. 6. Turkey announces sus- 
pension of payment on half the 
interest of her public debt. 



1873 

Feb. 23. Emperor 
Toung-Chi of 
China assumes 
government. 

Mar. 25. Nether- 
lands declare 
war against 

Atchinese. 

June 5. Sultan of 
Zanzibar signs 
treaty with 
Great Britain 
agreeing to the 
suppression of 
the slave trade. 

June 10. Khiva ta- 
ken by the Rus- 
sians under Gen- 
eral Kaufmann. 



1874 

Feb. 5. British 
force under Sir 
G. Wolseley oc- 
cupies Coomas- 
sie, the capital 
of Ashanti. 

Feb. 13. King of 
Ashanti makes 
peace. 

Feb. 26. Insurrec- 
tion at Nagasaki, 
Japan. 

Sept. 30. Annexa- 
tion of Fiji Isl- 
ands by Great 
Britain. 



1875 

Apr. 5. Island of 
Saghalien ceded 
by Japan to Rus- 
sia. 

May 18. Seven 
Chilian towns of 
30,000 popula- 
tion destroyed 
by an earth- 
quake. 

Oct. 16. Egyptian 
expedition in 
Abyssinia de- 
feated. 



240 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1875 A.D.- 



A.D. 



Progress of Society 



United States. 



British Empire. 



1875 



1876 



Deaths, 1875: C. 
Lyell, Ex-Pres 
Johnson, A. 
Helps, E. Qui- 
net, Toung-Chi, 
emperor of 
China. H. C. 
Andersen. 

Feb. 1. International 
courts inEgypt be- 
gin to sit. 

t)ct. 27. Capt. Nares's 
Arctic expedition 
returns; a sledging 
party had reached 
83° 20' north. 

Dec. 21. New penal 
code adopted for 
German Empire. 

Deaths, 1876: Vice- 
Pres. H. Wilson, 
F. Deak, Reverdy 
Johnson, Abdul- 
Aziz, ex-sultan of 
Turkey, George 
Sand, Gen. Santa 
Anna, C. Perier, 
Cardinal Anto- 
nelli. 

Invention of tele- 
phone. 



1877 



Invention of phono- 
graph. 

Stanley's explora- 
tions in Africa 
show identity of 
Lualaba and Con- 
go Rivers. 

Deaths: Tayler Lew- 
is, J. L. Motley, 
Gen. Changarnier, 
Dr. Muhlenberg, 
E. L. Davenport, 
Gen. Forrest, Geo. 
L. Fox, Henry 
Peters Gray, 

Thiers, Brigham 
Young. 



1876 1876 

Jan. 1. Centennial year, great demon- 
strations in Philadelphia. 

Mar. — Minister Schenck resigns in 
consequence of Emma Mine scandal. 

April. — Senate rejects R. H. Dana's 
nomination as minister to England. 

Apr. 14. Lincoln monument, erected 
by negroes, unveiled at Washington. 

May 10. Centennial Exhib. opened at 
Philadelphia. 

June 16. Hayes and Wheeler nominat- 
ed at Cincinnati. 

June 25. Custer and his command 
ambushed and destroyed by Sioux 
on the Little Big Horn, Montana. 

June 29. Tilden and Hendricks nomi- 
nated at St. Louis. 

July 9. Hamburg (S. C.) massacre of 
negro militiamen by Butler and others. 

Aug. 1. Gen. Belknap, ex-secretary of 
war, impeached for corruption, but 
acquitted by 35 to 25 in Senate (two- 
thirds must convict). 

Aug. 1. Colorado admittedintothellnion. 

Oct. 17. President Grant's proclama- 
tion against unlawful combinations to 
affect elections in South. 

Nov. 7. Presidential election ; Hayes and 
Wheeler chosen by 185, to 184 for 
Tilden and Hendricks. 

1877 

Jan. — U. S. Government commission 
report Darien canal practicable. 

Jan. — Extradition treaty signed with 
Spain. 

Jan. 8. Two governors (Nicholls and 
Kellogg) inaugurated in Louisiana; 
Kellogg maintained by U. S. troops. 

Jan. — Fourteen fishing schooners, over- 
due at Gloucester, Mass., given up for 
lost with all on board. 

Jan. — Moody and Sankey opened meet- 
ing in Boston. 

Jan. 25-26. Electoral Commission 
created to decide on election of Hayes 
or Tilden. 

March 2. Hayes declared elected. 

Apr. 10. U. S. troops evacuate South 
Carolina state-house; Gov. Chamber- 
lain has to yield to Hampton. 

Apr. 24. U. S. troops evacuate 
State-house at New Orleans; Kellogg 
government yields to Nicholls. 

June 29. Pres. Hayes's letter prescrib- 
ing that national office-holders must 
not be managing party officials, nor 
be assessed for party expenses. 



May 1. Queen pro- 
claimed Empress 
of India. 

Sept. 6. Gladstone 
publishes his de- 
nunciation of the 
Turkish atrociti- 
ties in Bulgaria. 



1877 

Apr. 12. The 

Transvaal an- 
nexed to the 
British Empire. 

Apr. 30. Neutrality 
proclaimed in 
Russo -Turkish 
war. 

July 2-9. Pan-Pres- 
byterian con- 
ference at Edin- 
burgh. 

Cleopatra's needle 
brought from 
Egypt and erect- 
ed in London. 



1877 A - D - 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



24I 



A.D. 



France. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



World, elsewhere 



1876 



Jan. — French revenue for 
1875 $500,000,000, said 
to be the largest ever 
received by any govern- 
ment. 

Feb. -Mar. — Republican 
majority elected to 
Chambers. 

Nov. 3. France announces 
her neutrality in the 
Russo -Turkish war. 

Dec. 12. New ministry 
under Jules Simon. 



1876 

Jan. 31. Andrassy note presented 
to Turkey, suggesting reforms. 

Mar. 20. Triumphal entry of Al- 
fonso into Madrid, the Carlist 
insurrection being suppressed. 

May 6. Assassination of French 
and German consuls at Salonica 
in Turkey. 

May. — Risings in Bulgaria, cruelly 
put down by Turks. 

May 30. Sultan Abdul -Aziz de- 
posed; Murad V. succeeds. 

July 2. Servia and Montenegro de- 
clare war against Turkey. 

July 9. Turkey repudiates pay- 
ments on public debt until 
better times. 

Aug. 31. Sultan Murad deposed; 
Abdul Hamid II. succeeds. 

Nov. 1. Six weeks' armistice be- 
tween Turkey and Servia. 

Dec. 23. Constitution for Turkey 
announced. 



1877 



1876 

Feb. 20. Khokand 
annexed to Rus- 
sia, as Ferghana. 

July 17. Gen. 

Canal president 
of Hayti. 

Oct. 31. Cyclone in 
Bengal ; immense 
loss of property 
and life. 

Porfirio Diaz enters 
Mexico and de- 
clares himself 
provisional pres- 
ident. 

Dec. 10. Baez, 
president of St. 
Domingo. 



May 16. Resignation of 
ministry of Jules Simon ; 
succeeded by De 
Broglie. 

July 29. Gambetta's cel- 
ebrated speech against 
Mac Mahon, "submit 
or resign." 

Sept. 3. Death of Thiers. 

Oct. 14. Elections favor- 
able to Republicans. 

Nov. 20. Resignation of 
the De Broglie ministry. 

Dec. 14. Formation of the 
Dufaure ministry. 



1877 

Jan. 18. Turkey rejects proposals 

of the European Powers. 
Apr. 24. Russia declares war 

against Turkey, and enters 

Roumania. 
May 21. Jubilee at Rome, 50th 

anniversary of pope's episcopate 
Roumania declares itself inde- 
pendent. 
June. — Russians cross the Danube 

at Galatz; 25, at Hirsova; 27, 

at Simnitza. 
July 6. Over 120,000 Russians 

have crossed at Sistova. 
July. The German quarrel with 

Rome has caused the deposition 

of 4 bishops and 6 archbishops; 

expulsion of 600 persons (120 

priests) from Cologne alone; 

vacancy of 476 parishes in 

7 bishoprics alone. 
July 14. Russians under Gurko 

cross Balkans. 
July 16. Nicopolis taken. 
July 20, 30. Russian defeats at 

Plevna. 



1877 

Feb.-Diaz is in pos- 
session of power 
in Mexico; Ex- 
President Lerdo 
escapes to San 
Francisco. 

April 12. British 
rule established 
in Transvaal. 

May 9. Great 
earthquake and 
tidal wave, coast 
of Peru; loss, 
$20,000,000 and 
600 lives. 



242 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1877 A.D.- 



A.D. 




United States. 



British Empire. 



1878 



Dec. 17. Gold sells at 
par in New York 
City for the first 
time since Jan. 13, 
1862. 

Deaths: Pius IX., 
W. C. Bryant, 
Bayard Taylor, 
Geo. H. Lewes, 
Wm. M. Tweed , 
GeorgeCruikshank 
Bp. Dupanloup, 
Joseph Henry. 



1877 

July. — An Indian war under Chief 
Joseph breaks out in Idaho. 

July 16. Beginning of great railway 
strikes. 

Oct. 5. Nez Perces Indians under 
Chief Joseph surrender. 

Oct. 15. Forty -fifth Congress meets in 
extra session. 

Nov. 23. Halifax Fisheries Commission 
decrees that the United States is to pay 
Great Britain $5,500,000. 

1878 

Jan. 30. Senate ratines Samoan 
treaty which gives U. S. naval vessels 
use of harbor of Pagopago. 

Feb. 28. Passage of the Bland Silver 
Bill. 

May 17. House of Representatives ap- 
points a (Potter) committee to in- 
vestigate alleged frauds in presiden- 
tial election of 1876. 

Nov. 5. Elections favorable to the 
Democrats. 

Southern States visited with yellow 
fever, causing 20,000 cases of sickness 
and 7000 deaths. 



1878 

June 4. Defensive 
treaty with Tur- 
key signed, by 
which Cyprus is 
ceded to Great 
Britain. 

Sept. 3. Princess 
Alice sunk near 
London ; 600 
lives lost. 

Oct. 2. City of 
Glasgow Bank; 
Scotland, closed 
with liabilities of 
$50,000,000. 



1878 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



243 



A.D. 



France. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



World, elsewhere. 



1878 



May 1. International Ex- 
position opens at Paris. 



1877 

Aug. 21. Suleiman Pasha begins 

assaults on Shipka Pass. 
Sept. 3. Russians storm Lovatz; 

8, Montenegrins capture Nicsic. 
Oct. 15. Mukhtar Pasha defeated 

at Aladja Dagh. 
Nov. 17. Insurrection along Greek 

frontier. 
Nov. 18. Russians capture Kars. 
Dec. 10. Russians capture Plevna. 

1878 

Jan. 4. Russians capture Sophia; 

9, and a Turkish army of 25,000 
men in Shipka Pass; 20, and 
enter Adrianople. 

Jan. 9. King Victor Emmanuel of 
Italy dies, and is succeeded by 
his son, King Humbert. 

Jan. 23. King Alfonso of Spain 
marries Princess Mercedes. 

Feb. 7. Pius IX. dies; 20, Leo 
XIII. is elected pope. 

Mar. 3. Treaty of San Stefano 
between Russia and Turkey. 

May 4. Attempt to assassinate 
Emperor William of Germany. 

June 2. Another attempt to assas- 
sinate emperor of Germany. 

June 13. Meeting of European 
Powers at Berlin. 

June 26. Death of Queen Mer- 
cedes of Spain. 

July 13. Treaty of Berlin signed by 
European Powers. 

Aug. — Opposition in Bosnia to 
Austrian occupation. 

Oct. 19. Anti -Socialist Bill passed 
by Germany. 

Oct. 25. Attempt to assassinate 
King Alfonso of Spain. 

Nov. 17. Attempt to assassinate 
King Humbert of Italy. 



1878 

Jan.-Feb.— Famine 
in Northern 
China, in which 
several millions 
of persons starve 
to death. 

Feb. 4. An asylum 
for women and 
children in Tien- 
Tsin, China, is 
burned, and 
nearly 3000 

lives lost. 

Apr. 1 1 . Tornado at 
Canton, China, 
in which 10,000 
persons are esti- 
mated to be kill- 
ed. 

Aug. — Marquis of 
Lome is appoint- 
ed governor- 
general of Cana- 
da. 

Sept. — Protection- 
ists are success- 
ful at Canadian 
elections; Sir 
John A. Macdon- 
ald becomes pre- 
mier; and tariff 
laws are passed. 

Nov. 21. British 
troops invade 
Afghanistan. 



244 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1879 A.D.- 



A.D. 



Progress ofSociety 



United States. 



British Empire. 



1879 



April 30. Treaty be 
tween Great 
Britain and Ger- 
many for sup- 
pressing slave 
trade. 

May 18. Switzerland 
permits each can- 
ton to restore cap- 
ital punishment. 

July 9. Jeannette 
sails from San 
Francisco for 
Arctic regions. 

Oct. 25. Flogging in 
the navy abolished 
in the Nether- 
lands. 

Nov. 15. Seventh ca- 
ble laid under the 
Atlantic (Cape 
Cod to Brest). 

The Northeast (Po- 
lar) Passage made 
by Nordenskjold. 

Invention of a uni- 
versal language 
(Volapuk) by J. 
M. Schleyer, a 
German. 

Construction of the 
first electric rail- 
road (at Berlin). 

Deaths: Mme. Je- 
rome Bonaparte, 
Von Billow, R. H. 
Dana, Gen. Dix, 
W. L. Garrison, 
Gen. Hood, 
Gen. Hooker, 
Baron Roths- 
child, Gen. Rich- 
ard Taylor, H. C. 
Carey. 



1879 

Jan. 1. Resumption of specie payments. 

Mar. 18. Extra session of Forty-sixth 
Congress. 

March-April. — Large numbers of ne- 
groes remove from the Black Belt to 
Kansas. 



Oct. 16. The Apaches kill forty settlers 
in New Mexico. 



Nov. 15. Cable communication with 
France established. 



1879 

Jan. 12. British 
troops enter Zu- 
luland; 22, valu- 
able stores and 
force of 800 men 
lost at Isandula. 

Mar. 13. Marriage 
of Duke of Con- 
naught to Prin- 
cess Louise of 
Prussia. 

Apr. 2. Zulus de- 
feated at Ging- 
holova. 

June 24. Zulus in- 
vade Natal; 28, 
General Wolseley 
lands at Durban. 

July 1. Zulus de- 
feated at Ulundi. 

Aug. 28. The Zulu 
king, Cetewayo, 
captured. 



1 879 A - D - 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



245 



France. 



Europe, elsewhere. The World, elsewhere. 



1879 



Jan. 30. Marshal Mac- 
Mahon resigns the presi- 
dency and Jules Grevy 
is elected in his place. 

Feb. 2. Resignation of the 
Dufaure ministry. 

Feb. 5. Appointment of 
the Waddington min- 
istry. 

June 1. Prince Louis 
Napoleon killed by the 
Zulus. 



Dec. 20. Resignation of the 
Waddington ministry. 

Dec. 28. Appointment of 
the Freycinet ministry. 



1879 



Mar. 12. River Theiss in 
Hungary breaks its 
dykes and destroys 300 
lives. 

Mar. 20. Russian troops 
evacuate Adrianople. 

Apr. 14. Attempt on the 
life of Alexander II. of 
Russia. 

Apr. 29. Prince Alexander 
of Battenberg elected 
prince of Bulgaria. 



Nov. 29. King Alfonso of 
Spain marries the Arch- 
duchess Marie Christina. 

Dec. 30. Attempt to as- 
sassinate King Alfonso 
of Spain. 



1879 

Jan. 8. British troops enter 
Candahar (Afghanistan). 

Feb. 12. Chilians take pos- 
session of disputed 
Bolivian territory. 

Feb. 16. King of Burmah 
assassinates princes of 
royal house atMandalay. 

Feb. 21. Death of Shere 
Ali, ameer of Afghanis- 
tan; succeeded by Ya- 
koob Khan. 

Mar. 23. Chilians capture 
Calama. 

Apr. 6. Chili formally de- 
clares war against Peru; 
11, Peruvians defeated 
in naval battle off Loa. 

May 26. Afghans sign trea- 
ty of peace. 

June 25. Ismail, khedive of 
Egypt, abdicate:; and is 
succeeded by his son, 
Tewfik Pasha. 

July 16. Chilians bombard 
Iquique; 21, Peruvians 
bombard Caldera. 

Aug. 8. Second bombard- 
ment of Iquique by 
Chilians; 16, battle at 
San Pedro de Acatama; 
and 28, at Antofagasta. 

Sept. 1. Bolivians and Per- 
uvians capture Calama; 
16, naval battle off 
Iquique; 19, Chilians 
victorious at San Fran- 
cisco. 

Sept 3. Maj. Cavagnari and 
British Embassy as- 
sassinated in Cabul. 

Oct. 2. Afghans repulsed 
with great loss at Shu- 
targardan by Lord Rob- 
erts; 21, abdication of 
Yakoob Khan. 

Oct, 8. Chilians capture the 
Huascar. 

Nov. 2. Chilians capture 
Pisagua; and, 17, Con- 
chas Blancas; and, 22, 
the Pilcomayo; 13, 
are defeated at Quint- 
lagoa; but are victorious 
at Dolores (19), Iquique 
(23), and Tarapaca 

^ (27). 

Dec. 14. Afghans defeated 
near Cabul; and 23, at 
Shirpur. 

Dec. — President Prado flees 
from Peru and Pierola 
becomes dictator. 



246 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1880 A.D. 



a.d. ProgressofSocietyI 



United States. 



British Empire. 



1880 



1881 



Feb. 18. Slavery 
abolished in Cuba. 

Feb. 29. Tunnel 
through St. Got- 
ard Mt. complet- 
ed. 

June 10. Celebration 
at Lisbon of ter- 
centenary of Ca- 
moens. 

Aug. 14. Completion 
of Cologne Cath- 
edral, begun in 
1248. 

Nov. 4. Kansas 
adopts prohibitory 
amendment to 
constitution. 

Dec. 8. Flogging 
abolished in Brit- 
ish navy. 

Deaths: Ole Bull, 
Lydia Maria Child, 
Geo. Eliot, Em- 
press of Russia, 
Lucretia Mott, 
Offenbach, Tom 
Taylor. 



1882 



Feb. 7. Work begun 
on Panama Canal. 

May 17, 19. Revised 
New Testament 
published in Eng- 
land and America. 

June 11. Jeannette 
destroyed by ice in 
Siberian seas. 

Aug. — Electrical Ex- 
hibition opened at 
Paris. 

Deaths: Beaconsfield 
Gen. Burnside, 
Carlyle.Dean Stan- 
ley, J. G. Holland, 
J. T. Fields, Emile 
L i 1 1 r 6 , J. K. 
Bluntschli. 



J. F. Slater gives 
$1,000,000 for edu- 
cation of the col- 
ored people of the 
South. 

Great increase in use 
of electric light. 



1880 

Jan. 2. C. S. Parnell arrives in New 

York to plead for the Irish cause. 
Mar. 30. Relief ship leaves New York 

for Ireland. 



June 7. Garfield and Arthur nominated 
by Republicans at Chicago. 

June 11. Weaver and Chambers nomi- 
nated by Greenback-Labor Conven- 
tion at Chicago. 

June 24. Hancock and English nomi- 
nated by Democrats at Cincinnati. 

Sept. 23. The Schwatka Arctic ex- 
pedition returns to New York. 

Nov. 4. Garfield and Arthur elected 
president and vice-president. 

Nov. 17. Treaty with China relative to 
the restriction of immigration of 
Chinese laborers. 



1881. 

Mar. 4. Garfield inangurated as presi- 
dent. 

May 5. New treaty with China con- 
firmed (regulating immigration). 

June 2. Great Britain pays $75,000 for 
Fortune Bay fisheries damages. 

July 2. Garfield shot by Guiteau in 
Washington. 

July 20. Indian Chief Sitting Bull sur- 
renders at Fort Buford. 

Sept. 19. Garfield dies at Elberon, N. J. 

Sept. 20, 22. Arthur takes oath of 
office as president. 

Oct. 5. International Cotton Exhibi- 
tion opened at Atlanta, Ga. 

Oct. 19. Centennial celebration of 
battle of Yorktown; British flag 
saluted by order of the president. 

Nov. 14. Beginning of trial of Guiteau 

. .for murder of Garfield. 

1882. 

Jan. 25. Guiteau trial ended in his 
conviction of murder in the first 
degree. 

Feb. 28. Congress passes apportion- 
ment bill giving House of Representa- 
tives 325 members. 



1880 

Jan. 3. Riots in 
Connemara, Ire- 
land. 

Feb. 17. Parlia- 
ment defeats bill 
to make fran- 
chise in Ireland 
the same as in 
England and 
Scotland. 

Mar. 24. Parlia- 
ment dissolved. 

Apr. 21. Resigna- 
tion of Beacons- 
field. 

Apr. 23. Appoint- 
ment of Glad- 
stone govern- 
ment. 

May — I nsurrec- 
tions in Western 
Ireland. 

June. — House of 
Commons re- 
fuses to allow 
Bradlaugh to 
take his seat. 

Oct.-Nov. — Riots 
in various parts 
of Ireland. 

Dec. 28. State trial 
against Parnell, 
etc., begins in 
Dublin. 



1881 

Jan. 25. Irish 
State trial ends 
in disagreement 
of the jury. 

Mar. 2. Passage of 
Coercion Bill. 

Apr.-June. — In 
Ireland evictions 
for not paying 
rents. 

Aug. 22. Enact- 
ment of Irish 
Land Bill. 



1882 

Mar. 2. Attempt to 
assassinate 
Queen Victoria. 

Apr. 27. Marriage 
of Prince Leo- 
pold to Prin- 
cess Helena of 
Waldeck. 



1 882 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



247 



A.D. 



France. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1880 



Jan. 29. Bill passed to 
suppress political clubs. 

March, — Passage of the 
Ferry Educational Bill 
aimed at the control 
of education by the 
Jesuits. 

June. — Army chaplains 
abolished. 

June 29. Island of Tahiti 
annexed to France. 

June 30. Jesuits expelled 
from their religious 
houses. 

July 11. Communists am- 
nestied. 

Sept. 19. Resignation of 
Freycinet ministry. 

Sept. 23. Appointment of 
Ferry ministry. 

Oct. 30. Religious houses 
of Jesuits forcibly closed. 

Nov. 9. Ferry ministry re- 
sign; but, 11, withdraw 
their resignations. 

Dec. 9. Bill for taxing re- 
ligious property passed. 



1881 



18S2 



May 12. Tunis surrenders 

to French. 
July 16. French army takes 

Sfax. 
Oct. 26. French occupy 

Kairwan. 
Nov. 10. Resignation of 

the Ferry ministry; 15, 

formation of the Gam- 

betta ministry. 



Jan. — Failure of the Union 
G6n£rale. 

Jan. 26. Resignation of the 
Gambetta ministry and 
formation of the Frey- 
cinet ministry (30). 



1880 

Feb. 17. Explosion in the 
Winter Palace, the work 
of Nihilist conspirators 
against the life of Alex- 
ander II. Gen Melikoff 
appointed head of extra 
ordinary commission 
with vast powers. 

Apr. 7. Bismarck offers his 
resignation to the em- 
peror of Germany, but 
it is not accepted. 

May 4. German Anti- 
Socialist laws extended 
to 1884. 

June 1. International Ex- 
hibition opened at 
Brussels. 

June 16. Supplementary 
Conference meets at Ber- 
lin to settle Gieek and 
Montenegrin questions. 

July 3. Prussia passes bill 
to subordinate all clergy 
to the State. 

Sept. 17. Naval demon- 
stration against sultan 
to enforce Montenegrin 
settlement. 

Oct. 19. Czar marries 
Princess Dolgorouki. 

Nov. 27. Turks evacuate 
Dulcigno. 

Nov.-Dec. — Anti-Semitic 
meetings at Berlin. 

1881 

Jan. 24. The Russians cap- 
ture Geok-Tepe in Tur- 
kestan. 

Mar. 13. Assassination of 
czar of Russia; succeed- 
ed by his son, Alexander 
III. 

Mar. 26. Roumania de- 
clared a kingdom. 

Apr. Beginning of outrages 
against the Jews in 
Russia. 

Dec. 8. Ring Theatre in 
Vienna burned, and 
hundreds of lives lost. 

Hamburg joins the Zoll- 
verein. 



1882. 

Apr. Prince Gortchakoff 
resigns ministry of 
foreign affairs in Rus- 
sia. 



1880 

Jan. 7. Chileans occupy Ilo. 

Feb. 27. Chileans bombard 
Arica; Mar. 20, 21, 
occupy Moquega and 
Islay. 

Apr. 10. Chileans blockade 
Callao. 

May 26. Chileans take 
Tacna. 

June 7. Chileans capture 
Arica. 

July 3. Chilean Loa 
destroyed by torpedo. 

July 22. Abdul Rahman 
recognized by British 
as ameer of Cabul; 27, 
British defeated at 
Kushk-i-Nakhud. 

Aug. 31. Lord Roberts en- 
ters Kandahar after a 
notable march for its 
relief. 

Sept. 1. Afghans defeated 
at Candahar. 

Nov. — Rising of the Boers 
in the Transvaal against 
the British govern- 
ment. 

Dec. — General rising of the 
Boers in the Transvaal; 
they declare their inde- 
pendence; and occupy 
Potchefstroom. 



1881 

Jan. 13. Chilean victory at 
Chorillos; Jan. 15, at 
Miraflores; 17, Lima sur- 
renders. 

Jan. 28. British repulsed by 
Boers at Laings Nek; 
Feb 8, at Ingogo River; 
Feb. 27, crushed at 
Majuba Hill. 

Mar. 24. Boer war in S. 
Africa ended. 

The Mahdi appears in the 
Sudan. 



1882 

May. — Renewal of political 
massacres in Mandalay. 

June 11. Riots in Alexan- 
dria; 340 Europeans 
killed under the inspira- 
tion of Arabi Pasha, 
secretary of war, and 
leader of the national 
party. 



248 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1882 A.D.- 



A.D. 



Progressof Society 



United States. 



British Empire. 



1832 



1S83 



1834 



May. — Lieutenant 
Lockwood of the 
G r e e 1 y expedi- 
tion reaches 83° 
24' north. 

Deaths: Longfellow, 
Darwin, Emerson, 
Gambetta, Gari- 
baldi, Pusey, Abp. 
Tait, Anthony 

Trollope, Thurlow 
Weed, G. P. Marsh, 
R. H. Dana, Jr., 
Auerbac h, Dr. 
Draper, Dr. Bel- 
lows, Louis Blanc. 



July. First use of 
storage electricity 
in propelling boat 
(Thames River, 
London). 

Nov. 18. Standard 
time substituted 
for local time in 
U. S. and Canada. 

Deaths: Dore, Flo- 
tow, Wagner, A. 
H. Stephens, J. R. 
Green, Gortcha- 
koff, Peter Cooper, 
Jules Sandeau, 
Laboulaye, Abd- 
el-Kader, Bp. 
Colenso, Abp. 
Purcell, Montgom- 
ery Blair, J. S. 
Black, Comte de 
Chambord, T u r- 
geniff, Hendrik 
Conscience, Mayne 
Reid, Karl Marx, 
H. Martin, Sir E. 
Sabine. 



May 19. Discovery 
of inoculative rem- 
edy for rabies an- 
nounced by Pas- 
teur. 



1882 

March 4. Indictments in the District of 

Columbia in connection with the 

Star Route frauds. 
March 22. The Edmunds Law against 

polygamy in Utah passed. 
May. Outbreak of Apache Indians in 

Arizona. 
May 6. Congress passes bill suspending 

Chinese immigration for ten years. 
June 30. Guiteau hanged in Washing- 
ton. 
July-Sept. — Great strike of iron workers 

in Pennsylvania. 
Aug. 2. Congress passes over the 

president's veto the largest River and 

Harbor Bill ever passed — $18,743,875. 
Nov. — Elections throughout the country 

generally favorable to the Democrats. 



1883 

Mar. 3. Tariff bill signed by the presi- 
dent. 

July 16. Civil Service Reform Act 
(passed by Congress in Jan.) goes into 
operation. 

July 19. Strike of telegraph operators. 
(Collapsed Aug. 17.) 

July 23. Proteus, sent to rescue the 
Greely Arctic expedition, crushed by 
the ice in Smith's Sound. 

Sept. 9. Northern Pacific Railroad com- 
pleted. 

Oct. 1. Letter postage reduced from 
3c. to 2c. per half ounce. 

Oct. 15. Civil -Rights Act (giving 
colored people equal privileges in 
hotels, theatres, etc., with whites) 
pronounced unconstitutional by the 
Supreme Court. 

Nov. 1. Gen. Sherman succeeded by 
Gen. Sheridan in the command of 
army. 



1884 

Jan. 21. Iron-clad oath (enacted during 

Civil War) repealed by Congress. 
Feb. 10-21. Great floods in Ohio valley. 

$500,000 appropriated by Congress 

for relief. 



1882 

May 6. Assassina- 
tion of Lord F. 
C. Cavendish 
and Mr. Burke 
in Phcenix Park, 
Dublin. 

July 12. Queen 
signs new coer- 
cion bill. 

Aug. — Passage of 
Irish arrears of 
rent bill. 

Dec. — Parliament 
adopts new rules 
of procedure. 

Dec. 20. Archbish- 
opric of Canter- 
bury accepted 
by Bishop Ben- 
son. 



1SS3 

Feb. 10. Identifica- 
tion of murderers 
of Burke and 
Cavendish. (Apr. 
13, 18. Condem- 
nation to death 
of two of them.) 

June 16. Suffoca 
tion of 186 child- 
ren at Victoria 
Hall, Sunderland 

July. — Shooting at 
Cape Town of 
James Carey, the 
identifier of the 
Burke and Cav- 
endish murder- 
ers. 



1884 

Feb. 8. Imprison- 
ment of Irish 
members of 
Parliament for 
tre a s o n a b 1 e 
actions. 



1884 a.d. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



249 



A.D. 



France. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1882 



April 2. French capture 
Ha-Noi in Annam. 

Aug. 7. Formation of the 
Duclerc ministry. 

Oct. — Compulsory Educa- 
tion Act comes into 
force. , 

Dec. 31. Death of Gam- 
betta. 



1882 

Sept.— Turkey cedes 5,000 
square miles to Greece, 
in rectification of the 
boundary as provided by 
the Congress of Berlin. 

Oct. 2. Attempt to assas- 
sinate King Milan of 
Servia. 



1883 



Jan. 28. Resignation of the 
Duclerc ministry and 
formation of the Fal- 
lieres ministry. 

Feb. 9. Release of Prince 
Napoleon after three 
weeks' imprisonment. 

Feb. 18. Resignation of the 
Fallieres ministry and 
formation of the Ferry 
ministry. 

Feb. 24. Royal princes dis- 
missed from the army. 

Mar.-June — Louise Michel 
carries on Anarchist 
agitation in Paris. 

Sept. 29. King of Spam 
insulted in Paris; 30, 
apologies offered by 
President Grdvy. 



1884 



June 19. Annexation of 
Cambodia (part of 
China) to French terri- 
tories. 



1883 

Jan. — Great floods in 

Europe. 
Mar. 29. Murder at Pesth 
of the lord chief justice 
of Hungary. 
April. — Resumption of 
specie payments in Italy. 
(Suspended since 1866.) 
May 27. Coronation of 
Alexander III., czar of 
Russia, at Moscow. 
May-Aug. Persecutions of 

Jews in Russia. 
July 28. Earthquake on 
island of Ischia (near 
Naples), destroying 5000 
lives. 
Aug. — Military revolt in 

Spain. 
Sept. 27. Unveiling of the 
great statue "Germania" 
on the Niederwald, Rii- 
desheim. 
Oct. — Resignation of Span- 
ish ministry of Sagasta, 
and formation of new 
ministry under Posada- 
H eirera. 
Nov. 10. Celebration in 
Germany of fourth 
centennial of Luther's 
birth. 
Dec. 4. Insurrection m 

Crete. 
Italy joins the alliance be- 
tween Germany and 
Austria, thus forming 
the Triple Alliance. 
1884 

Jan. 15. Formation of a 
new Spanish ministry 
under Canovas del Cas- 
tillo. 



1882 

July 11. British fleet bom- 
bards Alexandria; 12, 
Egyptians evacuate and 
fire Alexandria. 
Aug. 15. Gen. Wolseley ar- 
rives at Alexandria; 20, 
seizes the Suez Canal, 
and, 24, defeats Egyp- 
tians at Magfar and, 25, 
at Kassasin Lock. 

Sept. 13. British defeat 
the Egyptians under 
Arabi Pasha at Tel -el - 
Kebir; 14, Arabi is cap- 
tured; 23, Damietta sur- 
renders; and, 25, khe- 
dive returns to Cairo. 

Dec. 3. Arabi sentenced to 
death; commuted by 
khedive to perpetual 
exile. 

1883 

Jan. 16. Return of Cete- 
wayo to Zululand. 

June. — French aggressions 
in Madagascar. 

July 14. Discovery of Lake 
Mantumba in Africa by 
Stanley. 

Aug. — Volcanic eruptions 
in Java and neighboring 
islands: nearly 100,000 
deaths. 

Aug. 25. French protecto- 
rate established over 
Annam. 

Oct. 16. Surrender of Cete- 
wayo to the British. 

Oct. 20. Treaty of peace 
signed between Chile and 
Peru. 

Nov. 3-5. Egyptian army 
under Hicks Pasha 
crushed by the Mahdi at 
El-Obeid in the Sudan. 



1884 „ „ . 

Jan. 25 "Chinese" Gordon 

appointed governor of 

the Sudan. 
Feb. Massacre of Christians 

in Tonquin. 



250 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1884 A.D.- 



A.D. 



ProgressofSociety 



United States. 



British Empire. 



1884 



1885 



May 24. Opening of 
N. Y. and Brook- 
lyn Suspension 
Bridge. 

June 20. Introduc- 
tion of railroads 
into China sanc- 
tioned by the 
government. 

Aug. 4. Opening of 
international edu- 
cational conference 
at London. 

Oct 13. Interna- 
tional conference 
at Washington 
adopts meridian of 
Greenwich as the 
universal prime 
meridian. 

Deaths: Dr. Lasker, 
Wendell Phillips, 
Guyot, Mignet, 
Prince Leopold, 
Cnas. Reade, Tag- 
lioni, J. P. Benja- 
min, Chas.O'Conor, 
Count Todleben, 
Lepsius, Sir E. Wil- 
son, H. G. Bohn, 
Hans Makart, Paul 
Lacroix, Fanny 
Elssler, Channing. 



Jan. 1. Time of reck- 
oning the begin- 
ning of the day 
changed from noon 
to midnight at 
Greenwich ob- 
servatory. 

May 4. Opening of 
international ex- 
hibition of inven- 
tions at London. 

May. Publication at 
London and New 
York of revised 
version of Old 
Test iment. 

Aug. 10. Opening of 
international tele- 
graphic congress at 
Berlin. 



1884 

May 29. People's (Labor and Greenback) 
party nominate B. F. Butler and A. 
M. West for the presidency and vice- 
presidency. 

June 6. Republican party nominate J. 
G. Blaineand J. A. Logan for the presi- 
idency and vice-presidency. 

June 22. Rescue off Cape Sabine of 
Lieut. Greely and six survivors of his 
Arctic expedition — 17 of the party 
having perished. 

July 11. Democratic party nominate 
Grover Cleveland and T. A. Hen- 
dricks for the presidency and vice- 
presidency. 

July 24. Prohibition party nominate J. 
P. St. John and Wm. Daniel for the 
presidency and vice-presidency. 

Nov. 4. Election of Cleveland and 
Hendricks. 

Dec. 8. Collection 
money declared 
Supreme Court. 

Dec. 16. Opening of Cotton Exposition 
at New Orleans. 



of immigrant head 
unconstitutional by 



1885 

Jan. 20. Passage of bill submitting 
French spoliation claims to Court of 
Claims. 

Feb. 21. Dedication of the Washington 
Monument (555 feet high) at the city 
of Washington. 

Mar. 2. Importation of foreign contract 
laborers prohibited by Congress. 

Mar. 3. U. S. Grant retired with the rank 
of General. 

Mar. 4. Letter postage reduced from 
two cents per half ounce to two cents 
per ounce. 

Mar. 4. Inauguration of President 
Cleveland. 

Apr. 16. Passage of bill by N. Y. Legis- 
lature creating a public park at Nia- 
gara Falls. (Opened to the public, 
July 15.) 

May 5. Conclusion of treaty with Co- 
lombian government establishing joint 
protectorate over Isthmus of 
Panama. 

June 21. Ratification of extradition 
treaty with Japan. 

July 23. Death of General U. S Grant. 

Aug. 8. Public funeral of Gen. Grant in 
New York. 



1884 

Mar. 15. Dyna- 
miters attempt 
to blow up Times 
office. 

Apr. 16. Celebra- 
tion of tercen- 
tennial of Edin- 
burgh Univer- 
sity. 

May 11. The pope 
condemns the 
Ir ish Land 
League. 

June 28. Opening 
of Egyptian 
conference in 
London. 

Nov. Passage of 
new franchise 
bill by Parlia- 
ment. 

Dec. 13. Attempt 
to wreck London 
Bridge with dy- 
namite. 



1885 

Jan. 24. Dynamite 
explosion in 

Houses of Parlia- 
ment and in the 
Tower, London; 
twenty persons 
injured. 

Mar. 26. Difficulty 
with Russia re- 
garding advances 
of latter in Af- 
ghanistan: mili- 
tary reserves 
called out by the 
queen. 

Mar. — Outbreak of 
Riel's Insurrec- 
tion in Canada. 

May 3. Riel de- 
feated. 

May 15. Riel sur- 
renders. 

June 8. Defeat in 
Parliament of 
the Liberal (Glad- 
stone) ministry. 

June 23. Formation 
of Conservative 
ministry under 
the Marquis of 
Salisbury. 



1 88 5 a.d. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



251 



A.D. 



France. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



World, elsewhere. 



1884 



June 25. Appearance of 
Asiatic cholera; 6000 
deaths within three 
months. 

July 29. Adoption of a 
divorce law. 

Aug. 15. Declaration of 
war by China. 

Aug. — Revision of consti- 
tution. 
French attack Formosa. 
War in Madagascar. 



1885 



Mar. 30. Resignation of the 
Ferry ministry caused by 
riots over Chinese vic- 
tories in Tonquin. 

Apr. 6. Formation of new 
ministry under Brisson. 

June 2. Public funeral of 
Victor Hugo in Paris. 

June 9. Treaty of peace 
with China signed. 

Aug. 25. Reappearance of 
cholera at Toulon; its 
rapid spread through 
France: 10,000 deaths. 



1884 

Feb. 14. Annexation of 
Merv (Central Asia) by 
Russia. 

Feb. 17. Attempt to assas- 
sinate king of Italy. 

June 12. Regulation of 
succession to Dutch 
throne. 

June 21. Death of prince of 
Orange, crown prince of 
Holland. 

June — Aug. — Persecution 
of Jews in Russia. 

July 13. Attempt to as- 
sassinate emperor of 
Austria. 

July 17. Discovery of plot 
to assassinate czar of 
Russia. 

Oct. 5. German annexa- 
tions on African slave 
coast; Dec. 19, in Pacific 
Ocean, beginnings of 
German colonial policy. 
Germany: Enactment 
cf an accident insurance 
law for workingmen. 

Nov. 17. Opening of the 
Congo conference in 
Berlin. 



1885 

Jan. 1. Earthquake in 
Spain: many lives and 
buildings destroyed. 

Jan. 12. Extradition treaty 
between Russia and 
Prussia. 

May 4. Opening of univer- 
sal exhibition at Ant- 
werp. 

June 24 .Cholera appears in 
Spain; 82,000 deaths by 
end of August. 

July 12. Attempt to assas- 
sinate emperor of Ger- 
many. 

Sept. 18. Rebellion in 
Eastern Roumelia: an- 
nexed to Bulgaria. 

Oct. 1. Outbreak of war 
between Servia and Bul- 
garia. 

Nov. 1. Renewal for five 
years of Latin monetary 
union between France, 
Belgium, Italy, Switzer- 
land, and Greece, on 
basis of silver coin re 
deemable in gold. 



1884 

Feb. 4. Defeat of Baker 
Pacha by Egyptian 
rebels under Osman Dig- 
na, near Tokar. 

Feb. 9. Death of Cetewayo. 

Feb. 29. Osman Digna de- 
feated by Gen. Graham 
near Tokar. 

Mar. 13. Osman Digna 
defeated at Tamanieb. 

Mar. 30. Epidemic of 
smallpox at Madras. 

May 23. Berber captured ' 
by Egyptian rebels. I 

Sept. 10. Earl of Dufferin 
appointed to the vice- 
royalty of India. (He 
assumes office Nov. 13.) 

Nov. 25. Earthquake in 
Peru. 

Dec. 1. Gen. Diaz becomes 
prest. of Mexico. 



1885 

Jan. 19. The Mahdi defeat- 
ed by the British under 
Gen. Stewart near Me- 
tammeh in the Sudan. 

Jan. 26. Khartoum captur- 
ed by the Mahdi; Gordon 
killed; relief expedition 
under Lord Wolseley ar- 
rives too late; British 
forces withdrawn from 
Sudan. 

Feb. — Formation of Congo 
Free State. 

Feb. 21. Protectorate over 
Samoan Islands granted 
Germany by treaty. 

Mar. 30. Russians defeat 
Afghans at Penjdeh. 

Mar. 30. Pres. Barrios, of 
Guatemala, killed while 
advancing against San 
Salvador. 

Mar. 31. Colon burned by 
Panama insurgents. 

Apr. 16. Peace concluded 
between Central Ameri- 
can republics. 



252 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1885 A.D.- 



A.D. 



Progressof Society 



United States. 



British Empire. 



1885 



1886 



1S87 



Deaths: Colfax, B. 
S i 1 1 im a n, Jr., 
About. R.G. White, 
Frelinghuysen, 
Hugo, Baron v. 
Manteuffel, S. I. 
Prime, Gen. Grant, 
Montefiore, Lord 
Houghton, "H. 
H. " Jackson, Abp. 
McCloskey, H. W. 
Shaw ("Josh Bill- 
ings"), Gen. Mc- 
Clellan. John Mc- 
Cullough, Vice- 
President Hen- 
d r i c k s, King 
Alfonso, W. H. 
Vanderbilt, 
Toombs. 

First electric street 
railway in U. S. 
in Baltimore. 



Jan. 4. Women al- 
lowed to vote in 
Toronto. 

May 4. Opening of 
colonial exhibition 
at London. 

May 11. Opening of 
international ex- 
hibition at Liver- 
pool. 

Aug. 2. Celebration 
by the Univ. of 
Heidelberg of its 
503th anniversary. 

Oct. 27. Final abo- 
lition of slavery in 
Cuba. 

Deaths: Gen. Han- 
cock, Gov. Sey- 
mour, Gough, 
Abp. French, Sir 
H. Taylor, Dio 
Lewis, Von 
Ranke, J. R. Bart- 
lett, King Ludwig 
of Bavaria, E. P. 
Whipple, P. H. 
Hayne, Liszt 
Tilden, J. E. 
Cooke, Von Beust, 
C. A. Arthur, C, 
F. Adams, Gen. 
Logan. 



Feb. 16. Women al- 
lowed to vote in 
Kansas. 



1885 

Aug. 25. Cyclones at Savannah and 

Charleston: $2,000,000 worth ot 

property destroyed. 
Sept. 2. Five hundred Chinese miners 

in Wyoming Ter. attacked by whites 

and fifty of them killed. 
Oct. 10. With the destruction of Flood 

Rock by blasting, the work ot 

clearing Hell Gate in the East River 

is practically completed. 



1886 

Jan. 19. Passage of bill regulating suc- 
cession to the presidency in case of 
death of both president and vice- 
president. 

Feb. 9. Chinese in Seattle (Washington) 
driven from their homes by mob. 

May 1-4. Labor riots in Chicago and 
Milwaukee incited by Anarchists. 

June 2. Marriage at the White House, 
Washington, of President Cleveland 
and Miss Folsom. 

Aug. 20. Seven Anarchists convicted of 
murder for Chicago riots in May. 

Aug. 30-31. Charleston, S. C, severelv 
damaged by an earthquake; over 50 
persons killed and many buildings 
wrecked. 

Sept. 4. Geronimo and his band of 
Apache Indians surrender to Gen. 
Miles. 

Oct. 28. Bartholdi's statue of "Liberty 
Enlightening the World" (a gift from 
France) unveiled in N. Y. harbor. 

Dec. 6. Reduction in tariff duties re- 
commended to Congress by Prest. 
Cleveland. 

Numerous labor strikes throughout the 
year. 



1887 

Jan. 21. Passage of Inter-State Com- 
merce bill. 

March 3. Repeal of tenure -of -office act 
(restoring to the president the power 
of removing officials without consent 
of the Senate). 



1885 

June 29. Earl of 
Carnarvon suc- 
ceeds Earl Spen- 
cer as lord lieu- 
tenantof Ireland. 

July 23. Marriage 
of Princess Bea- 
trice to Prince 
Henry of Batten- 
berg. 

Sept. 5. Comple- 
tion of tunnel 
under Severn 
River. 

Nov. — Outbreak of 
war with Bur- 
mah; British 

troops enter 

Mandalay; sur- 
render of King 
Thebaw (Nov. 
28). 



1886 

Jan. 1. Annexation 
of Burmah to 
British Empire. 

Jan 20. Opening 
of tunnel under 
Mersey River. 

Jan. 26. Defeat in 
Parliament of 
Conservat i v e 
ministry (on 

question of gov- 
erning Ireland). 

Feb. 3. Formation 
of Liberal minis- 
try under Glad- 
stone. 

June 8. Defeat of 
Liberal ministry 
in Parliament on 
question of Irish 
home rule. 

July. Parliamen- 
tary elections 
favorable to 

Conservatives 
and Liberal -Un- 
ionists (*. e., to 
those opposed to 
Irish home rule ) 

July 21. Formation 
of new Conserva- 
tive ministry un- 
der Lord Salis- 
bury. 

1887 

May 12. Annexa- 
tion of Zululand 
to the British 
Empire. 



1887 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



253 



A.D. 



France. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



World, elsewhere. 



1885 



1886 



Dec. 12. Establishment of 
protectorate over Mada- 
gascar. 

Dec. 28. Re-election 
Grevy as president. 

Brisson ministry resigns 



1885 



Nov. 25. Accession of Mer- 
cedes to Spanish throne 
(on death of her father 
Alfonso XII.) under re- 
gency of her mother, 
Queen Christina: new 
ministry under Sagasta. 

Nov. 14-28. Servians in- 
vade Bulgaria and are 
defeated. 

Nov. 28-Dec. 21. Trial 
and conviction of 26 
Nihilists at Warsaw: 4 
hanged and 22 sent to 
Siberia. 

Nov. 30. Germany takes 

?ossession of Marshall 
slands. 
of Dec. 5. Italian annexation 
I of Massowah. 



1885 

Apr. 21. King of Belgium 
assumes sovereignity 
over Congo State. 

Apr. 24. Panama taken 
possession of by U. S. 
troops for protection of 
property. (Restored later 
to Colombian gov't.) 

May 7. Death of the Mahdi. 



Jan. 7. Formation of a 
new ministry under 
Freycinet. 

Jan. 15. Amnesty granted 
political offenders. 



1887 



June 22. Passage of law 
expelling royal princes 
from French territory. 



Dec. 3. Resignation of 
Freycinet ministry. 

Dec. 10. Formation of a 
newministry under Gob- 
let. 



May 17. Fall of Goblet min« 

istry. 
May 29. Formation of new 

ministry under Rouvier. 



1886 

Jan. — Servia, Bulgaria, 
and Greece compelled by 
the powers to disarm. 

Mar. 2. Treaty of peace 
signed between Servia 
and Bulgaria. 

Mar. 20. Anarchist riots in 
Belgium, originating in 
strike of miners. 

May 11. Destructive hur- 
ricane in Spain. 

May 17. Posthumous birth 
of the king of Spain, 
Alfonso XIII. 

June 13. Death by drown- 
ing of Louis II., king of 
Bavaria: accession of 
his brother, Otto I., 
under regency of Prince 
Luitpold. 

Aug. 21. Prince Alexander 
of Bulgaria kidnapped 
by Russian emissaries. 

Aug. 27. Earthquake in 
Greece destroyed 600 
lives and many towns. 

Aug. — Counter revolution 
in Bulgaria followed by 
restoration of Alexander. 

Sept. 4. He abdicates and a 
regency is established. 

Nov. 10. Prince Waldemar 
of Denmark declines 
offer of Bulgarian throne. 
1887 

Feb. 23. Earthquakes in 
Southern , Europe: 1000 
liyes lost. 



1886 

Jan. 25. Barillas elected 

prest. of Guatemala. 
Apr. 7. Soto elected prest. 

of Costa Rica. 
May. Santos becomes prest. 

of Uruguay. 
June 3. Caceres becomes 

prest. of Peru. 
June. Selman elected prest. 

of Argentine Republic. 



Sept. 23. French kill 500 
Chinese pirates near 
Tonquin. 

Dec. 31. Four hundred 
persons crushed to death 
at a fair at Madras, 
India. 

1887 

Jan. 25. Italians defeated 

by Abyssinians near 

Massowah. 






254 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1887 A.D.- 



A.D. 



Progress of Society 



United States. 



British Empire. 



1887 



1888 



Deaths: Bp. Potter, 
E. L. Yournans, 
Sir S. Northcote 
(Earl of Iddes- 
leigh), Mrs. Henry 
Wood, Beecher, 
Feval, Eads, Saxe, 
J. T.Raymond, ex- 
Vice-Pres. Wheel- 
er, Mark Hopkins, 
S. F. Baird, Jenny 
Lind, F. V. Hay- 
den. 

Oct. 24. Anglo- 
French convention 
neutralizing the 
Suez Canal — Baltic 
ship canal begun. 



1887 

June 29. Jacob Sharp sentenced to 4 

years' imprisonment and fined $5000 

for bribery of N. Y. aldermen. 
July 8. Excommunication of Dr. Mc- 

Glynn in N. Y. for advocacy of land 

theories of Henry George. 



Mar. 26. Meeting of 
first international 
convention of wo- 
men at Washing- 
ton. 

July 27. Celebration 
at Kieff of 900th 
anniversary of in- 
troduction of 
Christianity into 
Russia. 

Oct. 20. Gift of $1,- 
000,000 by Dan. 
Hand for educa- 
tion of Southern 
negroes. 

Nov. 10. Suppression 
of African slave 
trade resolved 

upon by European 
powers. 

Deaths: Bonamy 

Price, Asa Gray, 
Sir H. S. Maine, 
Bronson Alcott, 
Louisa Alcott, Em- 
peror William I., 
Chief-Justice 
Waite, Matthew 
Arnold, Emperor 
Frederick HI., E. 
P. Roe, Gen. 
Sheridan, Lester 
Wallack, R. A. 
Proctor. 



Nov. 11. Hanging of four of the Anar- 
chists convicted of the Chicago riots 
of May, 1886 (one of the others had 
committed suicide; sentence of the 
other two commuted to life imprison- 
ment). 



1888 

Jan. 12. Blizzard in Northwest: 235 

persons frozen to death. 
Jan. 19. Ratification of extradition 

treaty with the Netherlands. 
Mar. 12. Blizzard in Eastern States: N. 

Y. city blockaded with snowdrifts for 

several days: a number of lives lost. 
June 1. Sheridan made General of the 

army by special act of Congress. 
June 6-7. Democratic party nominate 

Grover Cleveland and Allen G. Thur- 

man for presidency and v. -presidency. 
June 25. Republican party nominate 

Benjamin Harrison and Levi P. 

Morton for presidency and vice- 
presidency. 
Sept. 13. Chinese Exclusion Act passed. 
Oct. 20. Adjournment of Congress after 

the longest session (321 days) in its 

history. 
Oct. 30. Dismissal of British minister. 

Lord Sackville-West, by U. S. govt. 

on account of indiscreet letter on 

American politics. 
Nov. 6. Election of Harrison and 

Morton. 



1887 

May 14. Opening 
of the People's 
Palace in Lon- 
don. 

June 21. Jubilee 
celebration in 
London of the 
50th anniversary 
of Queen Victo- 
ria's accession to 
the throne. 

July 8. Passage of 
Irish Crimes Bill 
by Parliament 
(abolishing trial 
by jury in Ire- 
land). 

Nov. 13. Riots in 
London caused 
by police attemp- 
ting to prevent 
meeting of work- 
ingmen in Tra - 
falgar Square. 



1888 



Sept. 17. First 
meeting of com- 
mission to in- 
vestigate Lon- 
don Titnes's 
charges against 
Parnell and other 
Irish leaders; 
closed Nov. 22, 
1889, after 129 
sittings, exam- 
ining 493 wit- 
nesses, and re- 
ceiving answers 
to 98,000 ques- 
tions. 



1 888 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



255 



A.D. 



France. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



World, elsewhere. 



1887 



June 1. Ratification of 
commerical treaty with 
Mexico. 

Dec. 3. Election of Carnot 
as president on resig- 
nationofGrevy (Dec. 2). 

Dec. 11. Formation of new 
ministry under Tirard. 



1888 



Mar. 1. M. Wilson, son-in- 
law of ex-Prest. Grevy, 
sentenced to two years' 
imprisonment for traf- 
ficking in decorations, 
(the sentence quashed 
by Court of Appeals, 
Mar. 28). 

Mar. 15. Removal of Gen. 
Boulanger from his com- 
mand in the army. 

Mar. 30. Fall of Tirard 
ministry; formation of 
new ministry under 
Floquet (April 3). 

Dec. — Bankruptcy of the 
PanamaCanal Company 



1887 



July 7. Election of Prince 
Ferdinand of Saxe-Co- 
burg-Gotha to Bulgarian 
throne. 

Renewal of the Triple 
Alliance. 

Termination of the 
Kulturkampf in Ger- 
many. 



1888 

Feb. 3. Official announce- 
ment of treaty of alliance 
between Germany and 
Austria. 

Mar. 9. Accession of Fred- 
erick III. to German 
throne on death of his 
father, William I. 

Mar. 31. Adoption of trial 
by jury in Spain. 

June 15. Accession of Wil- 
liam II. to German 
throne on death of his 
father, Frederick III. 

Dec. — Suez Canal Conven- 
tion ratified by the 
powers. 



1887 

Feb. 3. Expedition under 
Stanley leaves Cairo 
for relief of Emin Pasha 
in Central Africa. (Re- 
turns with Emin, Dec, 
1889.) 

Apr. 22. Destruction of 40 
pearl -fishing vessels off 
Australian coast; 550 
lives lost. 

May 3. Earthquake in 
Mexico: 150 lives lost. 

July 3. King Kalakaua 
grants Hawaiian island- 
ers more liberal constitu- 
tion. 



1888 

Mar. 31. Gen. Flores 
elected pres. of Ecuador. 

June 18. Great floods in 
Mexico: 700 people 
drowned. 

July 9. Gen. Diaz re-elect- 
ed prest. of Mexico. 

July 27. Volcanic eruptions 
in Japan: 1000 lives lost. 

July 30. Dr. Paul becomes 
prest. of Venezuela. 

Aug. 1. Opening of inter- 
national exhibition at 
Melbourne in celebra- 
tion of centennial of 
foundation of New South 
Wales. 

Oct. 17. Gen. Legitime 
elected prest. of Hayti. 



256 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1889 A.D.- 




Jan. 1. Total eclipse 
of sun (visible in 
western North 

America). 

Jan. 1. Electricity 
substituted for 

hanging as death 
penalty in N. Y. 
(for crimes com- 
mitted after this 
date). 

Oct. 16. Opening of 
interna t i o n a 1 
maritime congress 
at Washington. 

Nov. 6. Completion 
of the Forth 
Bridge (Scotland), 
the greatest work 
of its kind in the- 
world. 

Final abolition of 
slavery in Brazil. 

Deaths: S. A. Alli- 
bone, Prince Ru- 
dolph of Austria, 
Laura Bridgman, 
John Bright, 
Eliza Cook, John 
Ericsson, S. C 
Hall, Halliwell- 
Phillipps, King 
Luis of Portugal, 
M. F. Tupper, Ul- 
bach, J. G. Wood, 
F. A. P. Barnard, 
Simon Cameron, 
Maria Mitchell, 
T. D. Woolsey, 
Wilkie Collins, 

Jefferson Davis, 
Rob. Browning. 



Jan. 9. Cyclone in Penna. very destruc- 
tive of life and property. 
Feb. 2. Fire in Buffalo destroys nearly 

$3,000,000 worth of property. 
Feb. 11. Creation of the Department of 

Agriculture in national government 
Mar. 4. Inauguration of Prest. Harrison. 
Apr. 22. Oklahoma opened to white 

settlement. 
Apr. 29-May 1. Celebration at N. Y. of 

centennial of Washington's inaugura- 
tion. 
May 31. Breaking of dam in Cone- 

maugh valley destroys 2235 lives at 

Johnstown, Pa. 
Oct. 2. Opening of the Pan-American 

conference at Washington. 
Nov. 2. Admission as States of North 

and South Dakota; 7, of Montana; 

11, of Washington. 
Nov. 13. Opening at Washington of the 

Roman Catholic Univ. of America. 
Ballot reform laws adopted by 11 

States during 1887-89. 



1889 

July 1-29. Visit of 
Shah of Persia. 

July 27. Marriage 
of Princess 
Louise of Wales 
to the Duke of 
Fife. 

Oct. 5. Earl of Zet- 
land succeeds the 
marquis of Lon- 
donderry as lord 
lieutenant of 
Ireland. 

Numerous pro- 
longed strikes 
during 1889 kept 
thousands of 

workmen out ot 
work and caused 
much suffering 
in England. 

Oct. 15. The Brit- 
ish South African 
Company char- 
tered. 



1889 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



257 



A.D. 



France. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



World, elsewhere. 



18S9 



Feb. 21. Formation of new 
ministry under Tirard. 

Mar. 9. Repeal of the decree 
of banishment of Due 
d'Aumale. 

May 4. Centennial cele- 
bration of the opening 
of the States-General at 
Versailles. 

May 6. Opening of inter- 
national exhibition at 
Paris. 

July 9. Passage of army 
bill making service uni- 
versal. 

July 14. Centennial cele- 
bration of the fall of the 
Bastile. 

July 15. Passage of bill 
forbidding candidates to 
appear in more than one 
constituency. 

Aug. 12. Condemnation of 
Gen. Boulanger to per- 
petual imprisonment. 
(He takes refuge in 
Great Britain.) 

Sept. 22. General election 
favorable to the Repub- 
licans. 



1889 

Jan. 30. Suicide of Crown 
Prince Rudolph of Aus- 
tria. 

Mar. 6. Abdication of King 
Milan of Servia in favor 
of his son Alexander, 13 
years old. 

Apr. 2. King William of 
Holland pronounced 
mentally unable to 
govern. (He subsequent- 
ly recovers.) 

Apr. 25. Prince Frederick 
of Hohenzollern pro- 
claimed heir to Rou- 
manian throne. 

Apr. 29. Meeting at Berlin 
of delegates from United 
States, Germany, and 
England to arrange 
Samoan affairs. 

May — Formidable strike of 
miners in Germany. 

July 2. King Alexander of 
Servia anointed at 
Zitcha. 

July 27. Discovery of plot 
to blow up the Vatican. 

Aug. 3. Insurrection in 
Crete. 

Aug. 17. Destructive hur- 
ricane at Granada. 

Sept. 6. Explosion in car- 
tridge factory at Ant- 
werp: 125 persons killed, 
200 others wounded. 

Oct. 19. Accession of Car- 
los I. to Portuguese 
throne on death of his 
father, Luis I. 

Dec. — General epidemic of 
influenza in Europe. 



1389 

Feb. 11. New constitution 
for japan proclaimed 
with two legislative 
chambers. 

Mar. 15-16. Violent hur- 
ricane at Samoa; three 
German and three Amer- 
ican men-of-war driven 
on shore. 

Apr. 3. King John of Abys- 
sinia defeated and slain 
by the dervishes. 

Apr. 10. Death at Molokai, 
Hawaii, of Father Dam- 
ien, the leper priest. 

Aug. 11. Insurrection in 
Hawaii. 

Oct. 17. Gen. Hyppolite 
chosen prest. of Hayti 
(after a year's war with 
Legitime). 

Sept. 4. Egyptians de- 
feated by dervishes near 
Suakim. 

Nov. 15. Expulsion of 
Brazilian emperor and 
establishment of a re- 
public . 



258 



TABULAR VIEWS 



189O A.D.- 



Progress of Society, etc. 



United States. 



British Empire. 



1890 



1891 



Jan. 25. A New York news 
paper reporter completes 
a journey around the 
world in 72 days. 



Mar. 4. Railway bridge 
over the Forth put into 
operation. 

Apr. 20. Henry M. Stanley 
arrives in London on his 
return from the greatest 
of his African expedi- 
tions, having crossed the 
continent from west to 
east. 



July 15. New Croton aque- 
duct in New York put 
into operation. 



Aug. 6. First execution by 
electricity in the State of 
New York. 

Aug. 26. Equatorial rail- 
way inaugurated at 
Mombassa, British East 
Africa. 

Oct. — The Mormon church 
declares against the 
practice of polygamy. 

Deaths in 1890: Amadeus 
I., ex-king of Spain; J. J 
Astor; G. H. Boker: A. 
Chatrian; C. W. Cope; 
E. Dodge; I. Dollinger, 
D. B. Fayerweather; J. 
C. Fremont; O. Feuillet; 
J. Hergenrother; Cardi- 
nal Newman; C. H. F 
Peters; J. E. T. Rogers; 
H. Schliemann; William 
III., of the Netherlands. 



Jan. — Discovery in the Brit- 
ish Museum of the MS. 
of Aristotle's Athenian 
Constitution. 



1890 

Jan. 23. Organization of 

the Woman's Christian 
Temperance Union, at 
Cleveland, O. 

Feb. 24. Chicago selected 
by the House of Repre- 
sentatives as site for the 
World's Columbian Ex- 
position. 

Mar. — Boomers invade 
Cherokee territories; 

warned out by president. 

April 28. Supreme Court 
decides that liquors in 
" original packages " 
may be brought into 
and sold in any State. 

May 19. Supreme Court de- 
clares confiscation of 
Mormon property under 
Edmunds Law constitu- 
tional. 

June 2. The eleventh cen- 
sus begins. 

July 2. Sherman Act for 
the protection of trade 
and commerce against 
unlawful restraints and 
monopolies. 

July 14. Sherman Act for 
the monthly purchase of 
4,500,000 ounces of sil- 
ver by the government 
and the issue of silver 
treasury notes. 

Aug. 8. Act empowering 
States to regulate sale of 
liquors in "original 
packages. " 



Oct. 1. The McKinley 
Tariff Bill becomes law. 

Oct. — Ghost dance excite- 
ment among the Sioux 
Indians. 



Dec. 15. Sitting Bull, 
chief of the Sioux, 
killed. 



1891 

Jan. 14. Conference of 

Indian chiefs and U. S. 

authorities at Pine Ridge 

S. D.; end of Indian 

outbreak. 



1890 

Feb. 3. The suit of Parnell 
against the London 
Times settled by the 
payment of £5,000 to 
plaintiff. 



Mar. 28. New education 
code, abolishing pay- 
ment by results goes 
into effect. 



May 4. Great labor demon- 
stration in Hyde Park 
in favor of an eight -hour 

day. 



July 1. Treaty of terri- 
torial delimitation with 
Germany in Africa ; 
Great Britain receives 
protectorate over Zanzi- 
bar and cedes Heligo- 
land to Germany. 



Sept. 18. John Dillon and 
William O'Brien, Irish 
leaders, arrested for con- 
spiracy. 



Nov. 15. Beginning of the 
O'Shea divorce trial, 
implicating Parnell. 

Dec. 6. Irish party in 
Parliament split ; Par- 
nell repudiated by a 
majority of his followers 
under Justin McCarthy. 

1891 

Jan. 27. House of Com- 
mons expunges resolu- 
tion of June 22, 
1880, preventing Charles 
Bradlaugh from taking 
his seat. 



189I A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



259 



A.D. 



France and Germany. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1890 



Jan. 25. A new Anti- 
Socialist law is rejected 
by the German Reich- 
stag. 

Mar. 14. Tirard ministry 
in France resigns; suc- 
ceeded by Freycinet 
cabinet. 

Mar. 15. Opening of the 
international labor con- 
ference at Berlin, called 
under the auspices of the 
emperor. 

Mar. 18. Bismarck resigns 
the chancellorship; he is 
succeeded by von Ca- 
pri vi (20). 

May 6. German Reichstag 
opened by emperor, who 
announces programme 
of labor legislation. 



Sept. 16. International 
commercial congress 

meets at Paris. 



Oct. 12. Expiration of 
Anti-Socialist law in 
Germany celebrated by a 
great Socialist congress 
at Halle. 



1891 



1890 

Jan. 12. Portugal com- 
pelled by Great Britain 
to yield disputed claims 
in East Africa. 

Mar. 7. Tisza, Hungarian 
premier, resigns after 14 
years in office. 



Jan. 22. Supreme Council 
of Labor established in 
France. 



May. — Labor disturbances 
in Spanish cities, princi 
pally in Barcelona. 

July 5. Spain: Canovas del 
Castillo, premier. 

July — Russia : Revival of 
edicts against the Jews, 
aiming at their concen- 
tration in the towns and 
restricting their educa 
tional opportunities. 



Sept. 11. Liberal uprising 
in the Swiss Canton 
Ticino against the re- 
actionary government; 
the electoral laws re- 
vised. 

Oct. 28. Ministry of 
Trikoupis in Greece re- 
signs and is succeeded 
by one under Delyannis. 



Nov. 23. William III. of 
the Netherlands dies, 
and is succeeded by his 
daughter Wilhelmina, 
under the regency of her 
mother. 



1891 

Jan. 31. Military revolt at 
Oporto in Portugal. 



1890 

Jan. 8. Brazil. Proclama- 
tion of religious equality 
and separation of church 
and state. 

Feb. — Outbreak of war be- 
tween the French and 
the king of Dahomey. 



Apr. 21. Japan. New 
civil code proclaimed. 



May. — Conflicts between 
the Maronites and the 
Druses in Syria. 

July 17. Outbreak of war 
between Guatemala and 
Salvador; Honduras in- 
volved; peace con- 
cluded Aug. 27. 

July 26. Sanguinary in- 
surrection in Buenos 
Ayres against President 
Celman; he resigns Aug. 
6. 



Oct. 5. Dahomey concludes 
peace with France. 

Oct. 17. Sultan of Zanzi- 
bar surrenders suzer- 
ainty to coastland of 
German East Africa. 

Nov. 29. First Japanese 
parliament opened. 



1891 

Jan. 1. Chile. Congress de- 
clares President Bal- 
maceda deposed; 8, the 
fleet supports the Con- 
gress. 



26o 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1S9I A.D. 



A.D. 



Progress of Society, etc. 



United States. 



British Empire. 



1891 



Feb. 22. First meeting of 
the Women's National 
Council at Washington. 



April 1. Telephone between 
London and Paris 
opened. 



May 23. International Pos- 
tal Congress meets at 
Vienna. 



June 19. Opening of 
first section of Man- 
chester Ship Canal in 
England. 

July. — Experiments with 
smokeless powder at 
Sandy Hook, N. J. 

Aug. — Artificial rain pro- 
duction experiments in 
Texas. 



Oct. 1. Opening of the 
Leland Stanford, Jr., 
University at Palo Alto, 
Cal. 

Oct. 22. Announcement of 
Dr. Robert Koch's 
remedy for tuberculosis. 

Deaths in 1891: G. Ban- 
croft; C. Bradlaugh; J. 
Grevy; G. E. Hauss- 
mann; J. E. Johnston; 
A. W. Kinglake; J. R. 
Lowell ; Lord Lytton ; 
J. A.Macdonald; J.L.E. 
Meissonier; von Moltke; 
C.S. Parnell; Pedro II.; 
D. D. Porter; W. T. 
Sherman. 



1891 

Feb. 26. Enactment of a 

maximum freight bill in 

Nebraska. 



1891 

Feb. 20. Resolution in 
favor of disestablishing 
Welsh Church defeated. 



Mar. 3. 



International 



copyright law enacted. 

Mar. 14. Eleven Italians 
supposed members of 
the "Mafia" secret so 
ciety, lynched by a mob 
at New Orleans; compli 
cations with Italy fol 
low; 31, Italian minister 
recalled 

Apr. 14. President Harri- 
son begins an extensive! 
trip through the South 
and the West. 

Apr. 28. China refuses to 
accept H. W. Blair as 
U. S minister. 

May 19. People's Party 
organized at Cincinnati, 
O. 



June 4. The transport 
ltata, which had escaped 
from San Diego with 
arms for the Chilean in- 
surgents, surrenders to 
the American vessels at' 
Iquique. 

Aug. 13. Presidential 
order excludes white 
men from the Cherokee 
strip. 



Sept. 22. New lands in 
Oklahoma thrown open 
to settlement. 



Oct. 16. Sailors from the 
U. S. cruiser Baltimore 
assaulted in the streets 
of Valparaiso and two 
killed. 

Nov. 29. The Cherokee 
council agrees to sell 
the Cherokee strip to 
the United States. 



Mar. 



Insurrection 



Manipuris in Assam. 



of 



Apr. 27. British troops oc- 
cupy Manipur, which is 
deserted by rebels. 



Junel6. Regent of Manipur 
sentenced to death for 
treachery. 

July — Visit of German 

emperor and empress in 

England. 
Aug. 22. Native tributary 

ruler established over 

Manipur. 



Sept. 13. British force 
lands on island of Mity- 
lene as retort to sultan's 
act in permitting Rus- 
sian vessels to pass 
through the Dardanelles. 

Oct. 27. Riots between 
Parnellites and anti- 
Parnellites at Cork. 



1 89 1 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



26l 



A.D. 



France and Germany. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1891 



Mar. 11. France agrees to 
arbitrate Newfoundland 
fisheries question with 
England. 



May 1. Prince Bismarck is 
elected to the Reichstag 
from Geestemunde. 



July-Aug. — A French fleet 
visits Cronstadt and the 
attendant festivities are 
taken to mark a close 
understanding with Rus- 
sia. 



Sept. 30. Gen. Boulanger 
commits suicide near 
Brussels. 



Oct. 6. William II. of Wurt- 
temberg succeeds Char- 
les I. 



Nov. 6. Mission from Siam 
arrives at Berlin. 



1891 



Mar. — The Spainards suc- 
ceed in subduing a 
native uprising in the 
Caroline Islands. 



Apr. 22. Russia: Im- 
perial ukase orders ex- 
pulsion of Jews from 
Moscow. 



May 11. The Russian 
czarewitch (Nicholas II) 
assaulted at Kioto, 
Japan. 

May 24. The construction 
of the Trans-Siberian 
railway begins. 

June 29. Renewal of the 
Triple Alliance between 
Germany, Austria, and 
Italy. 



Aug. 1. Switzerland: Cele- 
bration of the six 
hundredth anniversary 
of the foundation of the 
Swiss Confederacy. 



Nov. 2. The sultan forbids 
destitute Jews to enter 
the empire. 

Nov. 3. Inter-parliamen- 
tary peace conference 
assembles at Rome. 



1891 

Feb. 19. Egypt: Dervishes 
under Osman Digna de- 
feated by Egyptian 
troops at Tokar. 

Feb. 25. Brazil: Marshal 
Fonseca elected presi- 
dent . 

Mar. 7. Chile: Government 
troops defeated by Con- 
gressionalists at Pozo 
Almonte. 



Apr. 10. Chile: Junta estab- 
lished by Congressional 
party at Iquique. 



May-Oct. — Anti-Christain 
riots in China on 
the Yang-tse-Kiang, at 
Nankin, and elsewhere. 



June 2. Chile : The Con- 
gressionalist army oc- 
cupies Husasco. 



Aug. 21. Chile : The govern- 
ment troops defeated at 
Aconcagua, and, 28, at 
Placilla; Congression- 
alists enter Valparaiso; 
31, Santiago taken. 

Sept. 19. Chile: President 
Balmaceda commits 
suicide. 



Nov. — Brazil : President 
Fonseca declares him- 
self dictator; revolution 
in Rio Grande do Sul; 
Fonseca resigns and is 
succeeded by Floriano 
Peixoto. 



262 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1892 A.D. 



A.D. 



Progress of Society, etc. 



United States. 



British Empire. 



1892 



Feb. 29. Treaty between 
U. S. and Great Britain 
for the adjustment of 
Bering Sea dispute by 
arbitration. 

Feb. — Discovery of a MS. 
Syriac version of the four 
gospels on Mt. Sinai by 
Mrs. Lewis and Mrs. 
Gibson. 

Mar. 20. Celebration at Al- 
bany of the two hundred 
and fiftieth anniversary 
of the First Dutch Re- 
formed Church. 

Apr. 27. Laying of the 
corner-stone of Grant's 
tomb at New York, and 
of the Catholic Universi- 
ty at Washington. 

May 9. Bering Sea arbi- 
tration treaty ratified. 



1892 

Jan. 23. The United States 
presents an ultimatum 
to Chile in the matter of 
the Baltimore ; its terms 
are accepted. 



Aug. 4. Opening of the 
canal connecting Amster- 
dam with the Rhine. 



Mar. — Provisions and 
money sent for the relief 
of the starving peasants 
in Russia. 



Apr. 14. The U. S. agrees 
to pay an indemnity of 
$25,000 for the lynching 
of the 11 Italians at New 
Orleans. Diplomatic 

relations restored. 

May 5. The Geary Chinese 
Exclusion Bill becomes 
a law. 



June 4. J. G. Blaine re- 
signs the secretaryship 
of state to become a 
candidate for the Re- 
publican presidential 
nomina tion; 10, 

Benjamin Harrison is 
nominated. 

June 23. Grover Cleveland 
is nominated for presi- 
dent by the Democratic 
party. 

July 1. Lockout of em- 
ployes in the Carnegie 
Steel Works at Home- 
stead, Pa.; 6, battle be- 
tween strikers and 
Pinkerton detectives at 
Homestead in which 20 
lives are lost. — Labor 
disorders in the Cceur 
d'Alene district, Idaho 

Aug. 14. Outbreak of 
switchmen's strikes at 
Buffalo marked by 
violence and the de- 
struction of property. — 
Strike of coal miners at 
Coal Creek, Tenn. 



1892. 

Jan. 3. Mob outrages 
against the Salvation 
Army at Eastbourne. 

Feb. 8. Joseph Chamber- 
lain elected leader of the 
Liberal -Unionists in 

Parliament. 



Mar. 12. Great strike of 
coal miners in Northern 
England, about 200,000 
men participating. 



May 5. An embassy under 
Charles Ewan Smith 
enters Fez, Morocco, in 
order to negotiate a 
commercial treaty. 



June 17. Immense gather- 
ing at Belfast to protest 
against Home Rule. 



Aug. 12. The Salisbury 
ministry resigns and is 
succeeded bya Gladstone 
cabinet. 



1892 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



263 



A.D. 



1892 



France and Germany. 



Feb. 18. The Freycinet 
ministry defeated and 
succeeded (28) by a 
Loubet cabinet. 



Mar. — France : Conflict 
between government and 
Catholic bishops owing 
to the participation of 
latter in political affairs 



Europe, elsewhere. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1892 

Jan. — Russia: Famine and 
plague rage. 
Spain: — Strikes and dis- 
order at Bilbao. 

Feb. -Apr. Anarchist dis- 
turbances at Barcelona, 
Cadiz, and Madrid. 



Mar. 1. Greece: The 

Delyannis ministry dis 
missed by the king. — In 
Vienna, great destitution 
among working classes. 



April. — Anarchist outrages throughout Europe in this 
and the following months. 



June 7. Meeting between 
German and_ Russian 
emperors at Kiel. 



July 11. Ravachol exe 
cuted at Montbrison in 
France for dynamite 
outrages. 



1892 

Jan. 7. Egypt: Death of 
Tewfik Pasha; he is 
succeeded as khedive by 
Abbas Pasha. 

Jan. 11. An outbreak of 
the native tribes in the 
neighborhood of Tangier, 
Morocco. — War between 
the French and the king 
of Dahomey. 



Mar. 15. Guatemala: 
Gen. Barrios becomes 
president. — Venezuela: 
Rebellion against Presi- 
dent Palacio headed by 
Crespo. 

Apr. 29. Hurricane de- 
stroys half of Port Louis, 
Island of Mauritius, 
with a loss of more than 
1200 lives. 



May 6. Rudini ministry in 
Italy succeeded by a 
Giolitti cabinet. 

May 26. Reciprocity be- 
tween Austria-Hungary 
and the United States 
established. 

June 8. Disaster in the 
silver mines at Birken- 
berg, Bohemia, results 
in loss of more than 300 
lives. 



June 15. Venezuela: Presi- 
dent Palacio resigns and 
flees from the capital. 



Aug. 17. Cholera appears 
at Hamburg; 6700 
deaths within a month 



July 18. The pope issues an 
encylcical on Columbus 
and the discovery of 
America. 



Aug. — R u s s i a : The 
peasants in the famine 
districts riot against the 
physicians. 

Aug. 3. Celebration at 
Genoa in honor of Co- 
lumbus. 



July 11. Porfirio Diaz re- 
elected president of 
Mexico. 



Aug. — The French take the 
offensive against the 
king of Dahomey and on 
the 25th they take 
Taku in Decame. 



264 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1892 A.D.- 



A.D. 



Progress op Society, etc. 



United States. 



British Empire. 



1892 



1893 



Sept. 13. Railway from 
Jaffa to Jerusalem com 
pleted. 



Oct. 1. University of 

Chicago opened. 
Oct. 23. World's Columbian 

Exposition at Chicago 

dedicated. 



Deaths in 1892: J. C. 
Adams; G. B. Airy; E. 
Arago; G. W. Curtis; C. 
W. Field; E. A. Free- 
man, C. A. Fyfte, J. A. 
Grant; G. Klapka; Car- 
dinal Manning; Richard 
Owen; J. Pope; N. Por- 
ter; E. Renan; C. H. 
Spurgeon; Tennyson; 
Walt Whitman; J. G. 
Whittier. 



Jan. 6. Completion of the 
Pacific extension of the 
Great Northern Railroad. 



1892 

Sept. 11. Return of Lieut. 
Peary to St. Johns, N. F., 
from the north after 
having established the 
fact that Greenland is an 
island in a remarkable 
sledge journey. 

Oct. 12. Four hundredth 
anniversary of the dis- 
covery of America cele- 
brated at New York and 
elsewhere. 



Nov. 8. Grover Cleveland 

elected president. 
Nov. 20. The strike" at 

Homestead abandoned. 



1892 

Sept. 14. Ireland: Total re- 
peal of the Criminal 
Law and Procedure Act, 
signifying end of strug- 
gle against the National 
League. 



April 11. Opening of the 
first railway in Siam. 



1893 

Jan. 4. General amnesty 
for all polygamists who 
had abandoned the prac- 
tice after Nov. 1, 1890 



Feb.l. The U.S. minister 
in Hawaii proclaims an 
American protectorate 
over the islands — 15, 
President Harrison sub- 
mits a treaty of annex 
ation to the Senate. 

vlar. 9. President Cleve- 
land recalls the Hawaiian 
annexation treaty from 
the Senate. 

Apr. 1. The American pro- 
tectorate over the Hawai- 
ian Islands terminated 
by special commissioner 
Blount. 



May 1. The World's Columbian Exposition at 
Chicago formally opened by President Cleveland. 

C. A. Briggs convicted of 
heresy by the Presby- 
terian General Assembly 
and suspended from the 
ministry. 



Dec. 23. Michael Davitt's 
election to Parliament 
from North Meath de- 
clared void on account 
of intimidation by 
clergy. 

1893 

Jan. 17. Strained relations 
with France over as- 
sertion of English 
authority in the matter 
of ministerial appoint- 
ments in Egypt. 

Feb. 13. Mr. Gladstone in- 
troduces Irish Home 
Rule Bill in House of 
Commons. 



Mar. 21. Extradition 
treaty concluded with 
Roumania. 

Apr. 4. Beginning of 
riotous demonstrations 
at Hull, in connection 
with dock strike. — Fail- 
ure of Australian banks 
followed by crisis. 

May 19. Hull dock strike 
ends. 



1893 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



265 



A.D. 



France and Germany. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



1892 



Sept. 22. Celebration in 
France of the centen- 
nial of the first republic. 
— Strike and disorder at 
the Carmaux mines. 



1892 



1893 



Nov. 28. Fall of the Loubet 
cabinet in France as a 
result of the revelations 
of fraud in connection 
with the Panama Canal 
involving many mem- 
bers of the Chambers. 

Dec. 5. New ministry in 
France headed by Ribot. 



Jan. — Developments in 
the Panama scandal 
revealing the culpability 
of men high in politics. 



Feb. 9. Conviction of sev- 
eral Panama directors, 
among them Ferdinand 
de Lesseps and Eiffel. 



Mar. 30. Fall of the Ribot 
ministry in France. 

April 4. France: C. Dupuy 
forms a new ministry. 



May 7. Germany: The fail- 
ure of the government 
army bills is followed by 
the dissolution of the 
Reichstag. 



Oct. 9. Outbreak of dis- 
order in Crete. Conflicts 
between the inhabitants 
and the Turkish soldiers 



Nov. 9. Hungarian minis- 
try under Szapary sue 
ceeded by a cabinet 
under Wekerle. 



Dec. 7. Spain: TheCanovas 
del Castillo ministry 
goes out of office and is 
succeeded by a Sagasta 
cabinet. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1892 

Sept. 15. French defeat 

the Lahomey forces at 

Dogba. 



Oct. 6. French gain a de- 
cisive victory over the 
forces of Dahomey at 
Pongnessa. — Venezuela: 
The forces under Crespo 
gain the battle of Los 
TequesandenterCaracas 
(9th). Crespo is pro- 
claimed provisional pre- 
sident. 

Nov. 21. French troops 
enter Abomey, capital of 
Dahomey. 



Dec. — Revolutionary out- 
break in the province of 
Corrientes, Argentina. 



1893 

Jan. — Italy: Scandals in 
connection with the state 
banks involving promi- 
nent statesmen, among 
them Crispi. 



Mar. 21. Russia: Alexeieff, 
mayor of Moscow, assas- 
sinated. 

Apr. 13. Servia: Alexander 
I. by a coup d'etat de- 
clares himself of age 
and assumes personal 
rule. 



1893 

Jan. 17. Revolution in 
Hawaii; Queen Liliaio- 
kalani dethroned, pro- 
visional government re- 
cognized by American 
minister. 

Feb. 6. Argentina: Armed 
uprising in the province 
of Santa Fe, in opposi- 
tion to wheat tax. 



Mar. 14. Severe fighting 
between British and 
hill tribes on the In- 
dian frontier at Chilas. 
Conflict between the 
French and the Siamese 
over the possession of 
the left bank of the 
Mekong River below 23" 

May 11. Nicaragua: A 
revolution breaks out 
against President Sa- 
caza, who resigns (26th). 



266 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1893 A.D.- 



A.D. 



Progress of Society, etc. 



United States. 



British Empire. 



1893 



1894 



June 24. Nansen sets out 
on his Arctic expedition 
from Christiania. 



1893 

June 30. — Financial crisis 
reaches its climax and 
President Cleveland is 
sues a call for an extra 
session of Congress 
for Aug. 7. 



July. — Lieut. Pearysets out July. — Suspension of banks 
for the Arctic regions 
from New York. 



Sept. 13. Completion of 
observatory on Mount 
Blanc. 



Oct. 30. Closing of the 
World's Columbian Ex- 
position. 



Nov. 28. Memorial window 
to James Russell Lowell 
unveiled at Chapter 
House, Westminister. 

Deaths in 1S93: P. G. T. 
Beauregard; Edwin 

. Booth; B. F. Butler; J. 
Ferry; C. F.Gounod; R. 
B. Hayes; C. J. Hefele; 

B. Jowett; Fanny Kem- 
ble; Marshal MacMahon; 

C. Merivale ; F. Parkman ; 
J. Rae; P. Schaff; J. A. 
Symonds; H. A. Taine; 
P. I. Tschaikowsky; J. 
Tyndall. 

Jan. 1. Opening of the 
Manchester Ship Canal. 



Feb. 19. Purity in elections 
vindicated in the con- 
viction of the notorious 
boss, John Y. McKane, 
of Gravesend, Brooklyn. 



and business houses con- 
tinues throughout 
month 



Aug. 15. The Court of 
Arbitration at Paris in 
the Bering Sea contro- 
versy with Great Britain 
decides against the Unit- 
ed States. 

Sept. 16. The Cherokee 
strip thrown open to 
settlement. 



Oct. 30-Nov. 1. Sherman 
Silver Purchase Bill re 
pealed. 



Nov. 20. Supreme Court 
decides that the term 
" high seas " applies to 
the Great Lakes. 



1894 

Jan 17. Issue of a $50, 
000,000 loan by popular 
subscription. 

Jan. 30. Insurgent war- 
ships at Rio Janeiro fire 
on an American vessel; 
fire returned by U. S. 
Detroit. 

Feb. 8. Laws for the fed- 
eral control of federal 
elections (so called 
" Force Bills") repealed. 



1893 

June 23. The man-of-war 
Victoria comes in col- 
lision with the Camper- 
down and sinks; 339 
men lost. 

June 26. India terminates 
the free coinage of 
silver. 

July 20. General strike of 
coal miners. 



Aug. 16. Commercial 
treaty with Servia rati- 
fied. — Strike violence 
among coal miners in 
Wales. 

Sept. 1. The Home Rule 
Bill passes the House of 
Commons; 8, the hill 
rejected by the Lords ; 27 , 
Mr. Gladstone denoun- 
ces the House of Lords 
as an anachronism. 

Oct. 11. Lord Elgin ap- 
pointed viceroy of India. 



Nov. 2. The Matabeles de- 
feated and Buluwayo 
burned. 

Nov. 13. End of coal strike 
begun in July. 



1894 

Jan. 13. A British force un- 
der Capt. Wilson cut to 
pieces in Matabeleland. 



Feb. 20. The liberal govern- 
ment, foreseeing defeat, 
abandons the Em- 
ployers' Liability Act. 



1894 A - D - 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



267 



France and Germany. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



The World, elsewhere. 



June 28. Germany: Elec- 
tions for the Reichstag 
show decisive gains for 
the government. 



July 15. The army bill 
passes the German Reich - 
stag. 



Aug. 18. Italian laborers 
assaulted and slain at 
the salt works of Aigues- 
Mortes in France. 



Oct. 3. France: Treaty in 
settlement of disputes 
with Siam; 13, visit of 
Russian fleet at Toulon 
amidst great enthus- 
iasm. 

Nov. 26. France: Fall of 
the Dupuy ministry. 



Dec. 5. France: Casimir- 
Perier forms a new min- 
istry; 10, bomb exploded 
in the Chamber of Depu- 
ties by an anarchist, 
wounding 47. 



Jan. 26. Germany: Prince 
Bismarck visits Berlin 
and is received with 
tremendous enthusiasm 
by the inhabitants. 



Feb. 10. Commercial treaty 
between Germany and 
Russia signed. 



1893 

June 20. Russia: Stampede 
in a church at Jarosloff 
results in 200 deaths. 



July. — Russia engages in a 
bitter tariff warfare 
with Germany. 



Sept. 2. Belgium : Universal 
suffrage in combination 
with plural voting es- 
tablished. 



Oct. -Nov. — Severe fighting 
between Spanish forces 
and Moorish tribesmen 
of the Riff. 



Nov. 3. Explosion of 
dynamite at Santander, 
in Spain, kills hundreds. 

Nov. 7. Anarchists explode 
bombs in a Barcelona 
theatre, killing many. 



1894 

Jan. Italy: Rioting in 

Sicily in opposition to 

increased taxes. 



1S93 



July 30. Siam yields to the 
French ultimatum and 
abandons claims to the 
left bank of the Mekong 
River. — Revolt in sev- 
eral provinces of Argen- 
tina. 

Aug. 2. Argentina: In- 
surgents seize the 
government of the 
province of Santa Fe. 



Sept. 7. Brazil: The navy 
under Admiral Mcllo 
revolts against Presi- 
dent Peixoto; 14, Rio 
de Janeiro bombarded 
on several days. 

Oct. — Outbreak of war be- 
tween the British South 
African Company and 
the Matabeles under 
Lobengula. — Revolt in 
Argentina suppressed. 

Nov. -Dec. Hawaii: — Presi- 
dent Cleveland's at- 
tempt to restore the 
monarchy fails before 
the uncompromising 

attitude of the deposed 
queen. 

Brazil : Rebellions 
break out in several 
states; Da Gama suc- 
ceeds Mello as com- 
mander of fleet near 
Rio de Janeiro (Nov. 30). 



1894 

Jan. 10. The French oc- 
cupy Timbuctoo in the 
Western Sudan. 



Feb. 12. Nicaraguans in- 
vade and take posses- 
sion of the Mosquito 
coast; England protests. 



268 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1894 A.D. 



A.D. 



Progress of Society, etc. 



United States. 



British Empire. 



1894 



May 5. Opening of the Ant- 
werp International Ex- 
position. 

May 14. Meeting of the 
International Miner's 
Congress at Berlin, rep- 
resenting nearly the 
entire world. 



July. Arctic expedition 
under F G. Jackson sails 
from London for Franz 
Josef Land. 



Aug. 2. Successful trial of 
Maxim's flying machine 
at Bexley, Eng.; 13, 
Lord Rayleigh announ- 
ces the discovery of the 
atmospheric element, 
argon. 

Sept. 30. Opening of the 
ship canal connecting 
the Baltic with the 
North Sea. 



1894 

Mar. 25. The "Commen- 
weal" army under J. S. 
Coxey starts from Mas- 
sillon, O., for Washing- 
ton. 

Mar. 29. President vetoes 
Silver Seigniorage Bill. 



Apr. 19. The Supreme 
Court of South Carolina 
declares the State liquor 
dispensary law uncon 
stitutional. 



May 1. Coxey's army at 
Washington dispersed 
while attempting a 
demonstration on the 
Capitol steps. 

May 11, Beginning of the 
great railway strike at 
Pullman, Ind. 

June 27-28. Pullman strike 
develops into a general 
railway strike attecting 
nearly all important 
roads west of the Mis- 
sissippi; disorders at 
Hammond, Ind., and 
elsewhere. 



July 1. The federal govern- 
ment intervenes in the 
railway strike on the 
ground of interference 
with the mails by the 
strikers; federal troops 
called out in Colorado, 
Illinois, and Utah; 8, 
federal troops fire upon 
strikers at Hammond , 
Ind.; 10, officers of 
the American Railway 
union indicted and 17 
sent to jail; the strike 
collapses. 

Aug. 27. Wilson Tariff 
Bill amended in the 
Senate becomes law 
without signature of 
president. 



Sept. 27. Proclamation by 
president pardoning 

polygamists convicted 
under Edmunds Act. 

Oct. Proceedings against 
the Sugar Trust at 
Washington and the 
Standard Oil Company 
in Pennsylvania. 



1894 

Mar. 2. Premier Gladstone 
resigns office and is suc- 
ceeded (3d) by Lord 
Rosebery. 



Apr. 16. The Chancellor of 
the Exchequer intro- 
duces a "democratic" 
budget, the chief feature 
of which is a graduated 
succession and income 
tax. 

May 25. British force de- 
feats slave traders on 
Lake Nyassa. 



June 19. British protecto- 
rate established over 
Uganda in East Africa. 



July 25. The Chinese trans- 
port Kowshing sunk by 
the Japanese though 
flying the British flag. 



Aug. 25. Commercial trea- 
ty with Japan ratified by 
that power. 



Sept. 13. India, riots be- 
tween the Hindoo and 
the Mohammedan popu- 
lation at Bombay and 
Poona. 



1 894 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



269 




Europe, elsewhere. 



The World elsewhere. 



1894 



Mar. 15. Anarchist bomb 
outrage at the Church 
of the Madeleine in 
Paris. 



May 22. France: Fall of 
Casimir-Perier ministry 
succeeded (28) by a Du 
puy cabinet. 



June 24. France: President 
Sadi Carnot assassinated 
by an Italian anarchist; 
27, Casimir-Perier 
elected president. 



Aug. 3. France: Cornelius 
Herz sentenced in 
default to 5 years' im- 
prisonment for share in 
Panama scandal. 



Sept. 7. Emperor William 
at Konigsberg reproves 
the agrarian nobles for 
their opposition to the 
government, 

Oct. 26. Germany: Chan- 
cellor von Caprivi re- 
signs, and is succeeded 
(30th) by Prince Hohen- 
lohe-Schillingsfurst. 



1894 

Mar. 7. Portuguese troops 
come into collision with 
the English on the 
Zambesi River. 

Mar. 17. Belgium: Minis- 
terial crisis, the govern- 
ment being defeated in 
its program of propor- 
tionate representation. 

Apr. 29. Netherlands: 
Ministerial crisis, govern- 
ment defeated on meas- 
ure for extending the 
franchise. Disastrous 

earthquake shocks in 
Greece. 

May 20. Alexander I., of 
Servia, suspends con 
stitution and re-estab 
lishes that of 1869 with a 
more restricted suffrage 

May 29. Bulgaria. Prime 
minister Stambuliff re 
signs. 

June 6. Belgium. A new 
electoral bill passed car 
rying on the scheme of 
constitutional reform. 



July 19. The Italian troops 
defeat the Dervishes 
and take Kassala 

(Abyssinia) by storm. 



Aug. 7. Denmark: Fall of 
the Estrup ministry, 
succeeded by a cabinet 
under Reedz-Thott. 



Sept. 25. Portugal: A for- 
midable Kalrir insurrec- 
tion in Portuguese East ! 
Africa threatens Lou- 
renzo Marques. 

Oct. 22. Italy: The govern-, 1 
ment decrees the sup- 
pression of socialist or 
ganizations or labor 
organizations in sympa- 
thy with socialists. 



1894 

Mar. 1. Brazil: Prudente 
de Moraes elected presi- 
dent; 14, the officers of 
the insurgent fleet, fail- 
ing to obtain favorable 
terms of surrender seek 
refuge on board a 
foreign vessel. 

Apr. 13. Brazil: Admiral 
Mello defeated at Rio 
Grande, and insurrection 
virtually comes to an 
end with his flight. 



May 2. Hawaii: Constitu- 
tional convention elect- 
ed to frame a republican 
form of government. 



June 6. Korea: The King 
applies to China for 
protection ; Japanese 
troops occupy Seoul; 
crisis with China pre- 
cipitated. 

June 7. Death of Muley 
Hassan sultan of 
Morocco; succeeded 

by Abdul Aziz. 

July 4. President of the 
Hawaiian republic 
elected. 

July 25. The Chinese trans- 
port Kowshing sunk by a 
Japanese man-of-war. 



Aug. 1 . Japan declares war 

on China. 
Aug. 4. Peru: Gen. Caceres 

president. 



Sept. 16. Japanese drive 
Chinese from Ping Yang ; 
17, Chinese fleet de- 
stroyed in first battle of 
modern iron-clads. 

Oct. 24-26. Japanese de- 
feat Chinese on the 
Yalu and invade Man- 
churia. Advance against 
Port Arthur. 



270 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1894 A.D.- 



A D. 



Progress of Society, etc. 



United States. 



British Empire. 



1S94 



1S95 



Deaths in 1894: J. Q. 

Adams, Sir Samuel W. 
Baker, C. E. Brown-Se 
quard, Brugseh, H. von 
Biilow, G. W. Childs, 
J. A. Froude, Helm 
holtz, Oliver Wendell 
Holmes, Kossuth, A. La- 
yard, W. Moon, H.Morley, 
Comte de Paris, G. J. 
Romanes, Anton Rubin- 
stein, J. F. Stephen, R. 
L. Stevenson, W. Wad- 
dington, J. Walter, 
W. D. Whitney. 



Jan. 15. The ruler of Siam 
establishes a legislative 
council by decree. 



Mar. 24. The Hungarian 
Chamber of Magnates 
passes a Freedom of 
Worship Bill. 



Apr. 7. Fridtjof Nansen, 
after drifting in the 
Fram, reaches 86° 14' 
North, 270 miles from 
the pole. 



May. Installation of the 
Yerkes telescope at the 
observatory of the Uni- 
versity of Chicago, Lake 
Geneva, Wis. 



1894 

Nov. 7. Congressional 
elections show a large 
increase of Republican 
strength. 

Dec. 31. The Lexow Com- 
mittee completes its 
investigation of munici- 
pal corruption in New 
York. 



1895. 

Jan. Strike of street 
railway employees in 
Brooklyn marked by 
violence and the calling 
out of the state militia. 



1894 

Nov. 13-14. Destructive 

gales and floods in the 

British Isles. 



Feb. 6. The president 
renders decision in 
favor of Brazil in its 
boundary dispute with 
Argentina. 

Mar. 15. U. S. government 
begins suit against es- 
tate of Senator Stanford 
of California to recover 
funds advanced in aid 
of the construction of 
the Central Pacific. 

Apr. 8. U. S. Supreme 
Court declares the in- 
come tax law of 1894 
unconstitutional in part. 



May. 20. U. S. Supreme 
Court declares income 
tax law unconstitutional 
in whole. 



1895. 

Jan. 21. Agreement re- 
specting the hinterland 
of Sierra Leone signed in 
Paris. 



Mar. 16. A great lockout of 
boot and shoe makers in 
Leicester and North- 
ampton; 200,000 men 
affected. 



Apr. British expedition 
against Umra Khan who 
had usurped power in 
Chitral. — A British fleet 
enforces the payment of 
indemnity by Nicaragua 
in the Mosquito Coast 
dispute. 



May 5. Settlement of the 
Nicaragua dispute and 
withdrawal of British 
squadron. 






1895 A - D - 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



271 



A. D. 



France and Germany. 



Europe elsewhere. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1894 



1895 



Nov. 10. Rupture of di 
plomatic relations be 
tween France and 
Madagascar; France 
prepares for war. 

Dec. France: Capt. Alfred 
Dreyfus found guilty of 
selling military secrets 
to a foreign power; de 
graded and sentenced to 
imprisonment for life. 



Jan. 14. France: TheDupuy 
ministry resigns; 15 
President Casimir-Perier 
resigns; 17, Felix Faure 
elected his successor; 
27, Ribot forms a new 
cabinet. 



Feb. Germany: Agrarian 
movement makes rapid 
headway in combination 
with bimetallism agita- 
tion. 

Mai. 24. Popular indigna 
tion aroused in Germany 
by refusal of Reichstag 
to extend congratula 
tions to Prince Bismarck 
on his eightieth birthday 



May. France and Germany 
co-operate with Russia 
in compelling Japan to 
relinquish the Liao- 
Tung peninsula to China. 
Failure of anti -socialist 
bill in Germany. 



1894 

Nov. 1. Russia: Death of 
Czar Alexander III.; he 
is succeeded by Nicho- 
las II. 

Dec. Resignation of the 
Hungarian premier 
Wekerle. 



1895. 

Jan. 14. Banffy organizes 

a new Hungarian minis 

try. 
Jan. 29. The steamer Elbe 

sinks in the North Sea 

with a loss of 335 lives. 



Feb. Spain: Fall of the 
Sagasta ministry; Cano 
vas del Castillo, premier 

Feb. 2S. Russia: Labanoff 
succeeds Giers as minis 
ter of foreign affairs. 



Apr. 30. Austria -Hungary 
concludes a commercial 
treaty with Bulgaria. 



May 11. Turkey: British, 
French, and Russian 
ambassadors present 
note to Sultan demand- 
ing reforms in Armenia. 



1894 

Nov. 21-22. Japanese take 

Port Arthur by assault; 

21, Chin«e repulsed at 

Kin -Chow. 

Dec. 14. Chinese repulsed 
by Japanese at Feng- 
hwang-cheng and, 19, 
at Hai-cheng. 



1895 

Jan. 30-Feb. 18. Japan: 
Japanese take Wei-hai- 
wei and destroy Chinese 
fleet. 

Jan. Armenia: Con- 
firmation of Turkish 
atrocities reachesEurope. 
Peru: Revolution 
against PresidentCaceres 
headed by Pierola. 

Venezuela: Conflict be- 
tween Venezuelans and 
British Guiana border 
police. 

Feb. 24. Revolutionary 
outbreak in Cuba. 



March 4. Japanese take 
Niuchwang; 15, Li 
Hung Chang, Chinese 
peace envoy leaves for 
Japan; 25, He is as- 
saulted at Shimonoseki 
by a Japanese. 

Apr. 17. Treaty of Shimo- 
noseki between China 
and Japan ; independence 
of Corea recognized ; 
Formosa, Pescadores and 
peninsula of Liao Tung 
ceded to Japan. 

Apr. 26. Martinez -Campos 
assumes command 
against the revolution- 
ists in Cuba. 

May 6. Japan forced by 
Russia, France, and 
Germany to retrocede 
Liao-Tung to China. 
Cuba: The revolution 
develops great strength 
in the province of Puerto 
Principe where insur- 
gents are led by General 
Gomez. 



272 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1895 A.D.- 



A.D. 



Progress of Society, etc. 



United States. 



British Empire. 



1895 



June 21. The Kaiser Wil- 
helm Canal connecting 
the Baltic and North 
Seas officially opened. 



1896 



Aug. The distribution of 
electrical power genera- 
ted at Niagara Falls be- 
gins. 

Sept. 18. Inauguration of 
the Cotton States ex 
position at Atlanta, Ga 



Nov. W. H. Roentgen an- 
nounces the discovery 
of the so-called X-rays. 

Deaths in 1895: J. S. 
Blackie, Lord Randolph 
Churchill, J. D. Dana, F. 
Douglass, A. Dumas 
(fils), F. Engels, G. 
Freytag, Huxley, Pas- 
teur, H. C. Rawlinson, 
Christina Rossetti, 
Barthelemy Saint-Hi- 
laire, J. R. Seeley, W.W. 
Story, W. von Sybol. 



Feb. The president con- 
sents to act as arbitrator 
between Italy and 
Brazil. 



1895 

June 29. The suit of the 
U. S. against the Leland 
Stanford estate decided 
in favor of defendant. 



July. Strike of iron mines 
in Michigan; Indian 
troubles in Wyoming; 
the sound money 
controversy assumes 
national importance. 



Aug. 6. Race riots be- 
tween Italians and ne- 
gro miners in Spring 
Valley, Illinois. 

Sept. 21. In an interna 
tlonal athletic contest at 
New York the American 
team defeats the Eng 
lijh, winning all eleven 
events. 



Oct. 7. The U. S. District 
Court at Washington 
renders decision in 
favor of the govern- 
ment in the Potomac 
Flats case. 

Nov. 2. New constitution 
in South Carolina effects 
the disfranchisement of 
a large section of the 
negro population. 

Dec. 17. President Cleve- 
land recommends to 
Congress the appoint- 
ment of a commission 
to investigate the ques- 
tion at issue between 
Venezuela and Great 
Britain; the message 
brings about the possi- 
bility of war with Great 
Britain. 

1896 

Jan. 2. President Cleveland 
appoints a commission 
to determine the true 
boundary of Venezuela. 



1895 

June 24. Resignation of 
the Rosebery ministry; 
succeeded by a Salisbury 
ministry including Jos- 
eph Chamberlain and 
the Duke of Devonshire, 
Libera] Unionists. 

July. Establishment of the 
British East Africa Pro- 
tectorate. Dispute with 
Brazil over Trinidad 
Island, claimed by latter 
government. 



Feb. 4. Popular loan of 
$100,000,000 offered. 

Feb. 28. U. S. Senate 
passes resolutions favor- 
ing recognition of Cuban 
belligerency. 



Sept. 18. Commission ap- 
pointed for delimiting 
British and Russian 
Territory in the Pamir 
completes its work. 



Oct. The king of Ashanti 
rejects the ultimatum of 
Great Britain demand- 
ing the establishment of 
a British agent at Coo- 
massie ; hostilities follow. 

Nov. 16. Bechuanaland an- 
nexed to Cape Colony. 
A British expedition 
sets sail for Ashanti. 

Dec. 9. Great Britain 
presents an ultimatum 
to Venezuela demanding 
reparation for outrages 
on a British outpost in 
Guiana. 



1896 

Jan. 6. Cecil Rhodes re- 
signs premiership of 
Cape Colony because of 
his connection with the 
Jameson raid — Jan. 18, 
British occupy Coomas- 
sie, capitol of Ashanti. 

Feb. 18. John Dillon suc- 
ceeds Justin McCarthy 
as leader of the Irish 
Nationalist party in 
parliament. 



1896 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



273 



France and Germany. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1895 



1896 



June 29. The French de- 
feat the Hovas of Mada- 
gascar at Tsarasaotra. 



July 2. France: Reorgan- 
ization of the council of 
the Legion of Honor as 
a result of the Panama 
scandals. 



Aug. 22. The French oc- 
cupy Andriba in Mada- 
gascar in their advance 
on the capital. 

Sept. 30. The French troops 
defeat the Hovas and 
enter the capital Anta- 
nanarivo. 



Oct. 28. Fall of the Ribot 
ministry in France; suc- 
ceeded by a radical 
cabinet under Bour- 
geois (31). 

Nov. Establishment of 
French authority in 
Madagascar. 



Jan. 3. The German em- 
peror sends a telegram 
of congratulation to 
President Kruger of the 
Transvaal on the cap- 
ture of the Jameson 
raiders. 

Feb. 22. Resignation of the 
Bourgeois ministry in 
France. 

Feb. 28. Moderate re- 
publican ministry under 
M&ine. 



1895 

June 12. The Spanish Cor- 
tes votes 600,000,000 
pesetas and 40,000 men 
for the suppression of 
the Cuban insurrection 



July 15. Bulgaria: Mur- 
derous attack on ex- 
premier Stambuloff; he 
dies four days later. 



Aug. 21. The powers re 
iterate their demands 
upon the Sultan for re- 
forms in Armenia. 

Sept. 20. Italy: Twenty- 
fifth anniversary of the 
entry of Italian troops 
into Rome celebrated by 
the unveiling of monu- 
ments to Garibaldi, 
Cavour, Minghetti, and 
others. 

Oct. Turkey: Massacre of 
Armenians at Trebizond 
(6th) followed by pro- 
mulgation of reforms 
demanded by powers 
(17th). 

Nov. 3. Turkey: Commis- 
sion appointed for exe 
cution of reforms de- 
manded by the powers 

Dec. 8. Italy: The Italian 
army in Abyssinia de- 
feated by King Menelek 
at Ambalagi. 



1895 



1896 

Jan. 19. Spain: Gen. Wey- 
ler named to supersede 
Gen. Martinez. — Cam- 
pos in command of the 
forces in Cuba. 



July 20. The Venezuela- 
British Guiana boundary 
dispute the subject of a 
strong letter addressed 
to the British govern- 
ment by the U. S. sup- 
porting Venezuela and 
recommending arbitra- 
tion. 

Aug. China: Outrages 
against Christian mis- 
sionaries. 

Aug. A successful revolu- 
tion in Ecuador led by 
Alfaro who enters Quito 
in triumph. 



Nov. Cuba: 30,000 ad- 
ditional troops sent out 
by Spain; 19-20, Gen- 
eral Gomez defeats the 
Spaniards at Taguasco. 

Dec. 29. A laidmg force 
under Dr. Jameson in- 
vades the Transvaal 
from British Bechuana- 
land to co-operate with 
the Uitlanders in Johan- 
nesburg; they are de- 
feated and captured 
(Jan. 2, 1896). 



1896 

Jan. 15. Indo-China: By 
treaty between Great 
Britain and France the 
Mekong becomes the 
boundary between their 
respective possessions. 

Feb. 10. Gen. Weyler ar- 
rives in Cuba and enters 
upon a policy of severe 
repression. 



274 



TABULAR VIEWS 



I896 A.D. 



Progress of Society, etc. 



United States. 



British Empire. 



189G 



Mar. — Secession from the 
Salvation Army headed 
by Mr. and Mrs. Bal- 
lington Booth and or- 
ganization of "American 
Volunteers.' ' 



Apr. 6. Beginning at Ath- 
ens of the celebration 
of the revived Olympic 
games. 



May 2. Exposition at Buda- 
pest in celebration of the 
1000th anniversary of 
the birth of the Hun- 
garian kingdom. 



Aug. 13. Return to Vardo, 
Norway, of Fridtjof 
Nansen from his arctic 
voyage in the Fram. 

Aug. 22. International 
copyright congress as- 
sembles at Berne. The 
discovery of gold in the 
Klondike region, Alaska. 

Sept. 27. Inauguration of 
the canal around the Iron 
Gates on the Danube, 
greatly diminishing dan- 
gers to navigation. 



Oct 20. Princeton Univer- 
sity celebrates its sesqui- 
centennial. 

Deaths in 1896: E. Cur- 
tius, E. Du Bois-Rey- 
mond, G. Du Maurier, 
M. Frere-Orban, E. L. 
de Goncourt, B. A. 
Gould, W. R. Grove, 
Baron Jlirsch, A. Hous- 
saye, Thomas Hughes, F. 
Leighton, J. E. Millais, 
William Morris, H. A. 
Newton, A. Nobel, Cov- 
entry Patmore, J. B. 
L. Say, J_ F. Simon, C. 
Trikoupis, H. von Treit- 
schke, L. J. Trochu, 
Paul Verlaine. 



1896 

Mar. 2. U. S. Supreme 
Court renders a decision 
in favor of the Leland 
Stanford estate sued by 
the U. S. for the sum of 
$15,000,000. 



June 18. William Mc- 
Kinley nominated for 
president by the Repub- 
lican party; the Free 
Silver Republicans bolt. 

July 10. William J. Bryan 
is nominated for the 

E residency by the 
•emocratic party. 



Aug. 28. Li Hung Chang 
arrives in New York and 
is presented to the 
president on the fol- 
lowing day. 



Sept. 3. John M. Palmer 
nominated for president 
by the " gold' demo- 
crats. 



Oct. 4. Cardinal Satolli 
succeeded as papal rep- 
resentative in the U. S. 
by Sebastian Martinelli. 



Nov. 3. William McKinley, 
republican candidate for 
president elected by a 
great majority. 



1896 

Mar. — Formidable out- 
break among the Mata- 
beles who are joined by 
the native armed police. 



Apr. 30. The Transvaal 
government publishes 
telegrams implicating 
British South African 
officials in the attack on 
the South African Re- 
public. 

May 9. Matabeles defeated 
by British forces at 
Gwelo. 



June 7. The British Egyp- 
tian forces defeat the 
Dervishes at Ferkeh. 



July 28. Dr. Jameson and 
his officers sentenced to 
terms of imprisonment. 



Aug. 13. Irish Land Bill 
passed by the Lords; 22, 
Cecil Rhodes receives 
the surrender of the 
Matabeles at a con- 
ference in the Matoppo 
hills. 



Sept. 23. British expedi- 
tionary force under the 
Sirdar H. H. Kitchener 
enters Dongola, the 
power of the Dervishes 
broken for the time. 

Oct. 26. Frederick Temple 
bishop of London, ap- 
pointed archbishop of 
Canterbury as successor 
to E. W. Benson. 

Nov. 9. Lord Salisbury- 
announces that an 
agreement has been 
reached with the United 
States in regard to 
Venezuela. 



1896 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



275 



A.D. 



1896 



France and Germany. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



Mar. 28. M. Berthelot, 
French foreign minister, 
resigns because of criti- 
cism of lack of resistance 
to English advance in 
Egypt. 



The World, elsewhere. 



June 21. French Chamber 
of Deputies passes meas- 
ure making Madagascar 
a French colony. 

July 1. Germany: Reichs- 
tag passes a new and 
comprehensive civil code 
providing for compul- 
sory civil marriage to go 
into effect in 1900. 



1896 

Mar. 1. The Italian army 
under Gen. Baratieri 
overwhelmed by the 
Abyssinians at Adowa ; 
4, fall of the Crispi 
cabinet; 10, organiza- 
tion of a ministry by 
Rudini. 

Apr. 20. Belgium: Inter- 
national bimetallic Con- 
gress assembles at Brus 
sels. 



May 26. Russia: Nicholas 
II. crowned at Moscow 
during festivities thou 
sands of people are 
crushed to death in 
panic. 

June — Crete: Engagements 
between Christian in- 
surgents and Turkish 
troops who commit 
atrocities. 



Aug. 26. Turkey: San 
guinary riots in Con- 
stantinople, hundreds of 
Armenians slain. 



1896 

Mar. 27. China establishes 
a Customs and Post 
department under Sir 
Robert Hart. 



Apr. 26. Transvaal: Lead- 
ers of the Reform Com- 
mittee in Johannesburg 
condemned to death ; 
subsequently pardoned. 



May 1. Persia: Shah Nasir- 
ed-din assassinated. 



June 15. An earthquake 
followed by a tidal wave 
in Japan destroys from 
10,000 to 30,000 lives. 

July 21. Commercial treaty 
between China and 
Japan signed. 



Aug. 27. British fleet bom- 
bards Zanzibar and com- 
pels flight of usurping 
Sultan. Outbreak of 
formidable insurrec- 

tions in the Philippines. 



Sept. 30. Treaty between 
Italy and France by 
which former abandons 
opposition to French 
political ambitions in 
Tunis in return for com- 
mercial privileges 

Oct. 6. The czar received 
in Paris with tremen- 
dous enthusiasm. 



Sept. 11. Appointment of 
Georgi Pasha, a Chris- 
tian as governor general 
of Crete, preparatory to 
the institution of re- 
forms demanded by 
powers. 

Oct. 26. Treaty of Addis 
Abeba between Italy 
and Abyssinia wherein 
Italy abandons her 
claims to a protectorate 
over that country. 



Sept. Resumption of 
massacres in Armenia. 



Oct. China: Li Hung Chang 
on his return from a 
journey around the 
world is made minister 
for foreign affairs. 



Dec. Death in battle of 
Antonio Maceo, most 
successful of Cuban in- 
surgent leaders. 



276 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1897 A.D. 



A.D. 



Progress of Society, etc. 



United States. 



British Empire. 



1897 



Jan. 5. The German em- 
peror issues an order 
looking towards the re- 
striction of duelling in 
the army. 



Apr. 6. Slavery abolished 
by the Sultan of Zanzi- 
bar. 



May 1. Opening of the 
Tennessee Centennial ex- 
position at Nashville. 

May 5. The greater New 
York charter signed by 
the governor. 



July 11. S. A. Andree sets 
out from Dane Island, 
Spitzbergen, on a flight 
to the North Pole in a 
baloon; he does not 
return. 



Aug. 29. A Jewish congress 
meets at Basel to further 
the cause of a Jewish 
State in Palestine. 



Sept. 3. Return of the Jack- 
son-Harmsworth Arctic 
expedition (started, July, 
1894) with a mass of 
valuable information. 



1897 

Jan. 11. Arbitration treaty 
with Great Britain 
signed at Washington. 

Jan. 30. Convention signed 
with G^eat Britain pro- 
viding for a commission 
to determine disputed 
Alaska boundary. 

March. End of the great 
strike at Leadville, Col., 
in progress since June. 



Apr.27. Dedication of the 
Grant Monument in 
Riverside Park, New 
York. 



May 5. The Senate rejects 
the arbitration treaty 
with Great Britain sign- 
ed in January. 



June 16. Signing of the 
treaty of annexation 
w.th Hawaii. 



July. The arrival at Port 
Townsend, Wash., of a 
ship from the Klondike 
gives rise to a gold craze 
all over the country and 
a large emigration to 
Alaska. 

July 24. The Dingley Tar 
iff Bill becomes law. 



Sept. 20. Termination of 
the coal strike in eastern 
P ennsyl vania ; the 
militia is withdrawn (24). 



Nov. 6. Sealing treaty 
with Russia and Japan 
signed at Washington. 



Nov. 1. Opening of the new 

Congressional Library at 

Washington. 

Deaths in 1897: 

C. D. S. Bourbaki, J. Brahms, C. A. Dana, A. 
Daudet; Neal Dow, Henry Drisler, Henry George, J. 
Gilbert, Jean Ingelow, H. Meilhac, Margaret Oliphant, 
F. T. Palgrave, J. J. Sylvester, F. A. Walker, J. 
Winsor. 



1897 

Jan. 26. Victory of British 
forces over the Fulahs 
near Bida in Nigeria. 

Feb. 16. Parliamentary 
committee to investi- 
gate Jameson raid begins 
its sessions. 

Mar. Mr. Gladstone criti- 
cises the action of the 
European powers in 
Crete. 



Apr. Famine and plague in 
India; nearly three mil- 
lion men employed on 
relief works. 



May 28. A. Beit, the 
South African million- 
aire testifies that he con- 
tributed about $250,000 
to the insurrectionary 
movement in the 
Transvaal. 

June 22. Beginning of the 
Jubilee celebration in 
commemoration of the 
longest reign in English 
history. 

July 30. Arrival at Ports- 
mouth of the king of 
Spain on his tour through 
Europe. 



Aug. India. Suppression of 
an outbreak of Waziri 
tribesmen on the 
northwest frontier and 
beginning of hostilities 
with Afridis. 

Sept. 14. The Afridis de- 
feated with great 
slaughter, at Sarajare. 



Nov. 4. The railway from 
Cape Town opened as 
far as Buluwayo, Rho- 
desia. 



1897 A. D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



277 



A.D. 



1897 



France and Germany. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



The Word, elsewhere. 



Feb. 7. Collapse of great 
dock strike at Hamburg 
in progress since Novem- 
ber. 

Mar. 21. Celebration in 
Germany of the cen- 
tenary of the birth of 
William I. 



Apr. 8. The Sugar Bounties 
Bill becomes law in 
France. 



May 4. In the burning of 

the Charity Bazar in 

Paris about 150 lives 

are lost, including mem 

bers of the highest aris 

tocracy, mostly women 



July 20. The Prussian diet 
defeats the government 
bill aimed at restricting 
freedom of public meet- 
ing and association. 



1897 

Jan. 11. Russia: Mura- 
vieff succeeds Prince 
Lobanoff as foreign 
minister. 

Feb. 15. A Greek force 
lands in Crete and en- 
gages the Turks; 21, 
they are bombarded by 
the ships of the powers. 

Mar. The Greek govern- 
ment refuses to evacuate 
Crete and the island is 
blockaded by the powers 
which, however, guaran- 
tee Cretan autonomy. 

Apr. 17. Turkey declares 
war against Greece, fol- 
lowing the invasion of 
Macedonia by armed 
Greek bands; 19, Greeks 
defeated at Miluna 
Pass; 23, routed at 
Tyrnavos. 

May. 5 Greeks defeated at 
Pharsalosand Velestino; 
11, Greece submits to 
the powers which inter- 
vene for peace; 18, 
Greeks driven from 
Domokos; armistice 

with Turkey arranged. 

June 3. The ambassadors 
of the powers begin 
negotiations with Tur- 
key in behalf of Greece. 

July. The Turkish govern- 
ment prepares to re- 
assert its authority in 
Crete. 



1897 



Feb. 3. The Spanish cabi- 
net offers the Cubans a 
large measure of self- 
government. 

Mar. 23. The Trqnsvaal 
concludes a treaty of 
alliance with the Orange 
Free State. 



Aug 23-26 P re s i d e n t Aug. 8. Spain: The premier 
Faure at St. Petersburg; Canovas del Castillo 



Russia and France 
spoken of as allied. 

Sept. 18. Great Britain 
recognizes French claims 
in Tunis in return for 
commercial concessions. 



Nov. Rise of the Dreyfus 
agitation (see Jjec. 1894). 
The friends of the 
captain demand revision 
of his sentence. 

Dec. The French Chamber 
refuses to question the 
justice of the sentence 
against Captain Dreyfus. 



June 15. The Central 
American republics sign 
a treaty constituting 
themselves a single re- 
public in their foreign 
relations. 



assassinated by an an- 
archist; Gen. Azcarraga 
succeeds. 

Sept. 18. Preliminary 

treaty of peace signed 

between Turkey and 
Greece. 



Nov. 28. Austria: Minis- 
terial crisis, Count Ba- 
deni succeeded by Baron 
Gautsch; parliamentary 
government paralyzed. 

Dec. 4. Definitive treaty of 
peace between Greece 
and Turkey signed at 
Constantinople. 



Aug. 25. President Borda 
of Uruguay assassinated; 
succeeded by Cuestas. 



Sept. Guatemala: Outbreak 
of an unsuccessful 
revolution against 
President Barrios head- 
ed by Gen. Morales. 

Oct. Cuba: Gen. Weyler 
recalled. 

Nov. 15. China. Kiau-Chau 
occupied by a German 
force in reparation for 
the murder of two mis- 
sionaries. 

Dec. 19. China: A Russian 
fleet enters Port Arthur 
to winter there. 



278 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1898 A.D. 



A.D. 



1898 



Progress of Society, etc. 



United States. 



British Empire. 



Feb. A census gives New 
York city a population 
of 3,438,899, making it 
the second city in the 
world. 

Mar. 10. Dissolution of 
the Zoar Separatist 
Community in Ohio. 



May 26. The battleship 
Oregon arrives at Key 
West after a record trip 
of 17,500 miles from 
San Francisco. 



June 1. Opening of the 
Trans-Mississippi Ex- 
position at Omaha, Neb. 



1898 

Jan. 1. Birth of the city of 

" Greater New York." 
Jan. 25. The U. S. man -of - 

war Maine arrives on a 

friendly mission at 

Havana. 

Feb. 15. The Maine is de- 
stroyed by an explosion 
in Havana harbor with 
the loss of 268 lives; 
intense feeling against 
Spain. 

Mar. 9 Congress appro- 
priates $50,000,000 for 
national defence; 25, 
the Board of Inquiry in 
the Maine disaster re- 
ports that the cause of 
the explosion lay outside 
of the ship. 



Apr. 16. Congress passes 
a resolution recognizing 
Cuban independence 
and demanding evacua- 
tion of island by Spain; 
20, ultimatum presented 
to Spain; 23, the piesi- 
dent calls for 125,000 
volunteers; 24, Spain 
declares war; 27, TJ. S. 
squadron bombards 

Matanzas in Cuba. 

May 1. Commodore Dewey 
destroys the Spanish 
fleet under Montojo in 
the harbor of Manila. 

May 29. Spanish fleet under 
Cervera discovered in 
Santiago harbor and 
blockade established. 

June 15. Army under 
Gen. Shafter sails from 
Tampa for the capture 
of Santiago; 24, en- 
gagement at Las Guas- 
imas. 

July 1. Engagement at El 
Caney; 2, the Spanish 
fleet leaves the harbor of 
Santiago and is de- 
stroyed by the blockad 
ing fleet in a running 
fight; 17, Santiago ca- 
pitulates; 27, Gen Miles 
lands in Porto Rico and 
overruns the island. — 
Enactment of a bank 
ruptcy law by Congress. 



1898 

Jan. Egypt : Revival of 

Dervish hostilities. 
Jan. 28. End of the great 

engineering strike in 

England ; a defeat for the 

workingmen. 



Mar. 17. Australia: The 
federal convention at 
Melbourne concludes its 
labors; a constitution 
for united Australia is 
submitted to a popular 
vote. 



Apr. 8. The Anglo-Egyp- 
tian forces under Sir H. 
H. Kitchener defeat the 
Dervishes near the At- 
bara. 



May 19. Death of W. E. 
Gladstone, four times 
prime minister. 



June 13. Convention signed 
with France delimiting 
possessions in Nigeria. 



July. Scandal in connection 
with the financial opera- 
tions of the promotor 
Hooley, involving many 
members of the peerage. 



1898 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



279 



A.D. 



France and Germany. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1898 



Jan. Smile Zola accuses 
the French war office of 
having engaged in a con- 
spiracy against Captain 
Dreyfus: 22, the socialists 
in the Chamber take up 
the cause of Dreyfus. 

Feb. 7. Trial of Smile Zola 
for criticism of war 
office begins; found 
guilty and condemned to 
a year's imprisonment. 



1898 

Jan. Italy: Bread riots 
break out in Ancona and 
other towns of the 
Maiches. 



Mar. 6. Austria: Premier 
Gautsch resigns and is 
succeeded by Count 
Franz Thun; parliamen 
tary obstruction con- 
tinues. 



Apr. 3. France: The Court 
of Cassation quashes the 
sentence of Smile Zola. 



Apr. 27. Italy: Serious 
bread riots in the south 
and in Lombardy. 



1898 

Jan. 12. Japan: Marquis 
Ito forms a new ministry. 



Feb. 8. Guatemala: Presi- 
dent Barrios assassin- 
ated. 

Transvaal: Paul Kruger 
re-elected president. 

Mar. 2. Brazil: Campos 
Salle~> elected president. 

Mar. 6. China. Kiau-Chau 
with surrounding zone 
leased to Germany for 
99 years. 

Mar. 24. China: Port Ar- 
thur and Ta-lien-wan 
leased to Russia for 25 
years. 

Apr. 5. China Kwang- 
chau-wan, in the south, 
ceded to France. 



June 15. France: Resigna- 
tion of the Meline, cabi- 
net; 28, Brisson forms 
a radical ministry. 



July 18. Smile Zola tried a 
second time and con- 
demned to a year's 
imprisonment: he es- 
capes to England. 



May Italy: The suspen 
sion of the duty on corn 
does not alleviate public 
disorder; sanguinary 

encounters between the 
citizens and the police in 
Milan. 

June 19. Italy: Fall of the 
Rudini cabinet; 29, A 
new ministry under 
General Pellonx. 



May. China: Wei-hai-wei 
occupied by the British. 



June 28. Japan: Okuma 
succeeds Ito as premier 
on the basis of party 
control. 



July Philippine Islands: 
The native insurgents 
under Aguinaldo occupy 
the province of Cavite 
and threaten Manila. 
Wei-hai-wei leased by 
China to Great Britain. 



280 



TABULAR VIEWS 



I898 A.D.- 



H.D. 



Progress of Society, etc. 



United States. 



British Empire. 



1898 



1899 



Aug. 28. The czar address- 
es to the powers an in- 
vitation to take part in a 
a conference looking to- 
wards the reduction of 
national armaments and 
the establishment of the 
principles of universal 
peace. 

Sept. Remains of Colum- 
bus at Havana exhumed 
for removal to Spain. 



During 1898 M. and Mme. 
Curie, French chemists 
discover the presence of 
two radio-active sub- 
stances in pitchblende, 
which they name po- 
lonium and radium. 

Deaths in 1898: T. F. Bay- 
ard, E. Bellamy, Bis- 
mark, W. Black, D. C. 
Buell, E. Burne-Jones, 
C. L. Dodgson, G. M. 
Ebers, Gladstone, G. P. 
Lathrop, H. G. Liddell, 
W. Pepper, P. Puvis de 
Chavannes, W. S. Rose- 
crans, F. Tennyson, D. 
A. Wells. 



Jan. 5. The corner-stone of 
the Gordon memorial 
college at Khartum laid 
by Lord Cromer. 

Feb. 12. Corner-stone laid 
for a great dam at 
Assouan in Egypt for 
the purpose of improv- 
ing the irrigation of the 
Nile valley. 

Mar. 27. Communication 
by the Marconi system 
of wireless telegraphy 
established between 
England and France. 



1898 

Aug. 12. Peace protocol 
with Spain signed; 13, 
Manila taken by U. S. 
land and naval forces; 
annexation of Hawaii 
carried into effect. 



Sept. 9. Appointment of 
commission to investi 
gate conduct of war de- 
partment during the 
war. 



Oct. 5. Indian outbreak in 
Leach Lake Reservation, 
Minnesota. 



Nov. 21. Sen. Quay of 
Pennsylvania indicted 
for misuse of state funds. 

Dec. 10. Definitive treaty 
of peace with Spain 
signed; Cuban indepen- 
dence acknowledged; 
Porto Rico, the Philip- 
pines, and Guam ceded 
to the United States. 

1899 

Jan. 17. The president ap- 
points a commission to 
visit the Philippines and 
to study conditions 
there. 

Feb 4. Outbreak of hos- 
tilitiesin the Philippines; 
Manila attacked by the 
insurgents; 6, the treaty 
of peace with Spain 
ratified by the Senate. 

Mar. Fierce fighting with 
the Filipino forces under 
Aguinaldo; the insur 
rection is in full swing. 



Apr. 21. Ex-Senator Quay 
of Pennsylvania ac- 
quitted on the charge of 
misappropriating state 
funds. 



1808 



Sept. 2. The Anglo-Egyp- 
tian forces under Kitch- 
ener utterly crush the 
Dervishes at Omdurman 
with tremendous loss to 
the enemy, and occupy 
Khartoum. 

Oct. Threatening corre- 
spondence with France 
on the Fashoda affair. 



1899 

Jan. 19. Great Britain en- 
ters into an agreement 
with Egypt for the 
government of the Su- 
dan. 

Feb. 6. Sir Henry Campbell - 
Bannerman elected lead- 
er of the Liberal party. 



Mar. 21. Convention signed 
with France delineating 
the sphere of interest of 
the two countries in 
Central Africa. 



Apr. 30. Agreement signed 
with Russia providing 
against mutual interfer- 
ence with the railway 
policy of either power in 
China. 



1899 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



28l 



France and Germany. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



The World, elsewhere. 



Aug. 31. Col. Henry of the 
French war office com- 
mits suicide after con 
fessing to the authorship 
of documents incrimi- 
nating Captain Dreyfus 



Sept. A French force under 
Major Marchand estab- 
lishes itself at Fashoda 
on the Nile and refuses to 
retire at Sir Kitchener's 
order; crisis precipitated 
between the two coun- 
tries. 

Oct. 25. France: Fall of 
the Brisson ministry. 
29, the Court of Cassa- 
tion orders a supple- 
mentary investigation in 
the Dreyfus case; 31, 
C. Dupuy forms a new 
ministry. 

Nov. 5. The French gov- 
ernment decides to 
withdraw from Fashoda. 



Feb. 16. France: President 
Faure dies of apoplexy; 

18. Emile Loubet elected 
to succeed him. 



Mar. Cecil Rhodes ne- 
gotiates with the German 
emperor concerning the 
construction of the Cape 
to Cairo railway through 
German territory. 



Apr. 28. Germany: The 
Reichstag passes a biil 
for the establishment of 
an imperial bank. 



1898 

Aug. 30. Austria-Hungary. 
The premiers of the two 
members of the mon- 
archy agree upon com- 
mon action looking 
towards the renewal of 
the Ausgleich of 1867. 



Sept. 10. Empress Eliza- 
beth of Austria assassi- 
nated by an anarchist 
at Geneva. 



Oct. 5. The powers demand 
the withdrawal of Turk- 
ish troops from Crete. 



Nov. 6. Crete evacuated 
by the Turks; 27, Prince 
George of Greece ap- 
pointed High Commis- 
sioner by the powers. 



1899 

Jan. 1. Austria-Hungary. 
The A usgleich prolonged 
for a year by imperial 
decree owing to parlia- 
mentary obstruction. 

Feb. Russia: The Finnish 
diet is deprived of the 
exclusive right of legis- 
lation and a thorough 
policy of Russification 
begun. 

Mar. 1. Spain: TheSagasta 
ministry resigns and is 
succeeded (4th) by a 
cabinet under Silvela. 



1898 

Aug. 6. Philippine Islands: 
Aguinaldo, having or- 
ganized a provisional 
government appeals to 
the powers for the recog- 
nition of Philippine 
independence. 



Sept. 21. China: By a 
coup d'6tat the dowager 
empress assumes the 
regency to the virtual 
exclusion of the Emperor 
Kwang-Hsu. 



Oct. China. The foreign 
legations at Pekin 
threatened by mobs and 
troops summoned to the 
capitol from the coast. 



Nov. 30. The union of the 
Central American states 
for foreign relations 
dissolved. 

Dec. Transvaal: Uitland- 
ers in Johannesburg 
appeal to the British 
government against the 
Transvaal authorities. 



1899 

Jan. 1. Cuba. End of 
Spanish sovereignty, 
military rule of the 
United States. 



Mar. 11. The Cuban as- 
sembly deposes Gen. 
Gomez from his com- 
mand because of dis- 
satisfaction with his 
negotiations with the 
United States concern- 
ing the payment of 
Cuban troops: he is 
later re-elected. 

Apr. 1. Samoa: In the 
civil strife prevailing in 
the islands, an Anglo- 
American column is 
ambushed with loss. 

Apr. 4. Cuba: The insur- 
gent army disbanded. 



282 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1899 A.D.- 



A.D. 



Progress of Society, etc. 



United States. 



Great Britain. 



1899 



May 18. Opening of the 
Intnational Peace Con- 
ference at the Hague 
consisting of delegates 
from twenty-six states. 



June 15. The Court of 

Arbitration in the 
boundary dispute be- 
tween Venezuela and 
Great Britain begins its 
sessions at Paris. 



July 22. In an internation- 
al athletic meet at Lon- 
don, Yale and Harvard 
are defeated by Oxford 
and Cambridge. 

July 29. The Peace Con- 
ference at the Hague 
closes after establishing 
a permanent court of 
arbitration and modi- 
fying certain rules of 
warfare. 



Oct. 3. The Paris Tribunal 
in the Venezuelan arbi- 
tration case announces 
its decision, which is in 
nature a compromise. 



1899 

May 8. The Mazet com- 
mittee of the legislature 
begins the investigation 
of municipal corruption 
in New York City. 



July 17. Press representa- 
tives in the Philippine 
Islands protest against 
the military censorship; 
19, Secretary of War, 
Alger, resigns as a re- 
sult of the scandals 
connected with the con- 
duct of the department 
during the Spanish- 
American war. 

Aug. Thomas B. Reed, 
ex -speaker of the House 
of Representatives, re- 
tires from public life. 



Sept. 26. Admiral Dewey 
arrives at New York on 
his return from the 
Philippines; great popu- 
lar enthusiasm. 

Oct. 1. Fruitless con- 
ference between Gen. 
Otis and Filipino com- 
missioners at Manila. 



Nov. 27. The U. S. govern- 
ment signifies its agree- 
ment with the action 
taken by Great Britain 
and Germany in respect 
to the Samoan Islands. 



1899 

May 31. Opening of an un- 
successful conference at 
Bloemfontein between 
Lord Milner and Presi- 
dent Kriiger of the Trans- 
vaal relative to the 
grievances of the Uit- 
landers. 

June 20. New South Wales 
accepts by popular vote 
the Federal Bill thus 
assuring the success of 
Australian federation. 



July 3. The crown takes 
possession of the terri- 
tories of the Niger Com- 
pany. 



Aug. — The British govern- 
ment refuses to abandon 
its claims to suzerainty 
over the Transvaal. 



Sept. 8. A cabinet council 
decides on increasing the 
British war strength in 
Natal. 

Oct. 9. The Transvaal gov- 
ernment presents an 
ultimatum requiring ac- 
ceptance within two 
days; 12, Boer forces in- 
vadeNatal ; 20, indecisive 
battle at Glencoe and 
21, at Elandslaagte; 30, 
British defeated at 
Nicholson's Neck. By 
the end of the month 
Ladysmith, Kimberley, 
and Mafeking are closely 
invested. 

Nov. 23. British under 
Lord Methuen drive 
Boers from Belmont; 
and, 25, from Enslin or 
Grospan; 28, British 
fight with great loss at 
the Modder River. 



1899 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



283 



A.D. 



France and Germany. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1899 



May 30. France: Major 
Marchand, is received 
with tremendous en- 
thusiasm on his arri- 
val at Toulon. 



June 3. The French Court 
of Cassation annuls the 
sentence of Captain 
Dreyfus and orders his 
retrial by a court 
martial; 12, fall of the 
Dupuy ministry; 22, 
a new cabinet formed 
by Waldeck-Rousseau 

July. The new war minis 
ter, General de Galliffet 
punishes insubordination 
on the part of officers 
opposed to Captain 
Dreyfus. 



Aug. 7. Beginning of the 
second courtmartial of 
Capt. Dreyfus at Rennes 



Sept. 9. Captain Dreyfus 
found guilty by court 
martial and condemned 
to ten years' imprison- 
ment; 19, he is par 
doned by the president 



1899 

May 2. Italy: Fall of the 
Pelloux ministry; 14, 
reorganization of the 
Cabinet effected. 



June 2. Spain sells the 
Caroline, Pelew, and La- 
drone islands to Ger- 
many. 

June 28. Violent demon- 
strations in Belgium 
against proposed elec- 
toral law. 



Sept. 23. Austria: Fall of 
the Thun ministry; suc- 
ceeded by a cabinet 
under Clary (Oct. 2). 



Nov. 8. Germany enters in- 
to a treaty of partition 
with Great Britain in 
regard to the Samoan 
Islands. 



1899 



July 18. The Transvaal 
Volksraad offers the 
Uitlanders the franchise 
after seven years' resi- 
dence. 

July 26. President Heur- 
eaux of Santo Domingo 
assassinated. 



Aug. — The Transvaal gov- 
ernment offers a five 
years' franchise but 
demands abandonment 
of British claims of 
suzerainty. — Re vol u tion 
in Venezuela headed by 
Gen. Castro. 

Sept. 2. The Transvaal 
government withdraws 
its offer of a five years' 
franchise. 

Oct. 16. Cuba: The work of 
taking a census begins 
under direction of Amer- 
ican officials; Revolu- 
tion in Venezuela suc- 
cessful and Castro chos- 
en president. 



Nov. Egypt: The Khalifah 
overtaken and crushing- 
ly defeated at Om De- 
brikat in the Sudan, 
the Khalifah himself 
being slain. 



284 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1899 A -D.- 



A.D. 



Progress of Society, etc. 



United States. 



British Empire. 



1899 



1900 



Deaths in 1899: G. Allen, 
R. P. Bland, Rosa Bon- 
heur, D. G. Brinton, E. 
Castelar, J. S. Clarke, 
C. F. Coghlan, J. A. Daly 
E. Erckmann, S. J. 
Field, R. G. Ingersoll, O. 

C. Marsh, D. L. Moody, 
Nubar Pasha, E. 

D. E. N. Southworth, 

E. Thayer. 



Jan. 10. Railroad connec- 
tion established between 
Cairo and Khartum in 
the Sudan. 



1899 

Dec. 19. Death of Major 
Gen. H. W. Lawton 
killed in action in the 
Philippines. 



March 29. A tribunal of 
arbitration declares 

against Portugal and in 
favor of the U. S. and 
Great Britain in the 
matter of the Delagoa 
Railway. 

Apr. 14. Opening of the 
International Exposition 
at Paris. 



June 15. Gen. MacArthur 
in command of the U. S. 
forces in the Philippines 
issues a proclamation of 
amnesty to the insur- 
gents. 



1900 

Jan. 30. Senator Goebel, 
Democratic candidate for 
governor in Kentucky 
assassinated by politi 
cal opponents; he is 
declared governor by a 
party in the legislature 
and dies after taking the 
oath. 

Feb. 5. The Hay-Paunce- 
forte treaty amending 
the Clayton-Bulwer 
treaty dealing with the 
construction of an Isth- 
mian Canal, signed at 
Washington. 

Mar. 14. The bill establish- 
ing the gold standard 
becomes law. 



Apr. 24. Matthew Quay, 
appointed senator from 
Pennsylvania, unseated 
by the senate. 



May. — Boer delegates visit 
the United States and 
are received by the 
president. 



June 21. The Republican 
National Convention at 
Philadelphia nominates 
William McKinley and 
Theodore Roosevelt for 
president and vice-presi- 
dent; 30, burning of the 
docks of the Nord- 
deiitsche Lloyd in Hobo - 
ken with the loss of 
more than 200 lives. 



1899 

Dec. 10. British under 
Gen. Gatacre defeated at 
Stormberg; 11, British 
under Lord Methuen de- 
feated at Magersfontein ; 
15, British under Gen. 
Buller disastrously de- 
feated at Colenso; 16, 
Field Marshal Roberts 
entrusted with the com- 
mand in Africa with Lord 
Kitchener as his chief of 
staff. 

1900 

Jan. 6. Desperate Boer 
assault on Ladvsmith 
repulsed, 23-24, British 
disaster at Spion Kop 
north of the Tugela 
River. 



Feb. 11. Lord Roberts be- 
gins his advance on Kim- 
berley; 15, Kimberley 
is relieved; 27, the Boer 
army under General 
Cronje compelled to sur- 
render at Paardeberg; 
28, Ladysmith isrelieved. 

Mar. 13. The British under 
Lord Roberts occupy 
Bloemfontein, capital of 
Orange Free State; 27, 
Death of Piet Joubert, 
Boer commander-in- 
chief. 

Apr. 3. A large British 
force captured at Red- 
dersburg in the Orange 
Free State. The Boers 
conduct an extensive 
irregular warfare. 

May 17. Mafeking relieved; 
28, Lord Roberts issues 
a proclamation annexing 
the Orange Free State as 
the Orange River Colony ; 
31, British occupy Jo- 
hannesburg in the Trans- 
vaal. 

June 5. The British enter 
Pretoria, capitol of the 
South African Republic; 
The British at Kumassi 
Ashantiland besieged by 
natives (relieved in July). 



ICOO A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



285 



A.D. 



France and Germany. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1899 



1900 



Dec. 11. The German 
chancellor announces 
the initiation of a naval - 
programme looking 
towards the doubling of 
the naval strength of 
the country. 



1899 

Dec. 21. Austria: Resigna- 
tion of the Clary minis- 
try owing to failure to 
effect reconciliation be- 
tween the Czech and the 
German nationalties. 



Jan. Germany: Ill-feeling 
against Great Britain 
aroused by the seizure 
of German steamers in 
African waters. 



Feb. A bill introduced in 
the French Chamber 
providing for the pun 
ishment of ministers of 
religion who should criti- 
cise the public authori- 
ties. 

Mar. 8. France: The The- 
atre Francais destroyed 
by fire. 



1900 

Jan. — Spain: The Chambers 
of Commerce form a 
National Union for the 
purpose of encouraging 
parliamentary and ad- 
ministrative reform — A 
new Austrian ministry 
under Koerber. 

Feb. 20. Italy: The Court 
of Cassation declares the 
Public Safety Bill issued 
by decree null and par- 
liamentary obstruction 
revives. 



May 29. France: General 
de Galliffet, minister of 
war, resigns and is 
succeeded by General 
Andre. 



June. — France: The senate 
passes a bill putting an 
end to all criminal prose- 
cutions arising from the 
Dreyfus affair. 



Apr. 4. Belgium: Attempt 
on the life of the Prince 
of Wales (Edward VII.) 
by an anarchist at Brus- 
sels. 



June 21. Russia: Death of 
Muravieft, minister of 
foreign affairs ; succeeded 
by Count Lamsdorff. 

Italy: Resignation of the 
Pelloux ministry (18); 
succeeded by a Saracco 
cabinet. 



1900 , . . 

Jan.— China: An imperial 
edict announces the 
virtual abdication of the 
emperor Kwang Hsu 
and names a son ot 
Prince Tuan as suc- 
cessor. 

Feb.— Samoa: The United 
States government ap- 
points a governor for 
the island of Tutuila 
and the harbor of Pango 
Pango. 
Mar.— China: The powers 
give pledges to the 
United States that no 
interference with com- 
merce on the ground of 
nationality shall be 
permitted — the so-called 
"open door." 
Apr.— China: Anti-foreign 
feeling approaches cul- 
mination; the "Boxers 
massacre native Chris- 
tians in the north of the 
empire. 
May 31. Continued Boxer 
outrages lead to the as- 
sembling of foreign war- 
ships at Taku; guards 
are summoned for the 
protection of the lega- 
tions at Pekin. 
June 10. China: An inter- 
national force leaves 
Tien Tsin for the relief 
of the Pekin legations; 
the Chinese govern- 
ment supports the 
Boxers; 17, the Taku 
forts fire upon the 
European fleet and are 
demolished and taken; 
20, the German embassa- 
dor at Pekin murdered; 
26, The allied column 
returns unsuccessfully to 
Tien -Tsin; the foreign- 
ers in Pekin are besieged 
in the legations. 



286 



TABULAR VIEWS 



I9OO A.D.- 



A.D. 



Progress of Society, etc. 



United States 



British Empire. 



1900 



1901 



July 4. A statue of Lafay- 
ette, presented by 
American school child- 
ren, unveiled in Paris. 

July 7. A statue of W. E. 
Gladstone is unveiled at 
Athens. 



Sept. 6. The Arctic expe- 
dition under the Duke 
of the Abruzzi returns to 
Tromsoe, Norway, after 
attaining 86° 33', or 14' 
beyond Nansen's farth- 
est north. 

Oct. — Successful, tests of a 
dirigible balloon con- 
structed by Count Zep- 
pelin of Germany. 



Deaths in 1900: G. D. C, 
Duke of Argyll, V. D 
Benedetti, R. D. Black- 
more,, Prince de Join- 
ville, W. Liebknecht. J. 
Martineau.D. L. Moody, 
F. Max Miiller, M. Mun- 
kacsy, F. W. Nietzsche, 
Osman Pasha, Ruskin, 
John Sherman, H. Sidg- 
wick, W. Steinitz, Sir 
Arthur Sullivan, C. D. 
Warner. 



1900 

July 5. The Democratic 
National Convention at 
Kansas City nominates 
W. J. Bryan and A. E. 
Stevenson for president 
and vice-president. 



Aug. 18. Caleb Powers 
fo rmerly Secretary of 
State in Kentucky 
found guilty of com 
plicity in the assassina 
tion of William Goebel 



1900 

July 9. The bill constitut- 
ing the Commonwealth 
of Australia receives the 
royal assent; Guerilla 
warfare in Orange Free 
State; Surrender of Boer 
general Prinsloo. 

Aug. 2. Western Australia 
by referendum decides to 
join the Australian 
Commonwealth; 10. Plot 
at Pretoria to kidnap 
Lord Roberts, discover- 
ed. * 



Feb. — Mrs. Carrie Nation.of 
Kansas, begins a crusade 
against the liquor traffic 
by invading and de- 
molishing liquor shops. 



Sept. 8. Galveston, Tex., 
overwhelmed by a 
hurricane and tidal 
wave; over 6000 lives 
lost and the city utterly 
devastated. 

Oct. 30. The census bu- 
reau announces the 
population of the United 
States proper at more 
than 76,300,000. 



Nov. 6. William McKinley 
re-elected president by a 
great majority. 

Dec. 13. Senate adopts 
amendment to Hay 
Pauncefote treaty re 
serving to the U. S. the 
defense of the proposed 
interoceanic canal. 



1901 



Feb. 2. The army Reor- 
ganization Bill becomes 
law; the strength of the 
forces is raised to a 
maximum of 100,000 
men; the army canteen 
is abolished. 



Sept. 1. Lord Roberts is- 
sues a proclamation an- 
nexing the South African 
Republic. 



Oct. 25. The Transvaal 
formally proclaimed a 
part of the British 
Empire as the Vaal 
River Colony. 



Nov. 16. Conspiracy 

against the life of Lord 
Roberts discovered at 
Johannesburg. 

Dec. 13. A British force 
under Gen. Clements de- 
feated by the Boers un- 
der Delarey at Nooitge- 
dacht in the Transvaal. 



1901 

Jan. 1. Inauguration of 
the Australian Common- 
wealth; 22. Death of 
Queen Victoria after a 
reign of 64 years; she is 
succeeded by her son, 
Edward VII. 

Feb. — A Boer force under 
Christian De Wet in- 
vades Cape Colony and 
raises fear of an insur- 
rection there. 



I9OI A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



287 



France and Germany. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



The World, elsewhere. 



Aug. 2. France: Attempt 
on the life of the Shah 
in Paris. 8. Germany: 
Count von Waldersee 
appointed to the com- 
mand of the allied forces 
in China. 



Sept. 22. France: President 
Loubet entertains 22,- 
000 republican mayors 
of provincial towns at a 
banquet in the Tuiler- 
ies gardens. 

Oct. 17. Prince Hohenlohe 
resigns the chancelor 
ship of the German 
empire; he is succeded 
by von Biilow. 



Nov. 12. The Paris Ex 
position closes after be- 
ing visited by 50,000,000 
sight -seers. 

Dec. — President Kruger of 
the Transvaal passes 
through Germany but is 
refused an interview 
by the emperor. 

France: An amnesty bill 
passed for all acts con 
nected with the Drevfus 
affair. 

Jan. 12. A bill introduced 
into the Prussian diet 
providing for the con- 
struction of canals at 
an expenditure of $100,- 
000,000. 



1900 

July 29. Italy: King 
Humbert assassinated at 
Monza by an anarchist, 
Bresci, who had come to 
perform the deed from 
Paterson, N. J .• he is 
succeeded by his son 
Victor Emmauuel III 

Aug. 11. Italy: Victor 
Emmanuel III. swears 
to the constitution 
amidst great popular 
enthusiasm. 



Oct. 21. Fall of the Silvela 
ministry in Spain; a 
cabinet under Azcarraga 
succeeds. 



1901 

Jan. 8. A delegation of 
English Catholics under 
the Duke of Norfolk 
visit Rome and express 
their wishes for the 
restoration of the tern 
poral power of the pope. 

Feb. 7. Marriage of Queen 
Wilhelmina of the 
Netherlands to Duke 
Henry of Mecklenburg- 
Schwerin. Italy: Tho 
Saracco ministry resigns 
(7th) ; succeeded by a 
Zanardelli cabinet. 



1900 

July 13-14. China: The 
allied forces take Tien- 
Tsin by storm; the Chi- 
nese forces in Manchuria 
bombard Blagovest- 
chensk, capital of the 
Russian territory of the 
Amur. 

Aug. 4. China: An allied 
force of 20,000 men sets 
out from Tien-Tsin tor 
the relief of the Pekin 
legations; the Russians 
occupy Niu-Chwang in 
Manchuria; 14. The allies 
take Pekin and rescue 
the prisoners of the le- 
gations; the Chinese 
Court flees to the West ; 
28. Allied troops march 
through the Forbidden 
City. 

Sept.— China: The mas- 
sacre of Christian mis- 
sionaries continues ; pun- 
itive expeditions sent 
out by the allied powers. 



Oct. 16. China: Great 
Britain and Germany 
enter into an agreement 
to maintain the rivers 
and ports of China open 
to trade and to take 
common action against 
any government hos- 
tile to such a purpose. 

Nov. 5. Cuban constitu- 
tional convention begins 
its sessions at Havana. 

Dec. 24. The allied powers 
present a joint note to 
the Chinese government, 
the terms of which are 
embodied in a subse- 
quent peace protocol. 



1901 

Jan. — China signs peace 
protocol with the powers 
promising the punish- 
ment of officials connect- 
ed with the Boxer up- 
rising and paying an 
indemnity. 

Feb. — Revelation of Rus- 
sian diplomacy in China 
aiming at the establish- 
ment of a virtual protec- 
torate over Manchuria. 

Feb. 21. The Cuban con- 
vention adopts a con- 
stitution. 



288 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1901 A.D. 



a.d. Progress of Society, etc. 



United States. 



British Empire. 



1901 



Mar. — Andrew Carnegie 
of Homestead, Pa., gives 
$5,200,000 to the city 
of New York for free 
libraries. 



Apr. 14. The permanent 
Arbitration tribunal at 
The Hague organized. 



May 1. Openingofthe Pan- 
American Exposition at 
Buffalo. 30. Opening of 
the hall of Fame at New 
York University. 

July 5. J. S. Rogers of 
Paterson, N. J. be- 
queaths $5,000,000 to 
the Metropolitan Mu- 
seum of Art in New 
York. 22. International 
Tuberculosis congress 
opens in London. 

Aug. 8. M. Santos-Dumont 
in a dirigible balloon 
sails around the Eiffel 
Tower in Paris. 



Nov. 1. Opening of the 
South Carolina and West 
Indian Exposition at 
Charleston, S. C. 



1901 
Mar. 4. Inauguration 
of President McKinley. 

Mar. 11. The Senate amend- 
ments to Hay-Paunce 
fote treaty not accepted 
by Great Britain. 

Mar. 23. Gen. Funston 
captures the Filipino 
leader, Aguinaldo. 

Apr. — A Commission of 
the Cuban convention 
visits Washington to 
protest against the in 
corporation of the 
"Piatt amendment" in 
the Cuban constitution 

May 27. The U. S. Supreme 
Court hands down an 
important decision re- 
garding the constitu- 
tional status of colonies 
and possessions. 

July 24. A court of inquiry 
is ordered to examine 
into the conduct of 
Rear-Admiral Schley 
during the Spanish 
American War. 



Aug. 10. A general strike 
of the employes of the 
United States Steel Cor- 
poration is begun. 



Sept. 6. President McKin- 
ley is shot twice by Leon 
Czolgosz, while holding 
a public reception at the 
Pan-American Exposi- 
tion in Buffalo; he dies 
on the 14th and Vice- 
President Roosevelt 
takes the oath of office. 



Nov. 18. A new canal 
treaty signed by Secre- 
tary of State and the 
British ambassador 

Pauncefote at Washing- 
ton. 



1901 

Mar. 16. The Duke of Corn- 
wall and York sets out 
on a voyage to the dif- 
ferent parts of the 
empire. 



Apr. 17. Disorderly scenes 
during the installation of 
the Bishop of London, 
caused by the anti- 
ritualists. 



May 9. The first parlia- 
ment of the Australian 
Commonwealth opened 
at Melbourne by the 
Duke of Cornwall and 
York. 

July 18. Earl Russell found 
guilty of bigamy in the 
House of Lords and 
sentenced to a term of 
imprisonment in jail. 



Sept. 17. Boers under Gen. 
Botha inflict a heavy 
loss on the British near 
Utrecht, Transvaal; 26. 
The Boers are repulsed 
at Forts Itala and 
Prospect. 



Dec. — Andrew Carnegie gives $10,000,000 for the foun- 
dation of an institution of research at Washington. 

Deaths in 1901: — E. Audran, W. Besant, A. Boecklin, R.W.Buchanan, W. E- 
Channing, M. Creighton, W. M. Evarts, John Fiske, J. V. Gurko, E. Gray, 
Benjamin Harrison, J. Le Conte, Milan, of Servia, J. G. Nicolay, A. E. 
Nordenskjold, W. Stubbs, G. Verdi, C. von Hohenlohe-Schillingsfurst, C. M. 
Yonge. 



I90 1 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



289 



a.d. France and Germany. 




1901 



Mar. 29. The French 
Chamber passes an im- 
portant Bill of Associa- 
tions regulating the af- 
fairs of religious orders. 
(It becomes law in June). 



Apr. — An Italian fleet visits 
Toulon and the occasion 
is marked by the pro- 
testation of friendship 
between the two coun- 
tries. 

May 3. The Prussian diet 
is closed after the Em- 
peror's canal policy had 
been rendered hopeless 
by the opposition of 
the Agrarians. 



1901 

Mar. 9. Russia: Count Leo 
Tolstoy is ex-communi- 
cated by the orthodox 
church for his subver- 
sive teachings. 



1901 

March. — China appeals to 
the powers against Rus- 
sian exactions and is 
supported by the U. S., 
Great Britain and Japan. 



Apr. — China: Russia pro- 
tests its disinterested- 
ness and abandons its 
pressure on the Chinese 
government. 



May 25. The Norwegian 
parliament confers the 
franchise in municipal 
and communal elections 
on women tax -payers. 

July. — Turkey pays to the 
United States the claims 
advanced in behalf of 
the missionaries in Asia 
Minor for losses incurred 
during the Armenian 
disturbances of 1895-96 



Aug. 26. The French 
government severs dip- 
lomatic relations with 
Turkey owing to a dis- 
pute over an indemnity 
due a French company. 

Sept. The czar visits 
France and witnesses 
naval and army reviews. 

Germany: Opposition to a 
new scheme of increased 
custom duties proposed 
by the government. 



Nov. — A French fleet seizes 
the ports of the island 
of Mitylene and forces 
the Porte to settle the 
claims of that govern- 
ment. 



Sept. — Turkey: Miss Stone 
an American mission- 
ary, captured by Bul- 
garian brigands and held 
for ransom. 

Oct. 4. Italy: Death of 
Francesco Crispi. 



July. — Argentina: A plan 
for the unification of the 
public debt brought for- 
ward by the government 
is abandoned because of 
public opposition. 



Aug. — Liberal revolution 
in Colombia; insur- 
gents aided by Venezue- 
lan government; U. S. 
intervenes to prevent 
war between the two 
countries. 

Sept. — Conflicts between 
the government troops of 
Venezuela and Colom- 
bia in which the former 
meet with defeat. 

China: Peace Protocol 
signed with the powers 
the government agreeing 
to punish officials con- 
nected with the Boxer 
uprising and to pay 
an indemnity of 450,- 
000,000 taels. 

Nov. 19. Colombia: The 
liberal forces capture 
Colon but after a short 
occupation are driven 
out.— China: death of 
Li Hung Chang. 



290 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1902 A.D. 



A.D. 



Progress of Society, etc. 



United States. 



British Empire. 



1902 



Feb. — Mr. J. P. Morgan 
banker of New York, 
effects the consolidation 
of five trans-Atlantic 
steamship lines under 
the name of the Inter 
national Mercantile 
Marine Company. 

Apr. — By the will of Cecil 
Rhodes (d. March 26) 
the bulk of his fortune is 
left for the establishment 
of scholarships at Oxford 
to be held by Americans. 
Colonials, and Germans. 

May 24. A statue of 
Rochambeau unveiled at 
Washington in the pres- 
ence of descendants of 
that General. 

June 26. The King of Eng 
land institutes the Order 
of Merit for distinguish 
ed service in various 
walks of life. 



Sept. — Stanley Spencer 
sails in an airship for 30 
miles over London; re 
turn to Christiania of the 
Arctic expedition under 
Sverdrup. 

Oct. 14. The Hague tri- 
bunal renders decision in 
the first case submitted 
for arbitration — the 
"Pious Fund" dispute 
between the United 
State and Mexico, in 
favor of the United 
States. 

Nov. — The ashes of Christo - 
pher Columbus are de- 
posited in the Cathedral 
of Seville. 



1902 

Jan. 24. Treaty for the 
purchase of the Danish 
West Indies signed at 
Washington. (It fails of 
ratification by the 
Danish Legislature.) 

Feb. 23. Arrival of Prince 
Henry of Prussia in 
New York; his visit is 
taken as an indication 
of good will between 
the U. S. and Germany 
and is marked by great 
enthusiasm. 

Apr. 18. The House of 
Representatives passes 
the Cuban Reciprocity 
Bill allowing a reduction 
in tariff duties on im 
portations from that 
island. 

May 1. Beginning of a 
great strike of anthra 
cite coal miners in 
Pennsylvania, involving 
about 150,000 men. 



July 1. An act passed for 
the establishment of 
civil government in the 
Philippines and pro 
viding for the summon 
ing of a legislative 
assembly in two years if 
general peace prevails. 

Sept. 17. Secretary of 
State Hay addresses a 
note to the signatory 
powers of the Treaty of 
Berlin advocating re 
lief for the Jews of Rou 
mania. 

Oct. 16. President Roose- 
velt appoints a com- 
mission to investigate 
the great coal strike in 
Pennsylvania and to 
decide upon terms of 
peace; 21. The miners 
call the strike off. 

Nov. 8. Reciprocity treaty 
with Newfoundland 

signed. 



1902 

Jan. — A campaign of grad- 
ual exhaustion carried 
on against the Boers; 
they are taken in small 
numbers. 

Feb. 14. Lord Rosebery 
declares himself abso- 
lutely opposed to Irish 
Home Rule. 



Apr. 12. The Boer leaders 
assemble at Pretoria to 
negotiate terms of peace. 



May 31. The Boer leaders 
sign terms of surrender 
at Pretoria. 



June 24. Preparations for 
the coronation of Edward 
VII. interrupted by the 
king's sudden illness. 

July 11. The Marquis of 
Salisbury resigns the 
premiership; he is suc- 
ceeded by A. J. Balfour, 
his nephew. 

Aug. 9. Coronation of 
Edward VII. in West- 
minster Abbey. 



Oct. 6. British forces in 
Somaliland suffer a 
severe reverse at the 
hands of the "Mad 
Mullah." 



Nov. 3. Conferences be- 
tween the colonial pre- 
miers and the Colonial 
Secretary result in the 
formulation of resolu- 
tions for a closer union 
of the empire, among 
others that of preferential 
trade with the colonies. 



1902 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



291 



France and Germany. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1902 



1902 

Jan. 8. The government 
announces to the Prus- 
sian diet a policy of 
active Germanification 
to be carried out in 
Prussian Poland. 

Feb. 26. The centenary of 
the birth of Victor Hugo 
is celebrated with great 
state in France. 



May. — Expose at Paris of a 
remarkable swindle (the 
Humbert Case) carried 
on during 20 years and 
involving nearly 100,- 
000,000 francs. 

June 3. France. The Wal- 
deck-Rousseau ministry 
resigns; 6. A new cabinet 
formed by M. Combes. 

July. France: The forcible 

closing of religious 

schools not conforming 

with the Law of Associa 

tion arouses great ex 

citement. 



Sept. — Indiscreet expres 
sions of opinion by the 
French minister of 
marine aimed against 
England and Germany 
disavowed by the 
Premier. 

Oct. 9. France concludes 
a treaty of territorial 
delimitation with Siam. 



Nov. — Germany: The vio- 
lent opposition of the 
Socialists to the new 
Tariff Bill leads to the 
adoption of a new pro- 
cedure limiting debate; 
popular indignation. 



1902 



Feb. 23. Turkey: Miss 
Stone the kidnapped 
missionary is released 

. after the payment of a 
heavy' ransom. 



Anr. 15. Russia: Sipiaguine 
reactionary minister of 
the interior assassinated 
by a Kieff student. 



May 20. Russia: President 
Loubet of France ar- 
rives at. Cronstadt on a 
visit to the Czar. 



June 28. The Triple Al- 
HancebetweenGermany, 
Austria-Hungary, and 
Italy is renewed. 

July 14. Italy: Collapse of 
the celebrated Campa- 
nile of St. Mark's at 
Venice. 



Oct. 22. The Danish Senate 
rejects the treaty of sale 
of the Danish West 
Indies to the United 
States. 



1902 

Jan. 30. Treaty signed be- 
tween Great Britain and 
Japan providing for be- 
nevolent neutrality in 
case of attack on either 
party by a single power, 
and active assistance in 
case of attack by more 
than one power. 



Apr. 8. Russia concludes 
a convention with China 
agreeing to complete the 
evacuation of Manchu- 
ria in 18 months. 



May 8. An eruption of 
Mount Pelee in Marti- 
nique destroys the city 
of St. Pierre with 30,000 
inhabitants; only 2 es- 
cape. 

May 20. T. E. Palma in- 
augurated first president 
of Cuba. 

July. — China: Treaty ne- 
gotiated with Great 
Britain providing for the 
abolition of "likin" 
duties on British Goods. 

Hayti: Civil war; the gun- 
boat Creie-a-Picrrot sunk 
by the German gunboat 
Panther for violence 
against a German mer- 
chantman. 



Oct. 28. Colombia: Gen. 
Uribe-Uribe leader of the 
insurrection capitulates 
marking the practical 
end of the insurrection. 



Nov. 4. Venezuela: the 
insurrection crushed by 
a government victory 
near La Victoria. 



292 



TABULAR VIEWS 



I902 A.D.- 



A.D. 



Progress of Society, etc. 



United States. 



British Empire. 



1902 



1903 



1902 

Dec. 21. William Marconi 
sends a wireless message 
from Cape Breton across 
the Atlantic to Cornwall. 



1902 

Dec. 2. The President's 
message deals with the 
growing problem of the 
trusts. 



1902 

Dec. Enactment of an 
Education Law re- 
organizing elementary 
Education; death of the 
Archbishop of Canter- 
bury. 

Deaths in 1902: Lord Acton; C.K.Adams; Albert, King of Saxony; W. A. 
Butler; E. Eggleston: T. D. English; S. R. Gardiner; F. B. Harte; J. W. 
Powell; G. Rawlinson; C.J. Rhodes; T. DeWitt Talmage; J. Tissot; R. 
Virchow, E. Zola. 



1903 

Jan. Mr. John D. Rocke 
feller gives $7,000,000 to 
be used in research for a 
cure for tuberculosis. 



Mar. MM. Curie and La 
borde, French chemists 
announce the results of 
their investigations on 
the thermoradioactive 
properties of radium. 

Apr. 30. Louisiana Pur 
chase Exposition at St 
Louis dedicated. 



May. The Presbyterian 
General Assembly adopts 
amendments to the creed 
tending toward a more 
liberal confession. 



1903 

Jan. 22. Panama Canal 
Treaty with Colombia 
signed at Washington; 
the canal zone neutraliz- 
ed and Colombian sover- 
eignty guaranteed- 24, 
Treaty with Great Brit- 
ain establishing mixed 
commission for deter 
mining Alaskan bound- 
ary. 

Feb. 14. Bill creating the 
Department of Commerce 
and Labor becomes law 

March 3. Bill increasing 
the strength of the navy 
passed; 17. Senate rati 
ties Panama Canal 
Treaty; 29 Senate rati- 
fies Cuban Reciprocity 
Treaty. 

Apr. 9. The U. S. Circuit 
Court of Appeals de- 
clares illegal the merger 
of the Northern Pacific 
and the Great Northern 
railways under the form 
of Northern Securities 
Company. 

May 31. Floods at Topeka 
Kan., cause the loss of 
hundreds of lives. 



June. Widespread frauds 
in the Post-office de 
partment involving high 
officials, brought before 
the courts. 



July 4. Completion of the Pacific Cable from San 
Francisco to China by way of Hawaii, Guam, and 
the Philippines. 



1903 

Jan. 17. Colonial Secretary 
Chamberlain, at Johan- 
nesburg announces that 
the Transvaal is to be 
charged with a war in- 
demnity of £30,000,000. 



Feb. 12. R. T. Davidson 
enthroned as successor to 
Archbishop Temple in 
the see of Canterbury. 

Mar. 15. British troops 
after defeating forces of 
the Sultan of Sokoto, 
occupy that capital. 



Apr. 17. A British force 
overwhelmed by the 
"Mad Mullah's" troops 
in Somaliland. 



May 15. Colonial Secretary 
Chamberlain urges aban- 
donment of free trade 
policy in favor of tariff 
retaliation and colonial 
reciprocity. 



July. Growing friendship 
between France and 
Great Britain mani- 
fested by visit to Eng- 
land of President Loubet 
(6-9) and a deputation 
of legislators (22). 



I903 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



293 



A.D. 



France and Germany. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1902 



1903 



1902 

Dec. 14. The German 
Reichstag passes the 
Tariff Bill making a 
marked increase in 
duties on food. 



1903 

Jan. 24. French Senate 

ratifies Brussels Sugar 

Convention. 



Mar. France: Growing 
breach between govern- 
ment and the clergy 
owing to the participa- 
tion of latter in politics 



Apr. France: Rigorous en- 
forcement of the Law 
of Associations and grow - 
ing demand for separa- 
tion of Church and State. 



May 1-4. Visit of the King 
of England to France 
the occasion for the 
exchange of friendly 
wishes between the two 
nations. 

June. The elections for 
the German Reichstag 
show a remarkable in- 
crease in the strength 
of the Social Democrats. 



between France and Great 
visit to England of Presi- 
deputation of French legis- 



1902 

Dec. 3. Spain. The Sagasta 
ministry resigns; 6, 
Silvela forms a new 
cabinet. 



1903 



Feb. 21. Turkey: The pow- 
ers present a joint note 
to the Sultan outlining 
reforms for Macedonia. 

Mar. Russia: An imperial 
manifesto holds out the 
promise of religious and 
administrative reform 
and improvements in 
the condition of the 
peasantry. 

Apr. 7. Servia: King Alex- 
ander suspends the con- 
stitution and thus nulli- 
fies a series of liberal 
reforms. 

Apr. 19-20. Russia: A 
massacre of Jews in 
Kishineff by rioters. 

May. Russia: The corre- 
spondent of the London 
Times expelled from the 
country because of 
revelations implicating 
the government in the 
Kishineff massacre. 

June 10-11. Servia: A band 
of conspirators invade 
the royal palace and 
slay King Alexander 
and Queen Draga. 15. 
The national assembly 
chooses Peter Kara- 
georgevitch King. 

July. Spain: Silvela minis 
try followed by a cabi- 
net under Villaverde. 

July 20. Italy: Death of 
Pope Leo XIII. 

Russia: The Govern- 
ment takes control of the 
property of the Arme- 
nian church. 



1902 

Dec. 8. To enforce collec- 
tion of debts Great 
Britain and Germany 
present ultimatum to 
Venezuela. 9. They seize 
the Venezuelan fleet. 
10. Establish a "peaceful 
blockade." 13. Bom- 
bard Puerto Cabello; 
Venezuela appeals to 
the U. S. ; 26. It is decid- 
ed to refer dispute to 
Hague Tribunal. 

1903 

Jan. 21. Venezuela: The 
fortress of San Carlos is 
bombarded by German 
warships. 



Feb. 13. Venezuela: Pro- 
tocols with Great Britian 
Germany, and Italy 
signed at Washington ; 
the blockade raised. 



Apr. 8. China: The date 
for the partial evacua- 
tion of Manchuria 
(Niu-Chwang) by Russia 
passes without any ac- 
tion on the part of the 
latter. 

May. Korea: Russian 
troops enter the country 
ostensibly to protect the 
interests of Russian tim- 
ber merchants in the 
valley of the Yalu. 



July. British successes in 
Nigeria; power of Soko- 
to broken. 



294 



TABULAR VIEWS 



I903 A.D.- 



A.D. 



Progress of Society, etc. 



United States. 



British America. 





1903 

Aug. 26. Conviction of 
the walking delegate of a 
New York labor union 
for extortion. 



Oct. 8. Commercial treaty 
with China signed. 

Oct. 20. The Alaska 
Boundary Commission 
decides in favor of the 
United States, giving 
to Canada access to the 
sea by Portland Channel 
only. 

Nov. 18. Treaty concluded 
with the Republic of 
Panama for the con 
struction of a canal ; the 
U. S. receives the per 
petual lease of a ten 
mile zone in return for 
$10,000,000 and i 
annual rental. 

Dec. 30. The Iroquois 
Theatre in Chicago is 
burned and nearly 600 
lives are lost. 



1904. 

Ian. 13. Ratification of the 

commercial tieaty with 

China. 



Feb. 7-8. A fire destroys 
the business section of 
Baltimore entailing a 
loss of $70,000,000; 23. 
Senate ratifies canal 
treaty with Panama. 



Mar. 14. The U. S. Su- 
preme Court sustains 
the judgment of the 
lower court in declaring 
the Northern Securities 
Company illegal. — 

President Roosevelt de- 
clares all civil war 
veterans over 62 en- 
titled to pensions. 

Apr. 22. The United States 
completes the purchase 
of the Panama Canal 
property from the 
French shareholders. 

May. An American citi- 
zen, Perdicaris, is kid- 
napped by Moroccan 
bandits. A squadron 
ordered to Tangier. 



1903 



1904 



1903 

Aug. 4. International wire- 
less telegraphy confer- 
ence at Berlin. 



Deaths in 1903: L. Arditi, 
A. Bain, H. De Blowitz, 
C. G. Duffy, F. W. Far- 
rar, J. Glaisher, W. E. 
Henley, A. S. Hewitt, 
F. W. Holls, W. E. H. 
Lecky, E. Legouve\ C. G. 
Leland, " Edna Lyall," 
Theodor Mommsen, G. 
Paris, P. M. Sagasta, 
Herbert Spencer, R. H. 
Stoddard, Cardinal H. 
Vaughan, J. A. McNeil 
Whistler, G. Zanardelli. 



1904 

Jan. 25. MS. of the first 
book of Paradise Lost 
offered for sale in Lon 
don. 



1903 

Aug. 14. The Irish Land 
Bill receives the royal 
assent, an important 
concession to Irish de- 
mands; 22. Death of 
Lord Salisbury. 

Oct. Mr. Chamberlain, 
having resigned from 
the cabinet, begins his 
campaign for "fiscal 
reform," i. e., a policy 
of partial protection. 



Mar. 11. One of the tunnels 
under the Hudson River 
connects g New York 
City and New Jersey, 
completed. 



Apr. 30. Opening of the 
Louisiana Purchase Ex 
position at St. Louis. 



Dec. Transvaal. Demand 
by financial interests for 
the importation of coolie 
labor. 



1904. 

Jan. Important successes 
won by the British 
forces in operating Som- 

aliland. 

Feb. 10. The legislative 
council of the Transvaal 
passes an ordinance for 
the Importation of 
non-European (coolie) 
laborers. 



Mar. 31 . Battle between the 
Tibetan expeditionary 
force under Col. Young- 
husband and the natives 
who are defeated with 
great loss. 



Apr. 8. Conclusion of an 
agreement with France 
as to mutual relations 
of the two powers in 
Newfoundland, West 
Africa, Egypt, Morocco, 
Siam, and Madagascar. 



I904 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY 



295 



A.D. 



France and Germany. 



1903 



1904 



1903 

Aug. 10. Disaster in the 
Paris underground rail- 
way; about 100 lives 
lost. 



Oct. 14. France: Agree- 
ment with Great Britain 
that interpretation of 
treaties be left, if pos 
sible to The Hague tri 
bunal. 



Dec. France: The Com- 
mission of Revision de- 
clares in favor of re- 
opening the Dreyfus 
case. 



1904 

Jan. Uprising among the 
Herreros in German 
Southwest Africa. 



Feb. 13. France: A treaty 
of territorial delimita- 
tion concluded with 
Siam to replace that of 
Oct. 1902. 



Mar. 28. France: The 
Chamber passes a bill 
suppressing instruction 
in religious institutions 
within five years. 



Apr. German forces en- 
counterre verses in Sout h - 
West Africa against the 
Herreros. 

May. France recalls its am- 
bassador from the Vati- 
can becauseof the Pope's 
protest against the visit 
of President Loubet at 
Rome. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1903 

Aug. 4. Italy: Giuseppe 
Sarto, Cardinal-Patri- 
arch of Venice chosen 
Pope; he assumes the 
title Pius X. — Bulgaria 
protests against Turkish 
outrages in Macedonia. 

Oct. 21. Italy: Premier 
Zanardelli resigns and a 
new ministry formed by 
Giolitti. 



1903 

Aug. Colombia rejects the 
Panama Canal treaty 
concluded with the 
United States. 



Oct. 8. The date for the 
evacuation of Manchuria 
by Russia passes with 
that power still in pos- 
session ; a crisis with 
Japan develops. 



Nov. 3. Colombia: In- 
surrection in Panama 
and proclamation of 
independence; the U. S. 
enforces order and recog- 
nizes the de facto govern- 
ment. 



Dec. Warlike preparations 
in Japan owing to the un- 
satisfactory progress of 
negotiations with Russia 
concerning Manchuria 
and Korea. 



Dec. Spain: Resignation 
of premier Villa vorde ; 
Maura forms a new 
ministry. 

Russia. The courts 
show extreme leniency 
to the Kishineff rioters. 

1904 

Jan. 13. After prolonged negotiations the Japanese 
government presents its final proposals to Russia 
in regard to Manchuria and Korea; Russia delays 
its reply and active war preparations are carried on 
by both nations. 

Feb. 6. Japan severs diplomatic relations with Russia. 
8, The Japanese fleet attacks the Russian fleet 
outside Port Arthur ard inflicts serious loss by the 
use of torpedoes; 9. The Japanese sink two warships 
in the harbor of Chemulpo; attacks on the Russian 
fleet continued throughout the month, together 
with attempts at blocking the harbor; Korea 
invaded. 

Mar. 6. Japanese bombard Vladivostock; repeated 
attempts at blocking Port Arthur fail. 



Apr. 7. The Japanese occupy Wiju on the Yalu River; 
13, The Russian flagship Petropavlovsk destroyed by 
a Japanese mine, Admiral Makaroff being among 
the lost. 

May 1. The Japanese force the passage of the Yalu 
River and inflict a severe defeat on the Russians. 5. 
A Japanese army begins disembarcation on the 
Liao-Tung peninsula. 26-27. Russians defeated at 
Kinchow and Nanshan. 



296 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1904 A.D. 



A.D. 



Progress of Society, etc. 



United States. 



British Empire. 



1904 



1904 

June. A conference at 
Westminster discusses 
cruelties practiced on 
natives of Congo Free 
State by officials. 



July 11. Corner stone of 
the Workingmen's Col- 
lege, laid in London. 



Sept. Return to England 
of the National Ant- 
arctic Expedition with a 
mass of valuable infor- 
mation. 



Oct. 25. The Arrow makes 
a ten-mile flight at the 
Louisiana Purchase Ex- 
position. 27. The New 
York Subway (under- 
ground railway) is 
thrown open to traffic. 



1904 

June 15. The excursion 
steamer, Gen. Siocum 
is burned in the East 
River with a loss of 
about 950 lives. 

June 23. Republican con 
vention at Chicago 
nominates Roosevelt 
and Fairbanks for 
president and vice- 
president. 

July 9-10. The Democratic 
convention nominates 
A. B. Parker and H. G. 
Davis for president and 
vice-president; 25, strike 
of textile workers in Fall 
River breaks out. 



Aug. Rise of disagreement 
with Venezuela over the 
seizure of the property 
of American asphalt 
interests. 



Sept. Military manoeuvres 
on the field of Bull Run 
in Virginia. 



Oct. President Roosevelt 
takes steps towards 
summoning a second 
Peace Conference at The 
Hague. 



Nov. 8. President Roose- 
velt re-elected by an 
overwhelming majority. 
15. Treaty of arbitration 
with Germany signed. 



1904 

June. First arrival of 
Chinese laborers in the 
Transvaal gold fields. 



July. Re-organization of 
the Liberal Unionist 
Council for the pro- 
mulgation of Mr. Cham- 
berlain's Tariff views. 



Aug. 3. The expedition 
under Col. Younghus- 
band reaches Lhassa, 
the capital of Tibet; the 
Dalai Lama flees. 



Sept. 7. Treaty concluded 
with Tibet establishing 
markets for British 
trade and allowing no 
foreign power to inter- 
fere with public affairs. 



Oct. 28. Great Britain 
agrees to submit the 
North Sea outrage by 
the Russian fleet to 
arbitration. 



1904 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



297 



A.D. 



1904 



France and Germany. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1904 

June 28. The Danish 
steamer Norge sinks in 
the North Sea; over 600 
lives lost. 



July 12. Germany: Treaty 
of arbitration signed 
with Great Britain. 30. 
France breaks off diplo- 
matic relations with the 
Vatican. 



Aug. France: The bishops 
of Dijon and Laval fol- 
low a summons to Rome 
in disobedience to the 
government; tension 
with the Vatican in- 
creases. 



1904 

June 16. Russia: Gen. 
Bobrikoff, governor- 
general of Finland, as- 
sassinated. 



Oct. The French premier 
urges a course of strong 
action towards the 
Vatican. 



Nov. 10. France: A bill for 
the separation of Church 
and State introduced by 
the premier. 



July 28. Russia: Von 
Plehve, the reactionary 
minister of the interior, 
assassinated. 



Aug. 12. Russia: Birth of 
an heir to the Czar. 



Sept. Italy: Strikes and 
disorder in northern part 
of peninsula; Socialists 
control affairs in Milan 
for a few days. 



Oct. 22. Russia: The Baltic 
fleet on its way to the far 
East fires upon a British 
fishing fleet in the North 
Sea, killing two men. 



Nov. Russia: A meeting of 
delegates of the Zems- 
tvos at St. Petersburg 
petitions the Czar for 
wide-spread reforms, in 
eluding the establish 
ment of political and 
religious equality and the 
creation of a national 
legislature. 



1904 

June 14-15. A Russian 
force disastrously de- 
feated at Telissu; 27. 
The Japanese under Ku- 
roki take the passes at 
Ta-ling and Mo-tien- 
ling on the way to Liao- 
Yang; continued naval 
operations with gradual 
attrition of Russian fleet ; 
advance against the for- 
tificationsof Port Arthur. 

July 9. Russians driven 
by Gen. Oku from Kai- 
ping. 17. Russians 

under Gen. Keller re- 
pulsed at Mo-tien-ling. 
25. Gen. Oku occupies 
Ta-shih-chao. 27, Jap- 
anese enter Niu- 
enwang. 

Aug. 10. The Russian 
fleet makes a sortie from 
Port Arthur but is de- 
feated; some of the 
vessels seek refuge in 
neutral ports, the rest 
return to the harbor. 14. 
The Japanese defeat the 
Vladivostock squadron. 
Aug. 24. -Sept. 4. The 
Russians defeated and 
driven from Lao -Yang 
in one of the greatest 
battles of history. 

Sept. 7. The Russian army 
in its retreat reaches 
Mukden. — Around Port 
Arthur the Japanese con- 
tinue to draw their lines 
closer, displaying heroic 
courage. 

Oct. 5. The Russian army 
under Gen. ivuropatkin 
advances south from 
Mukden. 9-15. In a tre- 
mendous battle on the 
Sha-ho the Russians are 
checked with a loss 
estimated at 60,000; 
desultory fighting con- 
tinues till the ISth; 
the armies face each 
other in winter quarters. 

Nov. 30. The Japanese at 
Port Arthur capture 
203 Metre Hill, over- 
looking the harbor and 
proceed to bombard the 
Russian fleet. 



298 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1904 A.D.- 



Progress of Society, etc. 



United States. 



British Empire. 



1904 



1905 



1904 

Deaths in 1904: Arnold, E., 
Bartholdi, F. A., Dvorak, 
A.. Finsen, N., George, 
King of Saxony, 
Gerome, J. L,., Gissing, 
G.,Hearn, L., Herzl, T., 
Hoar, G. F., Hutton, L., 
Isabella II., of Spain, 
Jokai, M., Kruger, S.J.P. , 
Longstreet, J., Murad 
V., ex -sultan of Turkey, 
Reclus.E., Stanley, H.M., 
Stephen, Leslie, Verest- 
chagin, v., Von Hoist, 
H. E., Waldeck-Rous- 
seau, P. M., Watts, G. F, 



Jan. 6. The Lick Observa- 
tory announces the dis- 
covery of a sixth satellite 
of Jupiter and of a num- 
ber of double stars. 



1904 

Dec. 1. The president's 
message deals at length 
with the relations of 
capital and labor and 
the regulation of corpo- 
rations. 



1905 

Jan. 21. A protocol is sign- 
ed with Santo Domingo 
which is designed to 
guarantee the integrity 
of Dominican territory, 
undertake the adjust- 
ment of foreign claims, 
administer the finances, 
and assist in maintaining 
order; 28, The House 
authorizes an investiga- 
tion of the iron and steel 
industry; 30, The Su- 
preme Court declares the 
beef trust illegal. 

Feb. 16. The House author- 
izes an investigation of 
themethodsof theStand- 
ard Oil Co., in Kansas; 
26. The engineering com- 
mittee of the Panama 
Canal Commission unani- 
mously recommends a 
sea -level canal to be con- 
structed in twelve years, 
at a cost of $230,500,000. 



1904 

Dec. 22. International 
commission for the arbi- 
tration of the North Sea 
incident with Russia 
begins its sessions at 
Paris. 



1905 

Jan. 6. The archbishop of 
Canterbury refuses a re- 
quest of American 
churches that he use 
his influence to have 
the educational tax re- 
moved from British Non- 
conformists. 



Feb. 21. Bill introduced in 
the Canadian Parliament 
creating the provinces 
of Alberta and Saskatche- 
wan. 



1905 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



299 



A.D. 



France and Germany. 



Europe, elsewhere 



The World, elsewhere. 



1904 1904 

Dec. 2. A committee 01 
the French Chamber 
adopts a substitute bill 
for the separation of 
Church and State. 



1904 

Dec. 27. Russia: An im- 
perial manifesto promises 
partial reforms but up- 
holds the ideal of autoc - 
racy; it arouses general 
disappointment. 



1905 1905 



1904 

Dec. 31. Gen. Stoessel 111 
command at Port Ar- 
thur asks for an armis- 
tice. 



1905 

Jan. 22. The striking work- 
men of St. Petersburg, 
led by Father Gapon, 
move toward the Winter 
Palace Square in order 
to present their petition 
to the czar in person. 
They are met by troops 
and are shot down by 
hundreds; 29. Warsaw 
is under mob rule. 



1905 

Jan. 2. Port Arthur sur- 
renders with more than 
24,000 officers and men, 
after the fleet in the 
harbor had been blown 
up. 
Jan. 27. Gen. Kuropatkin 
announces the capture of 
Sandepas and other posi- 
tions; 29. Driven out of 
Sandepas. The whole 
Russian right is with- 
drawn across the Hun. 



Feb. 8. It is announced that 
no further loans will be 
grantedTurkeybyFrance 
owing to complications 
arising from a German 
contract to supply artil- 
lery to the Porte; 13. 
The North Sea case is 
closed before the inter- 
national commission, 
Paris. Admiral Rozhest- 
venski is held responsible 
for the firing on the Eng- 
lish trawlers near the 
Dogger Banks. 



Feb. 6. The procurator- 
general of Finland is 
assassinated. — The as- 
sembly of the nobles at 
St. Petersburg sends an 
address to the czar, 
urging that representa- 
tives of the people should 
have a share in the gov- 
ernment; 17. Grand Duke 
Sergius assassinated; 20. 
The miners' strike in 
Belgium spreads; 21. 

' The powers accept the 
proposal for higher Turk- 
ish customs duties on 
condition that the ad- 
ditional revenue shall be 
devoted to reforms; 24. 
The piercing of the Sim- 
plon Tunnel is completed. 



Feb. 12. The Japanese cut 
the railroad between 
Mukden and Harbin; 25. 
They take Beresneff Hill 
after heavy fighting; 27. 
The Russian flanks are 
turned. The Japanese 
shell Mukden; 28. Severe 
fighting continues along 
the entire line. 



300 



TABULAR VIEWS 



I905 A.D. 



A.D. 



Progress of Society, etc. 



United States. 



British Empire. 



1905 



1905 

Mar. 26. Citizens of New 
York subscribe $600,000 
towards an endowment 
of $1,000,000 for the 
American Academy of 
Fine Arts in Rome. 



1905 

Alar. 1. Assurance is given 
the Haitian minister that 
the United States has 
no intention of annexing 
Santo Domingo. 



Apr. 27. Andrew Carnegie 
gives $10,000,000 > for a 
college professors' pen- 
sion fund in the United 
States, Canada, and New- 
foundland ; 29. The czar 
of Russia grants religious 
freedom. 



May2. The teamsters 'strike 
in Chicago is accom- 
panied by rioting; 23. 
The Southern Industrial 
Parliament opens its ses- 
sions in Washington. 



1905 

Mar. 21. Viscount Goschen 
and the Earl of Selborne 
defend in the House of 
Lords the increase in 
naval expenditure; 23. 
The government of New- 
foundland takes measures 
to prevent American fish- 
ermen from obtaining 
bait there. 



Apr. 26. More than 1000 
emigrants gathered by 
the Salvation Army leave 
Liverpool foi Canada. 



May 3. Lord Dunraven 
issues a pamphlet de- 
claring that Ireland can- 
not be Anglicized and 
urging measures of self- 
government. 



I905 A.D 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



30I 



A.D. 



France and Germany. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1905 



1905 

Mar. 17. The French Cham- 
ber of Deputies votes to 
reduce the term of active 
service in the army to two 
years; 29. Count von 
Blilow, the imperial chan- 
cellor, announces that 
Germany will stand firm 
in the interests of the 
open-door principle in 
Morocco. 



Apr. 29. The German envoy 
at Tangier makes an 
unconciliatory statement 
on Germany's attitude 
toward Moro-xo. 



May 7. Ex-Premier Combes 
issues a statement of his 
policy for the separation 
of Church and State in 
France; 31. A bomb is 
thrown in Paris at a 
carriage occupied by King 
Alfonso and President 
Loubet. 



1905 

Mar. 2. The Russian Com- 
mittee of Ministers votes 
to grant religious freedom 
to the people; 21. Agita- 
tion for Hungarian as 
the language of military 
command is supported 
by the leaders of the 
Kossuth party in Aus- 
tria-Hungary; 22. The 
Russian Committee of 
Ministers recommends 
the abolition of the com 
pulsory use of the Rus 
sian language in Polish 
schools; 23. Authoriza 
tion for an international 
loan of $100,000,000 is 
signed in St. Petersburg; 
29. The European powers 
determine to place the 
Macedonian finances un- 
der international con- 
trol. 



Apr. 3. Belgium, as the cheit 
creditor, protests against 
the American receiver- 
ship for Santo Domingo; 
21. The Cretan Assembly 
proclaims the union of 
Crete with Greece; 22. 
Greece and the powers 
refuse to recognize the 
Cretan proclamation; 29. 
The czar decrees religious 
freedom. 

May 1. 100 persons are shot 
by troops at Warsaw, and 
a number are killed and 
wounded at Lodz; 16. 
The governor -general of 
Ufa assassinated. 



1905 

Mar. 3. St. Petersburg re- 
ports Kuropatkin to be 
in full retreat on Tieling; 
5. Japanese within five 
miles of Mukden. Nogi 
with the Port Arthur vet- 
erans suddenly turns west- 
ward; S. Kuroki gains a 
victory on the east, and 
the Japanese appear on the 
north of Mukden. The 
Russians evacuate posi- 
tions on the south and 
southwest, firing great 
stores; 10. Mukden and 
Fushun are occupied by 
the Japanese. Remnant 
of Kuropatkin's army 
reaches Tie Pass. 
Russian losses in fighting 
aroundMukden are 27.700 
dead, 110,000 wounded 
and 40,000 captured; 
Japanese :4 1,000 total. 17. 
Gen. Linevitch supersedes 
Kuropatkin; 23. Japan- 
ese loan to raise $150,- 
000,000; 23-24. Japanese 
carrying out flanking 
movements, endangering 
Russian communications; 
26. Russians driven out 
of all positions in the 
watershed of the Liao 
River . 

Apr. 7. The Japanese at- 
tack with heavy losses; 
18. Japanese estimate the 
strength of Linevitch s 
army at 200,000; 23. 
The Russians attempt 
to advance and are de- 
feated; 24. The Baltic 
fleet is sighted off the 
coast of Annam. 



May 18. The condition of 
the roads interrupts light- 
ing in Manchuria; 27-8. 
The Baltic fleet under 
Rozhestvenski is defeated 
in the Korean Straits. 
14,000 Russians go down 
with their ships, 3000 
are taken prisoners, and 
1000 escape. The Jap- 
anese loss is three torpedo 
boats and about 800 
men. 



302 



TABULAR VIEWS 



I905 A.D. 



A.D. 



Progress of Society, etc. 



United States. 



British Empire. 



1905 



1905 



Aug. 23. Knabenshue makes 
a successful flight over 
New York City in his 
airship; 26, A new scien- 
tific process for manu- 
facturing diamonds is re- 
ported as discovered by 
Dr. C. V. Burton of Cam- 
bridge, England. 



Sept. 12. The bridge of the 
Cape to Cairo Railway 
across the Zambesi River 
is formally opened. 



1905 

June 1. The Lewis and 

Clark Exposition is open- 
ed at Portland, Oregon; 
10. Ex-President Cleve- 
land, Judge Morgan J. 
O'Brien, and George 
Westinghouse accept ap- 
pointment as trustees of 
the majority of the capi- 
tal stock of the Equitable 
Life Insurance Society; 
17, Serious rioting 
in Chicago by the 
striking teamsters; 29. 
The New York State 
Insurance Dept. begins 
an investigation of the 
Mutual Life Insurance 
Co. at the request of 
its own officers; 30. John 
D. Rockefeller gives $10,- 
000,000 to the General 
Education Board. 

July 1. Five corporations 
and seventeen individ- 
uals engaged in the meat 
packing industry are in- 
dicted by the Federal 
Grand Jury in Chicago 
for alleged violation of 
the Sherman anti-trust 
law; 6. The remains of 
John Paul Jones are 
formally received by 
United States officials at 
Paris; 29. The boycott 
of American trade among 
Chinese in Shanghai is 
reported effective. 

Aug. 8. The peace envoys 
of Russia and Japan 
meet at Portsmouth, N. 
H. 



1905 



July 10. Lord Roberts, in 
the House of Lords, de- 
clares the army to be 
inadequate and totally 
unfit for war; 13. Balfour 
declares himself opposed 
to conscription; 17. A 
royal commission ap- 
pointed to investigate 
the problem of tramway 
and underground railway 
lines in London, proposes 
an expend ture of $120, 
000,000. 



Aug. 20. Lord Curzon re- 
signs as viceroy of India. 
The earl of Minto is ap- 
pointed his successor; 25. 
London announces the 
signing of a new Anglo- 
Japanese treaty of alli- 
ance. 



Sept. 26. Great Britain and 
China agree to a confer- 
ence to conclude a new 
Tibetan treaty. 



I905 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



303 



A.D. 



France and Germany. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1905 



1905 

June 8. Germany proposes 
an international con- 
ference on the Moroccan 
question; 21. Premier 
Rouvier asks Germany 
for an explanation of 
her intentions regarding 
Morocco. 



July 3. The Fren h Cham- 
ber of Deputies passes 
by a vote of 341 to 233 
the bill for the separation 
of Church and State; 8. 
Germany's terms in re- 
gard to Morocco are ac- 
cepted. 



1905 

June 4. The czar appoints 
Gen. Trepoff assistant 
minister of the interior 
with almost unlimited 
power to suppress popular 
demonstrations; 6. The 
Zemstvo Congress is held 
at Moscow despite the 
police orders; 7, Norway 
declares itself separated 
from Sweden; 23. Re- 
volt in Lodz, Poland; 
troops kill fifty and 
wound 200; 28. The 
Russian battleship Kniaz 
Potemkin, of the Black 
Sea squadron, is seized 
by her crew ; 29 The Kniaz 
Potemkin shells Odessa; 
1000 people are killed 
in street fighting. Sailors 
mutiny at Libau and 
attack the government 
stores. 

July 11. Fighting continues 

at Warsaw between the 

strikers and the troops 

The prefect of the Mos 

cow police is assassinated 



Aug. 30. Cholera becomes Aug. 5. The Russian govern 



epidemic in Germany 
near the Russian border 



1905 

June 1. Reforms proposed 
for Morocco are rejected 
by the sultan; 16. A 
force of Russians is dis- 
lodged from Liao Yang 
Wo Peng and driven 
north with large losses; 
20. The Japanese begin 
an enveloping movement 
in Manchuria. Vladivo- 
stock is threatened. 



Sept. 26. The Franco-Ger- 
man negotiations over 
Morocco are concluded. 



ment decides to issue 
another internal loan 
of $100,000,000; 24. The 
government of Warsaw 
is placed under martial 
law. 



July 8. Japanese seize the 
island of Saghalien, used 
by Russia as a penal 
settlement; 24. The Rus- 
sians are defeated north - 
westofNan-shan-chentse. 



Sept. 6. The entire Baku 
region is under the con- 
trol of rioters; 25. A 
political congress, con- 
sisting of 300 delegates 
fiom all parts of the 
Russian Empire, assem- 
bles at Moscow with the 
consent of the govern- 
ment. 



Aug. 4. Japanese closing 
in on Vladivostock ; 19. 
The weather causes a 
cessation of hostilities 
in Manchuria; 26. 1'he 
sultan of Morocco re- 
fuses to recognize control 
by France over Franco - 
Algerian citizens; 29. 
The peace plenipoten- 
ti aries reac h an agreement . 
Japan waives indemnity, 
the possession of interned 
warships, and the limita- 
tion of Russian naval 
power in the far East. 
Saghalien is to be divided. 

Sept. 5. The Russo-Japanese 
plenipotentaries sign the 
treaty of peace; 12. The 
bridge of the Cape to 
Cairo Railway across the 
Zambesi River is formally 
opened; 15. An armistice 
is signed in Manchuria. 



304 



TABULAR VIEWS 



I905 A.D.- 



a d. Progress of Society, etc 



United States. 



British Empire. 



1905 



1906 



1905 

Oct. 3. The International 

Tuberculosis Conference 

meets at Paris. 



1905 



Deaths in 1905: — Atkinson, 
Edward; Baldwin, W. H., 
Jr.; Butterworth, Heze- 
kiah; Dodge, Mary M.; 
Gomez, M. ; Harland Hen- 
ry; Hay John; de Heredia, 
J. ML; Irving, Sir H.; Ise- 
lin, Adrian; Jefferson, J.; 
Kinross, Lord; Lee, Fitz- 
hugh; Packard, A. S.; 
Reid, Sir Wemyss; Sharp, 
W.; Thomas, Theodore; 
Verne, Jules; Wallace, L.; 
Whitehead, R.; Wool- 
sey, Sarah C. ("Susan 
Coolidge"); Ziegler, W. 



1906 



Nov. 18. The Panama Canal 
board of consulting en- 
gineers decides in favor 
of a sea-level canal. 



1905 



1906 

Jan. 1. New England woollen 
manufacturers voluntar- 
ily raise the wages of 
30,000 employees; 23. 
Government opens the 
beef trust case in Chicago ; 
30. Consular -reform bill 
passes the Senate. 

Feb. 14. Ship-subsidy bill 
passes Senate; 19. Re- 
port sent to Congress by 
the Panama Canal com- 
mission and board of 
consulting engineers re- 
commends a lock canal, 
which it is estimated can 
be built in 8 or 9 years at 
a cost of $147,000,000; 
21. Pure-food bill passes 
Senate. 



1906 

Jan. 16. Formal control of 
the fortifications of Hali- 
fax taken over by the 
Canadian government. 



1906 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY 



305 




1905 



1905 



Dec. 6. The French Senate 
adopts by a vote of 181 
to 102 the bill for the 
separation of Church and 
State. 



1906 



1906 

Jan. 14. France severs 
diplomatic relations with 
Venezuela; 17. Fallieres 
elected president of 
France; 20. Great demon- 
strations of the German 
Social Lemocrats are held 
in Berlin and other 
Prussian towns. 

Feb. 22. Germany extends 
reciprocal tariff rates to 
the United States. 



1905 

Oct. 24. The Russian rail- 
road strike spreads 
throughout the empire; 
30. The czar issues a 
manifesto assuring civil 
liberty, extension of the 
suffrage, and inability 
to enforce laws without 
the consent of the Duma. 
Nov. 3. The Russian cen- 
sorship over the press 
and private dispatches is 
abolished; 13. Prince 
Charles of Denmark is 
elected king of Norway; 
15. The Social Revolu- 
tionists of St. Peters- 
burg begin a great strike 
with the object of over- 
throwing the monarchy. 
Dec. 9. Russian troops 
mutiny in Kronstad; 17. 
A general strike is de- 
clared and insurrection 
spreads in the Russian 
provinces; 22. 125,000 
workers are out in St. 
Petersburg; 31. Nearly 
all of southern Russia 
is in rebellion, the in- 
surgents having control 
of several railway lines 
and cities. 
1906 

Jan. 16. Algeciras confer- 
ence on Morocco begun ; 
24. The Belgian Chamber 
passes the port of Ant- 
werp bill; 30. The crown 
prince of Denmark is 
proclaimed King Fred- 
erick VIII. 



1905 

Oct. 14. The 

anese peace 

fied. 



Russo-Jap- 
treaty rati- 



1906 

Jan. 6. Two provinces in 
Equador are held by reb- 
els; 22. Chinese troops in- 
vade Tonquin but are 
driven back by the 
French with a loss of 
600 killed or wounded. 



Feb. 9. The Hungarian 
Parliament is dissolved 
by a show of force. 



306 



TABULAR VIEWS 



I906 A.D. 



A.D. 



Progress of Society, etc. 



1906 



1906 



Apr. 21. Peary reached 
87° 6' N. lat., a new record. 



May 19. The Simplon Tun- 
nel through the Alps, 
12} m. long, is formally 
opened. 



June 26. Cable completed 
from Guam to Japan. 



United States. 



British Empire. 



1906 

Mar. 9. Joint statehood 
bill to admit Oklahoma 
and Indian Territory 
passes the Senate. 



Apr. 18. San Francisco 
earthquake and fire; 20. 
Conflagration checked. 



May 18. The raliroad rate 
bill passes the Senate. 



June 2. Resolution requir- 
ing supplies for Panama 
Canal to be bought in 
the U. S. passes the 
Senate; 18. Lake Erie 
and Ohio River Ship 
Canal bill passes the 
Senate; 21. Bill for lock 
canal at Panama passes 
the Senate; The Fall 
River cotton manufactur- 
ers grant a 14 per cent, 
increase in wages; 22. 
Bill appropriating $25,- 
000 for the president's 
travelling expenses passes 
the Senate. 



1906 

Mar. 9. The House of Com- 
mons adopts resolution 
to the effect that mem- 
bers ought to be paid 
£300 per year; 12. The 
Commons announces de- 
termination to resist any 
proposal to cieate a 
system of protection; 21. 
The compensation com- 
mission in S. Africa com- 
pletes its work — claims 
for losses in the Boer War 
amount to $310,000,000. 

Apr. 25. Woman suffrage 
advocates cause a com- 
motion at Westminster. 



May 4. Government de- 
mands withdrawal of 
Turkish troops from Ta- 
bah; 19. A deputation of 
400 women, to the prem- 
ier, demands the right to 
vote. 



1906 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



307 



France and Germany. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1906 

Mar. 7. The Rouvier minis- 
try defeated in France 
as a result of the opposi- 
tion to taking the church 
inventories; 10. The most 
terrible mining disaster 
on record, at Courrieres, 
France. About 1 100 

killed; 11. Strike of 30,- 
000 miners; 21. The con- 
gress of miners in the 
north of France resolves 
on a great strike. 

Apr. 21. The German feder- 
al council approves the 
bill for the payment of 
members of the Reichstag 
27. The homes of the 
leading Royalists, Bona- 
partists, labor leaders, 
and anarchists searched 
at Paris for evidence of 
a plot against the re- 
public 

May 2. Three-fourths of the 
strikers in Paris return 
to work. 



June 27. The International 
Cotton Congress at Bre- 
men decides that it is 
necessary to broaden the 
source of supply. 



1906 

Mar. 29. In the municipal 
elections in Russia the 
Constitutional Demo- 
crats have sweeping vic- 
tories. 



Apr. 5. Censorship of the 
press restored in St. 
Petersburg; Vesuvius in 
violent eruption; 7. The 
Moroccan convention 

signed; 10. Vesuvius still 
active; a market in 
Naples collapses from 
the weight of ashes; 17. 
Russian 5% loan of 
$440,000,000 to be issued 
at 88. 

May 2. Resignation of Count 
Witte as prime minister 
of Russia; 6. Sharp 
actions in Bulgaria be- 
tween Turkish and Bul- 
garian bands; 10. The 
Duma opened in St. 
Petersburg; 12. Turkey 
yields to England's de- 
mand for evacuation of 
points in the Sinai penin- 
sula; 20. Austrian crown 
and Council of Ministers 
refuse the Hungarian de- 
mand for a separate 
tariff; 27. Greece breaks 
off diplomatic relations 
with Roumania; 31. A 
bomb is thrown at the 
king and queen of Spain 
after their wedding, 24 
persons are killed. 

June 14. Bialystok sacked 
and 200 Jews killed, fol- 
lowing bomb-throwing by 
a Jewish anarchist. 



1906 

Mar. 9. 600 Moros killed in 
the battle on Mount Da jo , 
island of Jolo, P. I.; 27. 
A bill for the purchase 
of the Japanese railroads 
by the government is 
passed by the House after 
amendment by the Peers. 



Apr. 27. Anglo-Tibetan 
treaty; China retains sov- 
ereignty of Tibet, giving 
protection to British in- 
terests. 



May 2. Plague spreads rap- 
idly in Northeastern Per- 



June 19. Peruvian troops 
invade the disputed sec- 
tion of eastern Ecuador; 
30. The pope consents to 
arbitrate the territorial 
dispute between Colom- 
bia and Peru. 



3o8 



TABULAR VIEWS 



I906 A.D. 



a.d. Progress of Society, etc. 



United States. 



British Empire. 



1906 1906 



1906 



Aug. 28. Esperanto Con- 
gress opens at Geneva. 



Aug. 15-16. Race war at 
Brownsville, Tex.; 22. 
All colored troops are 
ordered out of the State. 



Sept. 20. Sixteen balloons 
start from Paris in 
the first competition for 
the Gordon-Bennett cup, 
which is won by Lieut. 
Lahn, U. S. A., in the 
balloon United States, 
which lands in England; 
26. The Institute of 
International Law regu- 
lates the use of wireless 
telegraphy in time of 
war, and limits the use 
of torpedoes. 



1906 



Sept. 2. President favors 
simplified spelling; 19,- 
500,000 acres opened to 
settlement in Oklahoma; 
22. Many negroes killed 
in Atlanta and the city 
is put under martial law. 



Sept. 3. Four hundred and 
ninety delegates, repre- 
senting a million and a 
half members of trade 
unions, meet at Liver- 
pool ; 5. The Trade Union 
Congress passes a resolu- 
tion in favor of an 8-hour 
day for all organized 
labor. 



Oct. 9. Newfoundland offi- 
cials decide to enforce 
the fishing laws strictly 
and revoke all concessions 
to Americans; 20. Anglo- 
French convention covers 
future administration of 
the New Hebrides, 



I906 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



309 



A.D. 



France and Germany. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1906 1906 

July 3. The election of 
Count Boni de Castellane 
to the French Chamber 
of Deputies is annulled 
on the ground of bribery ; 
12. Dreyfus completely 
vindicated, restored to 
the army and given the 
insignia of the Legion of 
Honor. 



Sept. 23. Socialist congress 
at Mannheim. Bebel 
opposes general strikes 
as a mode of political 
agitation. 



1906 

July 10. The Russian court- 
martial acquits Rozhest- 
venski on the ground 
that he was wounded. 
Four officers found guilty 
of surrendering to the 
enemy are sentenced to 
be shot, but are after- 
wards pardoned; 17. The 
Czar approves the famine 
relief measures of the 
Duma; 21. Dissolves 
the Duma; 31. Mutiny 
of Russian troops at 
Helsingfors is suppressed 
after great loss of life. 

Aug. 6. Russian revolution- 
ary societies issue a call 
to the people to rise and 
overthrow the czar's 
government; 7. The gen- 
eral strike in Russia is 
called off ; 8. The Russian 
cabinet appropriates $27,- 
000,000 for famine relief, 
9. The Spanish cabinet 
votes to ignore the papal 
protest in regard to civil 
marriages; 25. A bomb, 
intended for Premier 
Stolypin of Russia, kills 
28 and wounds 24 persons. 

Sept. 9. Troops destroy the 
Jewish quarter of Siedlce, 
Russian Poland, and 
hundreds are killed and 
wounded; 17. Severe 
measures taken by the 
Spanish government to 
suppress a Carlist revolt 
in Catalonia; 20. Final 
steps taken for distribu- 
tion of land to the 
Russian peasantry. 



Oct. The police at Posen 
seize 10,000 copies of a 
violent proclamation call- 
ing upon the Poles to- 
meet and protest against 
the use of German in 
religious instruction in 
the schools. 



Oct. 12. Turkish troops de- 
feated with heavy losses 
in Yemen; 19. The Rus- 
sian government issues 
a ukase making all equal 
before the law, removing 
all restrictions in regard 
to state employment 
abolishing the communal 
system and the poll tax, 
and leaving peasants free 
to choose their place of 
residence. 



1906 

July 10. The dry-dock 
Dewey reaches the Phil- 
ippines after a voyage of 
193 days; 23. The Pan- 
American Congress meets 
at Rio de Janeiro. 



Aug. 12. King Menelik of 
Abyssinia signs the Pran- 
co-Italian-British treaty; 
16-17, Earthquakes and 
fire cause great destruc- 
tion of life and property 
in Valparaiso, Santiago, 
and other Chilean cities; 
20. Uprising against the 
Cuban government. 



Sept. 1. Dalny, Manchuria 
opened as a free port; 2. 
The emperor of China 
issues an edict promising 
a constitutional govern- 
ment; 8. Pres. Palma of 
Cuba asks the U. S. to 
intervene; 14. All rail- 
roads and telegraph lines 
in Cuba are cut; 18. A 
typhoon at Hong KoAg 
causes the loss of thou- 
sands of lives and the 
wrecking of 36 vessels; 
21. Emperor of China 
issues edict demanding 
that the opium habit in 
China be eradicated in 
ten years; 22. 400 Malays 
killed by Dutch forces on 
the island of Bali; 24. 
Armistice signed in Cuba. 

Oct. 25. Japan demands 
of the U. S. full rights of 
the treaty of 1894 for 
Japanese subjects in Cal- 
ifornia; 28. Over 800 
Japanese coral fishers 
drowned off Bato Island 
in a hurricane. 



3io 



TABULAR VIEWS 



I906 A.D.- 



A.D. 



Progress of Society, etc. 



United States. 



British Empire. 



1906 



1907 



1906 



Dec. 19. The U. S. Senate 
ratifies the Red Cross 
convention providing for 
the amelioration of the 
condition of the wound- 
ed on the field. 

Deaths in 1906: Anthony, 
Susan B.; Brunetiere, F.; 
Curie, Pierre; Craigie, 
Mrs. ("John Oliver 
Hobbes"); Christian IX., 
of Denmark; Dunbar, 
Paul L.; Field, Marshall; 
Gorman, A. T.; Harper, 
W.R.; Henderson, D.B.; 
H o 1 y o a k e , G. J.; 
von Hartmann, Karl; 
Huntington, Daniel; 
Ibsen, Henrik; Johnson, 
Eastman; Kodama, 
Baron; Ristori, Adelaide; 
Sage, Russell; Sutro, 
Emil; Schofield, Gen. J. 
M.;Shaler, N. S.;Schurz, 
Carl; Toole, J. L. ; 
Wheeler, Gen. J. 



1906 

Nov. 1. Three cent street 

cars operated for the first 

time in Cleveland; 7. 

The Pennsylvania R.R. 

raises wages 10 per cent. 

Dec. 22. Pres. Roosevelt 
orders a second investi- 
gation of the affair at 
Brownsville; 29. The 
Cleveland Electric Rail- 
way announces 3% cent 
fares on all its lines. 



1907 



Feb. 7. Rockefeller 
ministered by the 



1907 

Jan. 19. Floods on the Ohio 
River render homeless 
15,000 people in and 
around Cincinnati; 23. 
The Senate adopts the 
amendment increasing 
the salaries of the vice- 
president, speaker, and 
members of the Cabinet 
and of Congress. 

gives $32,000,000 to be ad- 
General Education Board. 

1 Feb. 26. Major Goethals 
appointed chief engineer 
of the Panama Canal. 



1906 



Dec. The Education bill, for 
the exclusion of the de- 
nominational control of 
the schools, passes third 
reading in the House of 
Lords; 12. The Commons 
rejects all amendments of 
the Lords; Constitution 
granted to the Transvaal ; 
19. The House of Lords 
rejects the concessions 
offered by the Govern- 
ment in the matter of the 
Education bill; 20. The 
Education bill with- 
drawn; 26. The Indian 
National Congress opens 
at Calcutta; 30. Xing 
Edward approves the 
appointment of James 
Bryce to be ambassador 
to the U. S.; 31. An 
agreement of the British 
railways to abolish re- 
bates goes into force. 



1907 

Jan. 24. Delegates of the 
Labor Party meet at 
Belfast; 26. The Labor 
Party favors the exten- 
sion of the suffrage 
equally to all men and 
all women. 



Feb. 9. A great gathering 
of women in London de- 
mands attention for the 
Female Suffrage bill; 27. 
Motion in the Commons 
in favor of the disestab- 
lishment and disendow- 
ment of the established 
church in England and 
Wales. 



1907 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



3H 



A.D. 



France and Germany. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1906 



1906 



Dec. 28. The French Senate 
passes the amended Sepa- 
ration bill. 



1907 1907 
Jan. 3 



. New French law 
amending the Church 
and State Separation law 
of 1905 is signed by the 
president. 



1906 

Nov. 7. By a new interpre- 
tation of the election 
law the Russian Senate 
disfranchises thousands 
of city and railroad em- 
ployees. 

Dec. 14. The Belgian Cham- 
ber votes in favor of an- 
nexing the Congo Free 
State; 29. Factories closed 
at Lodz, Russian Poland, 
100,000 men out of work 



1907 

Jan. 3. Articles of the Po 
lish National League, 
embodying plans for ac- 
tion in case of war, pub- 
lished at Breslau; 26. 
Spanish Parliament sus- 
pended by the king. 



Feb. 20. Consuls in Odessa 
appeal to their embassies 
for protection for foreign- 
ers during the continued 
anti-Jewish disturbances. 



1906 

Nov. 22. The Chinese im- 
perial regulations for the 
suppression of the use of 
opium are published. 

Dec. 26. Severe earthquake 
shocks in the province of 
Tacna, Chile; 30. The 
shah and the crown 
prince sign the Pers ; an 
constitution. 



1907 

Jan. 14. The greater part 
of Kingston, Jamaica, 
destroyed by earthquake 
and fire; over 1000 dead" 
19. Shah of Persia 
crowned at Teheran; 30. 
The Chilean Congress 
authorizes the construc- 
tion of a railroad from 
the Peruvian frontier 
to the Strait of Magellan. 



312 



TABULAR VIEWS 



I907 A.D. 



A.D. 



Progress of Society, etc 



United States. 



British Empire. 



1907 



1907 |1907 |1907 

Mar. 12. Mrs. Russell Sage gives $10,000,000 to create Mar. 2. The cause of muni- 



the Sage Foundation for philanthropic work 

|Mar. 4. 17,000,000 acres 
added to the forest re- 
serves; 14. Pres. Roose- 
velt issues orders for the 
exclusion of Japanese 
laborers and for the 
dismissal of suits against 
the San Francisco school 
board; violent decline on 
the N . Y. Stock Exchange ; 
Sec. of the Treasury 
offers to redeem $25,000,- 
000 of 4 per cent, govern- 
ment bonds; 30. The 
chairman of the Inter- 
state Commerce Commis- 
sion and the Secretary 
of Labor begin mediation 
at Chicago which averts a 
strike on more than 
forty railroads. 
Apr. 5. Carnegie gives $6,000,000 to the Carnegie In- 
stitute at Pittsburg. 

Apr. 8- The Supreme Court 
decides that the Isle of 
Pines is not American 
territory; a convention 



and peace congressopen- 
ed in New York; James- 
town Ter -centenary Ex- 
position opened. 
May 9. Haywood trial 
begun. 



June 15. Second Peace 
Conference at The Hague 
opened. 

Deaths in 1907 to July: 
Aldrich, T. B.; von Berg- 
mann, E.; Berthelot, P 
E. M.; Carducci, G. 
Casimir-Perier, J. P. 
Garrison, W. P.; Grau, 
M.; Gunter, A. C; Heil- 
prin A.; Lamsdorf, 
Count; Mendelyef, D.; 
Mazaffar-ed-din, shah of 
Persia; Moissan, H.; Mor- 
gan, J. T.; Theurie, A.; 
Watson, Rev. J. ("Ian 
Maclaren"). 



cipal ownership receives 
a reverse in the defeat of 
the Progressives in the 
London elections; 9. 
Agreement with Russia as 
to intervention in Persia; 
20. 70 advocates 01 
woman suffrage arrested ; 
22. The Commons rejects 
a bill for the introduction 
of the metric system. 



is concluded between the 



United States and England for a Canadian boundary 

commission. 

14. National arbitration Apr. 15. The British Colo- 
nial Conference begins 
sessions in London. 
May 6. Owing to political 
agitation in the university 



June 3. Wages advanced 5 
per cent, in cotton mills 
of northern New Eng- 
land; 24. Treaty with 
Santo Domingo signed; 
26. Sec. Taft announces 
that American occupa- 
tion of Cuba will continue 
for 18 months; 29. Con- 
tracts awarded for two 
2C.000 ton battleships. 



and schools of Bengal, the 
government threatens to 
withdraw educational aid. 



June 3. Irish Home Rule 
bill withdrawn; 26. The 
Commons passes a reso- 
lution to curtail the 
power of the House of 
Lords; 27. King Edward 
lays the foundation stone 
of a new extension to the 
British Museum; 28. 
Great combination form- 
ed of the iron and steel 
manufacturers. 



I9O7 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



313 



A.D. 



France and Germany. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1907 



Mar. 4. The grand dukes 
of Mecklenburg -Schwerin 
and Mecklenburg-Strelitz 
announce their intention 
to grant constitutions to 
the duchies; 12. The 
French battleship Jena 
blown up at Toulon; 24. 
Treaty between France 
and Siam transfers three 
provinces to the former; 
29. trench troops occupy 
Oudja, Morocco. 



May 1. France refuses to 
accept the certificate pro- 
vided under the Pure 
Food Law for American 
meat; 14, The Reichstag 
passes a German-Ameri- 
can commercial agree- 
ment to remain in force 
until July, 1908; 22. The 
French cabinet agrees on 
a bill to suppress adulter- 
ated wines; 31. French 
naval reserve strikes. 

June 1. Demonstration at 
Nimes of 200,000 persons 
connected with the French 
wine trade; 5. Strike of 
the French naval re- 
serve comes to an end ; 
11-12. Mayors of muni- 
cipalities in the wine 
district of France re- 
sign as a protest against 
the condition of the 
vine-growers; 20. Se- 
rious disturbances in the 
wine provinces; 31. The 
French Senate adopts a 
bill for the suppression 
of the adulteration of 
wine. 



1907 



Apr. 7. 19 women elected 
to the Finnish Diet; first 
women representatives in 
any national legislature. 



June 8. The czar approves 
the project for a railroad 
from Tomsk to Bering 
Strait and for a tunnel 
under the Strait; 14. 
The Norwegian Parlia- 
ment votes to grant the 
suffrage to about 300,- 
000 women based upon 
a property qualification; 
15. The czar dissolves 
the Duma and in de- 
fiance of an essential 
guarantee of the Consti- 
tution promulgates a 
new electoral law; 29. The 
Russian government 

takes measures to prevent 
Armenian massacres. 



1907 

Mar. 22. Russian evacua- 
tion of Manchuria com- 
pleted ; 24. Dr. Mauchamp 
killed at Morocco City by 
Mohammedan fanatics. 



Apr. 15. Manchuria form- 
ally returns to Chinese 
rule; Chilpancingo and 
Chilapa, Mexico, destroy- 
ed by earthquake; 19. 
Iloilo, Philippines, de- 
stroyed by fire. 

May 3. The Dominican Con- 
gress ratifies the new 
treaty with the United 
States; 16. Chinese offi- 
cials state that famine 
relief sent by the United 
States has healed all 
breaches between the 
two countries; 21. All 
the native opium dens 
in Shanghai are closed 
by imperial edict. 



Proverbs and Phrases 
of All Ages 

CLASSIFIED BY SUBJECTS AND 
ARRANGED ALPHABETICALLY 

By 
Robert Christy 



New Edition, Two vols, in one. 16°. 
Printed on Bible paper. Limp leather, 
full gilt . net, $3.50 



" The book is extremely interesting and well printed, 
and it is easy to find what you want. It is impossible 
to dip into it anywhere without seeing some jewel 
worth the keeping, and it is not easy to put the book 
down. Take it all in all, it is the most satisfactory 
book of the kind we know." — Literature. 

"A handsome book of reference with a good index. 
. . . The collection will be found useful." — London 
Athenceum. 

G. P. Putnam's Sons 
New York London 



5ooo Facts and Fancies 

A Cyclopaedia of Important, Curious, Quaint, 
and Unique Information in History, Literature, 
Science, Art, and Nature. Including Note- 
worthy Historical Events; Civil, Military, and 
Religious Institutions ; Scientific Facts and 
Theories ; Natural Curiosities; Famous Build- 
ings, Monuments, Statues, Paintings, and other 
Works of Art and Utility ; Celebrated Liter- 
ary Productions; Sobriquets and Nicknames; 
Literary Pseudonyms; Mythological and 
Imaginary Characters ; Political and Slang 
Terms ; Derivations of Peculiar Words and 
Phrases, etc 

By WILLIAM HENRY P. PHYFE 

Author of "10,000 Words Often Mispronounced," "How 
Should I Pronounce?" etc. 



Octavo ; (by mail, $3.40) net, $3. 00 



It is true that we have cyclopaedias and other works 
of reference almost without number, but these (or rather 
the most of them) are not specially devoted to unusual or 
peculiar facts, and hence fail to furnish the information 
required. In the case of the books that do exist, they 
are frequently unknown to the general reader, and, in 
any case, would prove somewhat expensive, as several of 
them would be needed to cover the field. In view of the 
above facts, it has been thought advisable to prepare a 
work — moderate in size and price — that should contain 
the leading facts and fancies found in such miscellaneous 
volumes. An effort has been further made to render the 
book a readable one as well as a work of reference, thus 
making its perusal a pro6table exercise in moments of 
leisure. A glance at the sub-title will give a general idea 
of the class of imporcant subjects dealt with. 



New York Q - p - Putnam's Sons London 



NOV 22 1907 



